HEDYLIDAE

'Hedylidae', the "American moth-butterflies", is a family of insects in the lepidopteran order, representing the superfamily 'Hedyloidea'. They are most likely the extant sister group of the butterfly superfamilies Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea. In 1986, Scoble combined all species into a single genus '''Macrosoma''', comprising 35 currently recognized and entirely Neotropical species, as a novel concept of butterflies.

Contents

Taxonomy and systematics

Morphology and identification

Butterfly-like characteristics of Hedylidae

Distribution

Behaviour

Biology and hostplants

DNA sequences

Cited literature

Sources

External links

Nomenclatural notes

List of species

Taxonomy and systematics

'Hedylidae' were previously treated as a tribe of Geometridae: Oenochrominae, the "Hedylicae"^[1]Scoble, M.J. (1986). The structure and affinities of the Hedyloidea: a new concept of the butterflies. ''Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)'', '53'(5): 251-286. Prout^[2] considered they might even merit treatment as their own family. Scoble first considered them to be a hitherto unrecognised group of butterflies and also suggested Hedylidae might possibly constitute the sister group of the "true" butterflies (Papilionoidea, rather than of (Hesperioidea + Papilionoidea). Weintraub and Miller^[3] argued against this placement (but see^[4]). In 1995, Weller and Pashley^[5] found that molecular data did indeed place Hedylidae with the butterflies and a more comprehensive study in 2005^[6] based on 57 exemplar taxa, three genes and 99 morphological characters, recovered the genus ''Macrosoma'' as sister to the ("true butterflies" + "skippers"). Since there are no obvious gaps between supposed species groups, according to basic morphological structure, Scoble (1986) synonymised the five pre-existing genera (33 of which had been described in ''Phellinodes'') into just one genus. However, a phylogenetic analysis of all ''Macrosoma'' species is still needed.

Morphology and identification

The eggs of hedylid moths have an upright configuration and are variable in shape: in ''Macrosoma inermis'' they are particularly narrow and spindle-shaped^[7] resembling those of some Pieridae and in the case of ''M. tipulata'' they are more barrel-shaped^[8], like certain Nymphalidae. The larvae resemble probably convergently those of Apaturinae.Adult hedylids resemble geometer moths. They share many characteristics both (morphological and genetic) with the superfamilies Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea. The abdomen is very long and slim, like many Neotropical butterflies of the subfamilies Ithomiinae and Heliconiinae, hence the name of one ''Macrosoma'' species "''heliconiaria''". Unlike other butterflies however, the antennae are un-clubbed, but rather filiform or bipectinate. Unlike the family Geometridae, in which they had been placed by the geometer expert L.B.Prout, hedylids lack tympanic organs at the base of the abdomen, but have them on the wings (see under Behaviour). Unlike other butterflies, however, (except in the unique case of the remarkable Australian skipper butterfly ''Euschemon rafflesia'' whose males possess these structures), the single-spined frenulum, and retinaculum is not lost or reduced in males, except in three ''Macrosoma'' species where there is no functional wing coupling system; the retinaculum is always lost in females and the frenulum may be vestigial. The family have been fully catalogued and illustrated in an identification guide ^[9].

Butterfly-like characteristics of Hedylidae

1. "Mesoscutum" with "secondary line of weakness" near median "notal" wing process^[10], as in some representatives of Papilionidea and Hesperioidea (potentially unique butterfly character^[11];

2. Mesothoracic aorta with horizontal chamber, as in other butterflies (not Papilionidae), but as also in Cossidae^[12];

3. Metathoracic "furca" resembling a blunt arrowhead; this a variable but potentially unique character in butterflies;

4. Second ''median plate'' of forewing base lying partly under the base of vein "1A+2A", unlike the configuration in moths;

5. "Postspiracular bar" on first abdominal segment;

6. Female genitalic "anterior apophyses" reduced;

7. Male genitalia relatively "deep" dorso-ventrally;

8. Abdomen curved (especially in males), as in papilionoids;

9. Abdominal first tergal segment is strongly "pouched" (Scoble 1986; as also in Thyatirinae moths;

10. "Precoxal" sulcus joining "marginopleural" sulcus;

11. Male Foreleg pretarsus lost,thus fused into two elements^[13] as in nymphalid butterflies, with the mid and hindlegs used for perching, but apparently redeveloped in hesperiids;

12. Egg upright, spindle-shaped and ribbed^[14] as in some Pieridae (e.g. the Orange tip butterfly), some other butterflies, and as in some moth groups also ;

13. Larva with "anal comb"^[15], as in some Hesperioidea (not however Megathyminae) and Pieridae, but not in other Papilionoidea except one species (and also independently in Tortricidae), that is used for propulsion of frass away from the caterpillar;

14. Caterpillar with horn-like processes and a "bifid" tail as in many Nymphalidae[1];

15. Caterpillar with "secondary setae", as in Pieridae;

16. Ventral larval proleg "crochet" hooks not forming a complete circle, unlike configuration in hesperiids and papilionoids;

17. Pupa affixed to the substrate via a silken girdle around the 1st abdominal segment[2][3], like in Pieridae (as also in some Geometridae, especially the subfamily Sterrhinae (in which the girdle is around the abdomen), but lost in many Papilionoidea);

18. Pupal cocoon lost, as in papilionoids, and a few other groups of Lepidoptera;

19. "Temporal cleavage line" lost in the pupa (as in papilionoids).

Distribution

Hedylidae range in Central America south from central Mexico and in South America through the Amazon from southern Peru (where there are a full 26 species^[16], up to 12 at a single site: ^[17] to central Bolivia and southwestern Brazil). In the Caribbean, they also occur in Cuba, Jamaica and Trinidad.

Behaviour

Hedylids are attracted to articifial lights, but occasionally some species can be found flying by dayKendall, R.O., (1976). Larval foodplants and life history notes for eight moths from Texas and Mexico. ''Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society'', '30'(4): 264-271.. Thus, they may be involved in some mimicry complexes with Ithomiinae (e.g. the female only of ''Macrosoma lucivittata''^[18]. A few species are white[4] and resemble pierid butterflies (e.g. ''Macrosoma napiaria''). Based on a study of ''Macrosoma heliconiaria'' , it has been found that hedylids have tympanic organs on their forewings for hearing[5] apparently homologous to the "Vogel's organ" in some Papilionoidea^[19] that would help them evade bats at night. They have been shown to exhibit typical moth evasive behaviour towards bats such as erratic spiralling movements and dives^[20]. The resting posture is often at a curious angle[6], with the thorax tilted and the posterior edge of the hindwings nearly touching the substrate (Scoble, 1986). The larvae which lack the prominent horns in the first instar tend to rest on the midrib of the leaf and often skeletonise leaves or at either side produce an untidy patchwork of holes[7]. The elegant pupa is attached by a cremaster and silken girdle[8] and sometimes resembles a bird dropping[9].

Biology and hostplants

The life history of ''Macrosoma heliconiaria'' was originally described from plants of ''Byttneria aculeata'' in Mexico. This was a historical breakthough into the biology of hedylids. In this study, Kendall commented notably "I thought the larvae might represent a satyr species, but when the first larva pupated I was sure it was a pierid. The first adult emerged as a complete surprise. The pupa...is secured by girdle and cremaster, not unlike a pierid". ''Macrosoma cascaria'' was later also reared on this plant in Panama. More life histories are now known [10]. From these data, known hostplants span a wide range of (according to the APG II system) rosid dicotyledonous plants, including the rosid order Myrtales family Melastomataceae (genera ''Miconia'', ''Conostegia'', and ''Ossaea''), the eurosid I order Malpighiales, families Euphorbiaceae (''Croton''), and Malpighiaceae (''Byrsonima''), the eurosid II orders Sapindales, family Rutaceae (''Zanthoxylum'') and more commonly ^[21] Malvales, family Malvaceae, tribes: Bombacoideae (''Ochroma''), Malvoideae (''Hampea'' and also ''Hibiscus'', Byttnerioideae (''Byttneria aculeata'', ''Theobroma'')[11] and Grewioideae (''Luehea'') [12]. The "green lizard caterpillar" ''Macrosoma tipulata''[13] attacks an economically important local fruit tree"Cupuaçu" (''Theobroma grandiflorum'') in Brazil and can defoliate saplings; the biology of this species has been studied and illustrated in some detail. The larva of this species lives about 15 days in 5 instars, the pupal stage lasts about 7 days and the adult lives about 10 days. ''M. tipulata'' and many other species can be found as adults through most of the year .

DNA sequences

A few species have been sequenced for the mitochondrial genes "cytochrome oxidase I", and "ND1" and nuclear genes "Wingless" and "Ef-1?" [14], including ''Macrosoma semiermis''. Some species are currently being barcoded[15].

Cited literature

1. Prout, L. B. (1910). Lepidoptera Heterocera, Fam. Geometridae, Subfam. Oenochrominae. ''Genera Insectorium'', '104': 1-119.
2. Prout, L. B. (1931). The American Geometridae. ''The Macrolepidoptera of the World'', '8': 1-144
3. Weintraub, J.D. and Miller, J.S. (1987). The structure and affinities of the Hedyloidea: a new concept of butterflies. ''Cladistics'', '3': 299-304.
4. Scoble, M.J. (1988). Hedylidae: a response to Weintraub and Miller. ''Cladistics'', '4': 93-96.
5. Weller, S.J., and Pashley, D.P. (1995). In search of butterfly origins. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'', '4': 235-246.
6. Wahlberg, N., Braby, M.F., Brower, A.V.Z., de Jong, R., Lee, M.-M., Nylin, S., Pierce, N.E., Sperling, F.A.H., Vila, R., Warren A.D. and Zakharov, E. (2005). Synergistic effects of combining morphological and molecular data in resolving the phylogeny of butterflies and skippers. ''Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B'', '272': 1577-1586.
7. Scoble, M.J. (1990a). A catalogue of the Hedylidae (Lepidoptera: Hedyloidea), with descriptions of two new species. ''Entomologica Scandinavica'', '21': 113-119.
8. Lourido, G., Silva, N.M., Motta, C.S. 2007. Biological Parameters and Damage by ''Macrosoma tipulata'' Hübner (Lepidoptera: Hedylidae), in Cupuaçu tree [''Theobroma grandiflorum'' (Wild ex Spreng Schum)] in Amazonas, Brazil. ''Neotropical Entomology'', '36'(1):102-106.
9. Scoble, M.J. (1990b). An identification guide to the Hedylidae (Lepidoptera: Hedyloidea). ''Entomologica Scandinavica'', '21': 121-158.
10. Minet, J. (1991). Tentative reconstruction of the ditrysian phylogeny (Lepidoptera:
Glossata). ''Entomologica Scandinavica'', '22': 69-95.
11. de Jong, R., Vane_Wright, R.I. and Ackery, P.R. 1996. The higher classification of butterflies (Lepidoptera): problems and prospects. ''Entomologica Scandinavica'', '27': 65-102.
12. Scoble, M.J. (1995). ''The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity''. The Natural History Museum and Oxford University Press, London.
13. Ackery, P.R., de Jong, R and Vane-Wright, R.I. (1999). The Butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidae. Pp. 263-300 in Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.). ''Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies''. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Volume IV/Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.
14. Scoble, M.J., Aiello, A. (1990). Moth-like butterflies (Hedylidae: Lepidoptera): a summary, with comments on the egg. ''Journal of Natural History'', '24'(1): 159-164.
15. Scoble, M.J., 1992. Guía de las Mariposas Hedílidas de Costa Rica (Lepidoptera: Hedylidae). In: ''Guía de Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad'', '1': v, 30 pp, + 61 figs.
16. Lamas, G. and Grados, J. (1998). Sinopsis de los Hedylidae (Lepidoptera) del Perú. ''Revista Peruviana Entomologia'', '40': 107-109.
17. Grados, J. (1998). Pp 119-120 in Alonso, A. and F. Dallmeier (eds). ''Biodiversity Assessment of the Lower Urubamba Region, Peru: Cashiriari-3 Well Site and the Camisea and Urubamba Rivers''. SI/MAB Series #2. Smithsonian Institution/MAB Biodiversity Program, Washington, DC.
18. Beccaloni, G.W. (1997). Ecology, natural history and behaviour of ithomiine butterflies and their mimics in Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae). ''Tropical Lepidoptera'', '8'(2): 103-124.
19. Rydell, J., Kaerma, S., Hedelin, H. and Skals, N. (2004). Evasive response to ultrasound by the crepuscular butterfly ''Manataria maculata''. ''Naturwissenschaften'', '90'(2): 80-83.
20. Yack, J.E. and Fullard, J.H. (1999). Ultrasonic hearing in nocturnal butterflies. ''Nature'', '403': 265-266.
21. Janz, N. and Nylin, S. (1998). Butterflies and Plants: A Phylogenetic Study. ''Evolution'', '52'(2): 486-502.
22. Hammer, M. (1979). Investigations on the oribatid fauna of Java. ''K. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. Biol. Skr.'', '22'(9): 34.

Sources

★ Scoble, M.J. (1986). The structure and affinities of the Hedyloidea: a new concept of the butterflies. ''Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology Series'', '53': 251-286.

External links

★ Caterpillars, pupae, butterflies & moths of the ACG [Accessed March 2007]

★ Hearing [Accessed March 2007]

★ Ears [Accessed March 2007]

★ Kendall 1976 pdf [Accessed March 2007]

★ Lepindex [Accessed March 2007]

★ Moths of Belize [Accessed March 2007]

★ Unknown white hedylid from Nicaragua [Accessed March 2007]

★ Hedylidae of Guyana [Accessed March 2007]

★ Moths of Jamaica [Accessed March 2007]

★ Barcoding progress [Accessed March 2007]

★ Leptree sequencing progress [Accessed March 2007]

★ Larva of unidentified species 79-SRNP-362c [Accessed March 2007]

★ Larva of unidentified species 03-SRNP-21689 [Accessed March 2007]

★ Nicaraguan hostplants of ''Macrosoma semiermis'' [Accessed March 2007]

Nomenclatural notes

★ In Zoological nomenclature, there exist numerous junior homonyms of ''Macrosoma'' Hübner, 1818 [16], (''Macrosoma'' Leach 1819 (a reptile), ''Macrosoma'' de Haan 1826 (Odonata), ''Macrosoma'' Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 (''Macrosoma multisulcata'' Berlese 1913 and ''M. floralis'', Diptera: Muscidae), ''Macrosoma'' Brandt 1835 (Coelenterata), ''Macrosoma'' Hope 1837 (Coleoptera), ''Macrosoma'' Lioy 1864 or 1865 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Macrosoma Hammer 1979^[22] (''M.rugosa''; Acarina: Oribatidae). To add to this potential confusion in lists of names, there exist two junior homonyms of ''Hedyle'' Guenée, 1857: ''Hedyle'' Bergh, 1895 (sea slugs in the order Opisthobranchia: superfamily "Acochlidioidea", family Hedylopsidae Odhner, 1952 [17] that are currently placed in the genus ''Hedylopsis'' Thiele, 1931)[18], and ''Hedyle'' Malmgren 1865 (a polychaete worm)[19]. The sea slug family name "Hedylidae Bergh, 1895" (type species ''Hedyle weberi'' Bergh, 1895) is thus also invalid.

List of species

Sources: (species arrangement largely phenetic following)

★ ''Macrosoma tipulata'' Hübner, 1818
Type Locality: Brazil
Range: Costa Rica as far as SE Brazil
TYPE: type probably lost
Hostplants: ''Theobroma grandiflorum''[20], ''T.angustifolium'', ''T. bicolor'')[21] CardPupaLarvaAdult Adult



★ ''Macrosoma hyacinthina'' (Warren, 1905) (originally in ''Lasiopates'')
Type locality: Cayapas, N.W. Ecuador 1°5'0'' N, 79°3'0'' W
Range: widespread from Mexico through Central America into South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guiana, and Goiás, west Brasilia in central Brazil
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype male Card Live Photo


★ ''Macrosoma heliconiaria'' (Guenée, 1857)
Type locality: Cayenne, French Guiana 4°56'0'' N, 52°20'0'' W
Range: Widespread through tropical South America (Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Brazil (to Belém) and to midwestern Peru
TYPE: BMNH, Lectotype female Card Image06-SRNP-100259

★
★ =''Hedyle heliconaria'' Walker, 1862 [Incorrect subsequent spelling of ''heliconiaria'' Guenée, 1857] Card


★ ''Macrosoma semiermis'' (Prout, 1932) (originally in in ''Hedyle'']
Type locality: Panama
Range: Widespread from Mexico through Central America into Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Guiana and Goiás, west Brasilia
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype male CardAdult AdultAdult
Hostplants: ''Byttneria aculeata''[22] and ''Luehea sp.''[23])

★
★ =''Hedyle inermis'' Prout, 1932
Type locality: Sta. Cruz, Bolivia many possible locations
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype male Card



★ ''Macrosoma albipannosa'' (Prout, 1916) (originally in ''Hedyle'')
Type locality: Cerro de Pasco, Huancabamba, E. Peru 10°21'0'' S, 75°32'0'' W
Range: Andean Peru and Ecuador (Intas), to 10000 feet [3050 m.]
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype male Card


★ ''Macrosoma pectinogyna'' Scoble, 1990
Type locality: Loja [Prov], Celica, 2000 m., Ecuador S, 79°57'0'' W
Range: Celica, Loja in Ecuador
TYPE: AMNH, Holotype female Card


★ ''Macrosoma hedylaria'' (Warren, 1894) (originally in ''Phellinodes'')
Type locality: (Nord Brasilien?), S.America
Range: Widespread from Eastern Colombia, amazon of Venezuela, NW to NE and S Brazil beyond Sao Paulo and either side of the Peruvian Andes and west to Lima
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype male Card Image


★ ''Macrosoma conifera'' (Warren, 1897) (originally in ''Phellinodes'')
Type locality: Paramaribo, Surinam5°50'0'' N, 55°10'0'' W
Range: Widespread in Central America from Guatemala south to South American Paraguay (Villarica), Gorgon Island in Colombia, Cuzco in the Peruvian Andes to eastern Brazil, Amazonian Venezuela, Trinidad, Surinam, French Guiana, to Amazonian NE Brazil (Belém)
TYPE: BMNH, Lectotype female, slide# 12341 Card ImageLarvaLarvaPupaAdult
Hostplants: ''Ochroma pyramidale'', ''Croton schiedeanus'', ''Hampea appendiculata'', ''Conostegia xalapensis, Miconia argentea, Ossaea''[24]

★
★ =''Phellidones conifera gorgonensis'' (Prout, 1932)
Type locality: Gorgona I., W. Colombia, 200' 3°24'0'' N, 76°23'0'' W
TYPE: BMNH, Lectotype female Card

★
★ =''Phellidones latiplex'' Dognin, 1911
Type locality: St-Laurent du Maroni, French Guiana 5°30'0'' N, 54°2'0'' W
TYPE: NMNH, Holotype male USNM# 30855 Card

★
★ =''Phellinodes zikani'' (Prout, 1932)
Type locality: Itatiaya, Brazil19°20'0'' S, 41°26'0'' W
TYPE: Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt, Holotype male Card


★ ''Macrosoma intermedia'' (Dognin, 1911) (originally in ''Phellinodes'')
Type locality: Colombien
Range: sparse records in Costa Rica, Colombia (St. Antonio), and Rio Ucayali, Peru
TYPE: NMNH, Holotype male USNM# 30850 Card

★
★ =''Phellinodes biapicata'' Prout, 1917
Type locality: Rio Ucayali, Contamamana, Peru 4°30'0'' S, 73°27'0'' W
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype male Card

★
★ =''Phellinodes gratiosa'' Schaus, 1912
Type locality: Tuis, Costa Rica9°51'0'' N, 83°35'0'' W
TYPE: NMNH, USNM# 17773 Card



★ ''Macrosoma cascaria'' (Schaus, 1901) (originally in ''Hyphedyle'')
Type locality: Jalapa, Mexico N, 92°40'0'' W, or other locations
Range: Mexico (Tabasco, Misantla), south to northern Venezuela
TYPE: NHMN, Lectotype female USNM# 11906 CardLarvaLarvaPupaPupa AdultAdultAdult
Hostplants: ''Croton schiedeanus, C.megistocarpus'', ''Conostegia xalapensis''[25]


★ ''Macrosoma paularia'' (Schaus, 1901) (originally in ''Hephedyle'')
Type locality: Sao Paulo, S. Brazil] many locations
Range: Sparse records from Brazil (Mato Grosso, Planaltina, south to Sao Paulo and from northern Bolivia (Province del Sara)
TYPE: NMNH, Lectotype female, USNM# 11907 Card



★ ''Macrosoma albifascia'' (Warren, 1904) (originally in ''Phellinodes'')
Type locality: Carabaya, S[an] Domingo, SE Peru
Range: eastern Andes of South America (Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia)
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype male Card

★
★ =''Phellinodes albifascia expedita'' (Prout, 1932)
Type locality: Macas, Ecuador
TYPE: Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt, Holotype male Card


★ ''Macrosoma stabilinota'' (Prout, 1932) (originally in ''Phellinodes'')
Type locality: Fonte Boa, Brazil, Amazonas 1°8'0'' N, 67°12'0'' W or 2°32'0'' S, 66°1'0'' W
Range: northern Honduras, northern Peru, northwestern Brazil, French Guiana and Jamaica
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype male CardPhoto


★ ''Macrosoma nigrimacula'' (Warren, 1897) (originally in ''Phellinodes'')
Type locality: 10 miles above Mapiri, Bolivien 10°31'0'' S, 66°52'0'' W or 15°15'0'' S, 68°10'0'' W
Range: central Mexico south to C-S Peru and western Bolivia, and Amazonian Brazil from Fonte Boa to Belém
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype female Card Adult

★
★ =''Phellinodes cellulata'' Dognin, 1911
Type locality: Near Loja, El Monje, Ecuador
TYPE: NMNH, USNM# 31774, Holotype male Card

★
★ =''Phellinodes interrupta'' Warren, 1904
Type locality: Rio Cachabí, S[an] Javier, Ecuador, Holotype female 1°3'18'' N, 78°49'5'' Wor 1°3'58'' N, 78°46'38'' W,or other locations
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype female Card

★
★ =''Phellinodes megalophysa'' Warren, 1908
Type locality: St Jean, Maroni, French Guiana N, 54°2'0'' W
TYPE: NMNH, USNM# 11377, Lectotype female Card

★
★ =''Phellinodes obstructa'' Warren, 1904
Type locality: Pambilar, Ecuador
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype male Card

★
★ =''Phellinodes parornata'' Dognin, 1911
Type locality: Nouveau Chantier, French Guiana
TYPE: NMNH, Holotype male, USNM# 30853 Card



★ ''Macrosoma klagesi'' (Prout, 1916) (originally in ''Phellinodes'')
Type locality: Fonte Boa, Amazonas, Brazil 1°8'0'' N, 67°12'0'' W or 2°32'0'' S, 66°1'0'' W
Range: Fonte Boa, Amazonas, Brazil (known only from holotype)
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype male Card


★ ''Macrosoma costilunata'' (Prout, 1916) (originally in ''Phellinodes'')
Type locality: Paramba, Ecuador 0°49'0'' N, 78°21'0'' W
Range: sparsely recorded from northwestern Costa Rica and N and C Ecuador
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype female Card


★ ''Macrosoma muscerdata'' (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) (originally in ''Phellinodes'')
Type locality: Amazonas
Range: central Costa Rica, eastern Colombia to French Guiana, through Ecuador and Peru south to Carabaya range, and in Amazonian Brazil from Sao Paulo de Olivencia to Belém
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype female Card



★ ''Macrosoma lucivittata'' (Walker, 1863) (originally in ''Hedyle'')
Type locality: Ega, [=Tefé], Brazil 3°22'0'' S, 64°42'0'' W
Range: Honduras south to SE Peru, and Belém in Amazonian Brazil
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype female Card

★
★ =''Phellinodes absentimacula'' (Warren, 1904)
Type locality: Salidero, N.W. Ecuador[26]
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype male Card



★ ''Macrosoma coscoja'' (Dognin, 1900) (originally in ''Phellinodes'')
Type locality: Environs de Loja, Equateur, Ecuador 4°0'0'' S, 79°13'0'' W
Range: eastern Colombia, E-C and S Ecuador, C to SE Peru and eastern Bolivia
TYPE: NMNH, Lectotype female, USNM# 30834 Card


★ ''Macrosoma albistria'' (Prout, 1916) (originally in ''Phellinodes'')
Type locality: Carabaya, Rio Huacamayo, La Union, Peru 13°30'0'' S, 69°40'0'' W13°32'0'' S, 69°38'0'' W
Range: C and S Peru and southern Bolivia
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype male Card


★ ''Macrosoma bahiata'' (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) (originally in ''Phellinodes'')
Type locality: Amazonas, Bahia
Range: Eastern Mexico (Quintana Roo Territory) through Central America to Lima in Peru and east to Belém in Amazonian Brazil
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype male Card LarvalarvaLarvaAdultAdultAdult


★ ''Macrosoma uniformis'' (Warren, 1904) (originally in ''Phellinodes'')
Type locality: Rio Napo, E. Ecuador [Peru on specimen label]
Range: C Colombia to S Peru and C Bolivia southeast to Brazil (Rio de Janeiro
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype male? Rio Napa 0°20'0'' S, 78°54'0'' W Card


★ ''Macrosoma amaculata'' Scoble, 1990
Type locality: Rincon National Park, 4 km. E. Cas[e]tilla, Guanacaste Prov., Costa Rica N, 85°44'0'' W
Range: C-W and NW Costa Rica
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype male Card


★ ''Macrosoma leucophasiata'' (Thierry-Mieg, 1904) (originally in ''Phellinodes'')
Type locality: Rio Colorado, Peru, 2500' 13°34'0'' S, 72°33'0'' W; other locations
Range: SE Ecuador to S Peru and Bolivia
TYPE: NMNH, Lectotype male, # 30852 Card

★
★ =''Hyphedyle divisa'' Warren, 1905
Type locality: Chanchamayo, Peru 11°3'0'' S, 75°19'0'' W or 13°42'0'' S, 75°48'0'' W or 14°8'36'' S, 75°41'14'' W
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype male Card



★ ''Macrosoma albimacula'' (Warren, 1900) (originally in ''Hephedyle'')
Type locality: Paramba, W. Ecuador0°49'0'' N, 78°21'0'' W
Range: W and N Ecuador and C Peru (1630 m.)
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype male Card


★ ''Macrosoma leucoplethes'' (Prout, 1917) (originally in ''Phellinodes'')
Type locality: Alpayacu, Rio Pastaza, E. Ecuador1°35'0'' S, 77°45'0'' W
Range: E Ecuador
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype male Card



★ ''Macrosoma satellitiata'' (Guenée, 1857) (originally in ''Phellinodes'')
Type locality: Brasilien
TYPE: BMNH Card Photo

★
★ =''Phellinodes praecostalis'' Dognin, 1911
Type locality: Yuntas near Cali, Colombia3°46'27'' N, 76°44'40'' W3°25'0'' N, 76°33'0'' W, or other location
TYPE: NMNH, Holotype male, USNM# 30857 Card

★
★ =''Phellinodes zapotensis'' Prout, 1932
Type locality: Zapote, GuatemalaN, 89°56'0'' W, or other locations
TYPE: BMNH, Lectotype female Card



★ ''Macrosoma subornata'' (Warren, 1904) (originally in ''Hyphedyle'')
Type locality: Carabayo, S. Domingo, Peru13°50'0'' S, 70°15'0'' W
Range: N Colombia and Ecuador to SE Peru
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype male Card Adult photo identified as ''nigrimacula''

★
★ =''Phellinodes desueta'' Prout, 1932
Type locality: Pueblo Rico, San Juan, Choco, slopes of Colombia, 5200 ft. [1585 m.]
TYPE: BMNH, Lectotype male Card



★ ''Macrosoma lamellifera'' (Prout, 1916) (originally in ''Phellinodes'')
Type locality: Fonte Boa, Amazonas] 1°8'0'' N, 67°12'0'' W or 2°32'0'' S, 66°1'0'' W
Range: sparse records fromupper Amazon of Brazil and Surinam
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype male Card


★ ''Macrosoma minutipuncta'' (Prout, 1916) (originally in ''Phellinodes'')
Type locality: La Oroya, Rio Inambari, SE Peru, 3100' 11°32'0'' S, 75°54'0'' W or 12°30'0'' S, 69°5'0'' W
Range: SE Peru]
TYPE: BMNH, Lectotype male Card


★ ''Macrosoma rubedinaria'' (Walker, 1862) (originally in ''Hedyle'')
Type locality: Honduras
Range: W and S Mexico, Cuba and Jamaica through Central America (including Trinidad to NE Brazil (Belém) and south to Amazonian Peru and N Bolivia
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype male Card06-SRNP-100073 Adult Adult
Hostplant:''Hibiscus''


★ ''Macrosoma ustrinaria'' (Herrich-Schäffer, 1854) (originally in "?Acidalia")
Type locality: Suriname
Range: Panama south to central Peru and east to French Guiana
TYPE: Unknown, Holotype male Card


★ ''Macrosoma albida'' (Schaus, 1901) (originally in ''Hyphedyle'')
Type locality: Rio de Janeiro, S. Brasil
Range: sparse records in Costa Rica (San José Province and east Brazil (Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catharina)
TYPE: NMNH, Lectotype male USNM# 11905 Card


★ ''Macrosoma napiaria'' (Guenée, 1857) (originally in ''Venodes'')
Type locality: Brésil
Range: Brazil from Amazon (Sao Paulo d'Olivencia) southeast to Sao Paulo
TYPE: BMNH, Lectotype male Card


★ ''Macrosoma leptosiata'' (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) (originally in ''Hedyle'')
Type locality: Amazons, French Guiana
Range: Eastern Peru and NW Brazil and northern French Guiana
TYPE: BMNH, Holotype female Card