HIMALIA GROUP

The 'Himalia group' is a group of prograde irregular satellites of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Himalia and are thought to have a common origin.
The known members of the group are (in order of increasing distance from Jupiter):

★ Leda

★ Himalia (the largest, which gives its name to the group)

★ Lysithea

★ Elara
The initial orbit estimate of the recently discovered satellite S/2000 J 11 also qualified it as a member of the group (it appeared to have the same inclination, and a slightly larger semi-major axis)^[1]
but its orbit is not known with adequate precision and the mean orbital elements have not yet been calculated.
The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names in '-a' for the moons in this group.

Contents

Characteristics and origin

References

Characteristics and origin

The objects in the Himalia group have semi-major axes (distances from Jupiter) in the range of 11.15 and 11.75 Gm, inclinations between 26.6° and 28.3°, and eccentricities of between 0.11 and 0.25.
In physical appearance, the group is very homogenous, all satellites displaying neutral colours (colour indices B−V = 0.66 and V−R = 0.36) similar to those of C-type asteroids. Given the limited dispersion of the orbital parameters and the spectral homogeneity, it has been suggested that the group could be a remnant of the break-up of an asteroid from the main asteroid belt. Grav, Tommy; Holman, Matthew J.; Gladman, Brett J.; Aksnes, Kaare ''Photometric survey of the irregular satellites'', Icarus, '166',(2003), pp. 33-45. Preprint The radius of the parent asteroid was probably about 89 km, only slightly larger than that of Himalia, which retains approximately 87% of the mass of the original body. This indicates the asteroid was not heavily disturbed.
Numerical integrations show a high probability of collisions among the members of the prograde group during the lifespan of the solar system (''e.g.'' on average 1.5 collisions between Himalia and Elara). In addition, the same simulations have shown fairly high probabilities of collisions between prograde and retrograde satellites (e.g. Pasiphae and Himalia have a 27% probability of collision within 4.5 gigayears). Consequently, it has been suggested that the current group could be a result of a more recent, rich collisional history among the prograde and retrograde satellites as opposed to the single break-up shortly after the planet formation that has been inferred for the Carme and Ananke groups.^[2]

References

1.
Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt
''An abundant population of small irregular satellites around Jupiter'', Nature, '423' (May 2003), pp.261-263
(pdf)
2.
David Nesvorný, Cristian Beaugé, and Luke Dones
''Collisional Origin of Families of Irregular Satellites'', The Astronomical Journal, '127' (2004), pp. 1768–1783 (pdf).