HOGAN'S HEROES
'''Hogan's Heroes''' was an American television situation comedy that ran from September 17, 1965 to July 4, 1971 on the CBS network for 168 episodes. Starring Bob Crane as Colonel Robert E. Hogan, the show was set in a German prisoner of war (POW) camp during World War II. The program was a Bing Crosby production.
Premise
The show took place at Stalag 13, a POW camp located near the town of Hammelburg, run by the Luftwaffe for captured airmen. Although there was a real-life Stalag 13 near Hammelburg (formally known as Stalag XIII-C Hammelburg/Mainfranken), the one in ''Hogan's Heroes'' was entirely fictional.
The show's premise was that the POWs were actually active war participants, using the camp as a base of operations for Allied espionage and sabotage against the Nazis. The "prisoners" could leave and return almost at will via a secret network of tunnels and had radio contact with Allied command. They were aided by the incompetence of the camp commandant Colonel Klink and his aide Sergeant Schultz; Hogan would routinely manipulate the incompetent Klink and get Schultz to look the other way while his men conducted secret operations.
Inspiration
It is possible that the characters were inspired by the 1953 feature film ''Stalag 17'', a World War II prisoner of war film, released by Paramount Pictures, the same studio that currently owns the DVD rights to ''Hogan's Heroes''. This movie even had a Sergeant Johann Schultz, who appeared genial, but was actually in league with the spy planted among the prisoners. The movie producers later sued the producers of ''Hogan's Heroes'' for infringement.
Cast
Allies
Colonel Robert E. Hogan
American Army Air Forces 'Colonel Robert E. Hogan' (Bob Crane), the senior ranking POW officer, is the leader of the group. He was from Bridgeport, Connecticut and born in Cleveland, Ohio. In contrast to Colonel Klink, he graduated third in his military class.
Staff Sergeant Kinchloe
African-American 'Staff Sergeant James (aka Ivan) "Kinch" Kinchloe' (Ivan Dixon) is primarily responsible for radio, telegraph, and other forms of electronic communications. A talented mimic, Kinchloe easily imitates German officers speaking over the radio or telephone. When Hogan needed a strictly audio impression of Adolf Hitler, the men generally agreed that Kinchloe was the better choice for the job over Sergeant Carter. While most of the plots are "plausible", the fact that Kinch got to particpate in covert operations where the POWs impersonated German soldiers or civilians is not (because of his color).
During the final season of the series (1970—1971), the producers replaced his character with 'Sergeant Baker' (also portrayed by an African-American actor, Kenneth Washington). The tasks assigned to SGT Baker are identical to those of SSG Kinchloe.
Technical Sergeant Carter
American 'Technical Sergeant Andrew J. Carter' (Larry Hovis) is in charge of ordnance and bomb-making. He also shows talent in chemistry and can produce formulas as needed. Carter is often called on to impersonate German officers and, most convincingly, Adolf Hitler. While bright and enthusiastic at his specialties, Carter often shows a lack of common sense otherwise. He formerly worked at a drug store in Muncie, Indiana.
His fictional awards include the Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal, Purple Heart, Commendation Medal and Good Conduct Medal.
Corporal LeBeau
French Army 'Corporal Louis LeBeau' (French actor Robert Clary) is also a chef. However, LeBeau is also a master of covert operations, who has taken the precaution of befriending the camp's guard dogs. As a result (as shown in the title sequence), he is able to enter their compound through a secret entrance under a doghouse without the dogs raising the alarm. In many episodes, LeBeau bribes Schultz with food, especially LeBeau's apple strudel. LeBeau is also in charge of creating disguises (this role was merged from Soviet tailor Vladimir Minsk, a character that was dropped after the pilot episode).
Corporal Newkirk
Royal Air Force 'Corporal Peter Newkirk' (British actor Richard Dawson) is the group's conman, pick-pocket, forger, marksman, and occasional impersonator of German officers. He also assists in distracting the Germans and performing other sabotage. In the dubbing for German television, Newkirk stutters.
This series marked Dawson's American debut. Dawson auditioned for the role of Hogan, but was told he didn't sound American enough.
Germans
Colonel Klink
'Oberst (Colonel) Wilhelm Klink' (Werner Klemperer) is an old-line Luftwaffe officer of aristocratic (Junker) Prussian descent, as well as a social climber. He has a pretentious coat of arms with the letter "K" in his living quarters. Klink is never mentioned as a formal member of the Nazi Party and is portrayed as a bumbling self-serving bureaucrat rather than someone evil. He has never read ''Mein Kampf'', Hitler's manifesto.
Klink gained entry to a military academy only because of an uncle's influence; the uncle was barber to a mayor. Not only did he graduate last in his class, but he was also the only one in his class who had not reached the rank of general, remaining a colonel for twenty years, longer then any other in the German Army. Klink wears an Iron Cross, though the only thing revealed by the series about his World War I service is that, while piloting a plane, he panicked and crashed, causing his passenger, the "Blue Baron", to walk with a limp for the rest of his life. For twenty years after the Great War, Klink was a captain with an efficiency rating "a few points above miserable". In the only direct reference to World War II service prior to his becoming the camp commandant, he claims to want to pilot a Heinkel again. Because he is so easily manipulated by Hogan and his fellow prisoners, the worst thing that could happen for the prisoners is for Klink to be transferred away. This concern occasionally formed the basis of a plot line.
Klink's worst nightmare, short of being transferred to the Russian Front, is having to marry General Burkhalter's sister. He even threatens to have Hogan shot for proposing such a horrible fate, claiming that no court-martial in the world would convict him of murder for doing so.
He fancies himself a musician, but plays a horribly screechy violin. In real life, Klemperer was a noted concert violinist, and his father was famed conductor and composer Otto Klemperer.
"Klink" later made a cameo appearance in the ''Simpsons'' episode "The Last Temptation of Homer". He was supposed to be a spirit that had merely assumed the form and mannerisms of Klink because Homer would recognize Klink and obey him, sent to teach Homer a life-changing lesson. Despite claiming to be a spirit rather than a manifestation of Klink, the spirit acted like Klink and even showed annoyance at Homer’s revealing details of how Hogan had tricked him, one of the recurring plot lines of ''Hogan’s Heroes''.
Eventually Klink became aware that Hogan and his men were more than just ordinary prisoners -- in one late episode Hogan rescued Klink from a transfer to the Russian Front, and afterward Klink sat in a westbound train with Hogan (who was wearing a German officer's uniform), frightened of what seeing Hogan in that uniform implied. Hogan calmly explained to Klink that he would be kept safely in his command of Stalag 13 as he was far too important to Hogan in that role to be allowed to be transferred anywhere else.
Sergeant Schultz
'Feldwebel (Sergeant) Hans Schultz' (John Banner) is Klink's bumbling, highly unmilitary sergeant of the guard. Schultz is a basically good-hearted man who, when confronted by the shenanigans of the prisoners, will simply ''wegschauen'' (look away), repeating "I hear nothing, I see nothing, I know nothing!" or, more commonly as the series went on, simply "I see nothing, nothing!" in order to avoid becoming involved in any way. This eventually became a catch phrase of the series.
In one episode, Schultz confides to Hogan that he was a Social Democrat. However, in the episode "The Prince from the Telephone Company," he says "It was so much better when we had an Emperor. What am I saying?" implying that he is a Monarchist. He tells Hogan that despite their being on opposite sides, "Sometimes, you are also my friend." During World War II, he was awarded a fictitious Iron Cross, 4th Class. In another episode, Hogan talks about escaping and Schultz says that, if he ever does, he wants Hogan to take him along.
Over time, the Schultz character was expanded by Banner and the show's writers. In "War Takes a Holiday," viewers learn that, before the war, he owned a famous German toy factory, and that he longs for nothing more than to return to his previous profession. In the episode, Klink and Schultz discuss what they will do after the war. Schultz says he will go back to the Schatzi Toy Company. Klink is impressed, since it was the largest toy company in Germany, so he asks, "Do you think your boss will give you your old job back?" and is flabbergasted when Schultz says, "Why not? ''I'' am the boss!" For once, Klink offers Schultz a cigar, though he slams the box shut on Gestapo Major Hochstetter's fingers.
In another episode, Colonel Klink is relieved of his command, and Schultz is installed as his successor. Improbably, the sergeant proves himself to be a capable tactician and extremely competent. His efforts completely disrupt Hogan's espionage operation, and the rest of the episode involves Hogan and his crew working to convince Schultz that he is nothing more than the incompetent his superiors had always claimed. Their ruse is successful, although everyone—including the audience and Schultz himself—knows that it is a ruse.
Originally, Banner was supposed to play Klink, and Klemperer to portray Schultz.
Banner played equally easy-going, if much less bumbling, German border guard Sergeant Ernst in the 1965 war film ''36 Hours''.
Helga/Hilda
'Helga' ('Cynthia Lynn', 1965 to 1966) and 'Hilda' ('Sigrid Valdis', 1966 to 1971) portrayed Klink's secretary. A running joke of the series is that Hilda and Hogan were engaged in an affair. Many scenes open or close with them kissing passionately, often almost right under Klink's nose, further cementing his bumbling persona. Helga plays minor roles in several of Hogan's plans. Hilda occasionally assists Hogan and his band with tidbits of information or access to papers or equipment, but her involvement and assistance is much less overt than that of her predecessor. In one episode, Hilda distracts a guard in order to stop a bombing. Valdis married Bob Crane in 1970.
Recurring characters
★ 'Howard Caine' as 'Major Wolfgang Hochstetter' of the Gestapo. Hochstetter is an ardent Nazi who never understands why Hogan is often allowed to barge into Klink's office at will. Hochstetter frequently demands "Who is this man?" or "What is this man doing here?!" with increasing stridency. Klink is justifiably afraid of him, but Burkhalter is not easily intimidated. Once Klink tells Burkhalter, "I despise that man!" Burkhalter replies, "So do I." In "War Takes a Holiday," Hogan tricks Hochstetter into lending his car to several underground leaders (presented by Hogan as potential captains of industry), who use it to escape just as Hochstetter's superiors arrive. Howard Caine played several other German officers in the show before becoming Major Hochstetter.
★ 'Leon Askin' as 'General Albert Burkhalter'. Klink's superior officer frequently tires of his incompetence and threatens to send him to the Russian Front as punishment. General Burkhalter made more common appearances in later seasons.
★ 'Kathleen Freeman' as 'Gertrude (Burkhalter) Linkmeyer', Burkhalter's sister. In more than one episode, General Burkhalter or Frau Linkmeyer (or both) think that Klink would make an acceptable second husband for Frau Linkmeyer, especially because there are few unmarried officers available and a great many widows. Klink, however, is horrified by the idea because he prefers young blonde women and Gertrude is a middle-aged matron with a strident voice and overbearing personality. 'Alice Ghostly' also played General Burkhalter’s sister in season 4.
★ 'Bernard Fox' as '"Colonel" Rodney Crittendon' DSO, CBE, MC and Bar, DFC, AFC an utterly incompetent RAF Group Captain. In an early episode, Klink has him transferred from another camp because he is senior to Hogan, putting him in charge of the POWs. Crittendon believes that a POW's only focus should be escape, and spy-type work should be carried out by professional spies. Therefore, he promises more than once that he would report any spy-type work he might observe to the Nazis. Also known for developing and attempting to execute various forms of prison camp escapes that never worked. Also developed the secret "Crittendon Plan", which turned out to consist of planting geraniums along the sides of runways to cheer up returning British pilots.
★ 'Nita Talbot' as 'Marya', a Russian spy whom Hogan occasionally works with, but doesn't entirely trust. Her trademark line is an exaggeratedly drawled "Hogan, Dahling."
★ 'Arlene Martel' as 'Tiger', a French Underground contact.
★ 'John Cedar' as 'Corporal Langenscheidt', one of Klink's men. Langenscheidt often informs the distraught Colonel Klink when an important guest arrives, much to Klink's displeasure. Langenscheidt often arrives at the worst of times. In one episode Langenscheidt gets involved in one of Hogan's schemes to forge a priceless painting which General Burkhalter intends to give to Hermann Goering. Klink sends Schultz and Langenscheidt to keep Hogan from escaping while they are in Paris.
Jewish actors
Some of the actors, including Werner Klemperer (Klink), John Banner (Schultz), Robert Clary (LeBeau), and Leon Askin (Burkhalter) were Jews who had fled the Nazis during World War II. Clary says in the recorded commentary on the DVD version of the episode "Art for Hogan's Sake" that he spent three years in a concentration camp, that his parents and other family members were killed there, and that he has an identity tattoo from the camp on his arm. Leon Askin, real name Leo Aschkenasy, was in a French internment camp and his parents were killed at Treblinka. Howard Caine (Hochstetter) was also Jewish, and Jewish actors Harold Gould and Harold J. Stone played German generals.
Werner Klemperer (Klink) as a young teenager with his family fled Hitler's Germany. During the show's production, he insisted that Hogan always win over his Nazi captors. He defended his playing a Nazi by claiming, "I am an actor. If I can play Richard III, I can play a Nazi."
Askin had a particularly illustrious career. Before emigrating to the United States in 1940, he had already spent nearly two decades starring on the Viennese stage, where he became known as "the man of a thousand faces." When he and Banner left Austria, they spoke little or no English, and until they mastered it, they had their scripts spelled out for them phonetically.
Ironically, although Askin and Klemperer played Germans, both had served in World War II in the American army—Klemperer with an army entertainment unit and Askin as a sergeant in the Army Air Corps.
Askin and Banner both had memorable guest appearances in the popular syndicated 1950s TV series, ''Adventures of Superman'', playing characters that somewhat anticipated their roles in ''Hogan's Heroes''.
Perhaps not surprisingly, Banner attempted to sum up the paradox of his role by saying, "Who can play Nazis better than us Jews?" Familiar with the Nazis firsthand, the victims got to make fun of their persecutors.
Later popularity
The show was not broadcast in Germany over German TV until 1992. The original dubbed version was titled ''Stacheldraht und Fersengeld'' (Barbed wire and turning tail). The series then was redubbed and released in 1994 as ''Ein Käfig voller Helden'' (A cage full of heroes). This version gained considerable popularity. (Note that the show was broadcast over US Armed Forces TV in 1974 for about one week. The German Government strongly requested its removal, and their request was acted upon by the management of Armed Forces TV.)
In the newer German version, the Germans speak in various different accents which makes it funnier to a German audience than Standard German would. It amplifies the contrast between Klink, the Prussian stereotype, and Schultz, the Bavarian stereotype ("Urbayern" in German). Furthermore Klink's choice of vocabulary and memorable quotes add jokes which would not be present in a direct translation of the English language original. Another major change is that Newkirk, who speaks with a British accent in the original, is changed to an exaggerated stutterer in the German version. Apart from that there are numerous deviations from the original plot, introducing elements which were not present in the original. Amongst other things it introduces a new character, Kalinke, who is Klink's cleaning lady and permanent mistress. She is referred to, but never seen.
Frequent pop culture references to the show are a testament to its popularity. In a 1993 episode of ''The Simpsons'', "The Last Temptation of Homer", Klink appears to Homer Simpson as a guardian angel and is voiced by Klemperer. In another episode entitled Wild Barts Can't Be Broken, Bart refers the way adults treat kids to that of Colonel Klink in a musical number.
In 1968, Robert Clary, Richard Dawson, Ivan Dixon, and Larry Hovis cut an LP record entitled ''Hogan's Heroes Sing the Best of World War II'', which included lyrics for the theme song. The record did not sell well, and as a result is today considered a collector's item.
The word "gonkulator", first used in a 4th-season (1968-69) episode, has come into common use to mean: "A pretentious piece of equipment that actually serves no useful purpose. Usually used to describe one's least favorite piece of computer hardware." Most accounts of that episode spell the word "gonculator".
In the Nickelodeon show ''The Fairly OddParents'', Timmy's Dad comes out of a tunnel under a doghouse and puts a finger to his lips, just as LeBeau does in the opening. It appears in the episode parodying popular '50-'70s sitcoms.
Robot Chicken parodied Hogan's Heroes by instead having Hulk Hogan and other wrestlers such as "Macho Man" Randy Savage, Roddy Piper, and Sgt. Slaughter replace the cast as the heroes attempting to escape from a Nazi camp. The skit ended with the wrestlers brutalizing Hitler in a Wrestlemania hardcore match.
The opening scene of ''Chicken Run'' is reminiscent of ''Hogan's Heroes'', with Ginger and the other chickens involved in various escape attempts from their chicken farm, featuring several ''Hogan's Heroes'' trademarks, including digging under the main fence and the guard dogs. This is probably an indirect reference, as both ''Hogan's Heroes'' and ''Chicken Run''
were based on serious WWII POW movies, especially ''The Great Escape''.
★ In CBS's show NCIS, Special Agent Anthony Dinozzo (Michael Weatherly) imitates Sergeant Schultz during an interrogation.
Gadgets
The ''Hogan's Heroes'' team used a few hidden gadgets to communicate with the Allies, and in general, to collect information.
★ Season One's opening credits show Sgt. Carter pumping a lever, followed by an external view of an antenna rising out of a flagpole.
★ When the side of one bedframe is hit a certain number of times, the bottom bunk lifts up, revealing an entrance to the complex underground tunnel network.
★ The team had a periscope hidden in their sink's water spouts. To use it, they would simply lift the spouts to point outwards, and bring them up to their eyes. When they did this, a periscope came out of a large barrel of water.
★ The team bugged Klink's office using a picture of Hitler; where the photograph depicted a microphone, they placed a real one. To listen to the bugged office, they had a coffee pot rigged with speakers.
Series criticisms
While ''Hogan's Heroes'' was (and remains) a popular show, it has been the target of criticism. As with the later British sitcom '''Allo 'Allo!'', there were many who were disturbed by the portrayals of the Germans as funny and incompetent. Many felt this trivialized the evil of the Nazis and the war. But Klink was a career soldier, and many real-life members of the Luftwaffe and Wehrmacht, even among the officer corps, were historically not Nazis. Klemperer certainly believed that the show portrayed Nazis as bad enough - otherwise he would have pulled out. Leon Askin's parents died in a Nazi concentration camp, and Robert Clary and John Banner had been in concentration camps as well, and evidently these actors did not believe the series trivialized the Holocaust or the Nazi regime in general.
The show had come under fire by Neo-Nazi groups who felt it was a lampooning of their founding fathers, and occasionally some of the cast and crew members would be subject to threats of violence from such groups. Other groups which were critical of the show were some Jewish, (and to a lesser extent) Gypsy organizations, both of whom had lost significant numbers of their people in the Holocaust, and not yet a generation had passed since the genocide and the premiere of Hogan's Heroes. Most complaints of these groups felt the show was taking the subject too lightly. However, although the show focused on a POW camp, never in one single episode was there ever a mention about the concentration camps or Hitler's final solution. Some groups which were the biggest fans of the show were the Veterans of Foreign Wars and other veterans' groups, many of whom their members were actual POWs, and had thought that the humor had been a good way to put their suffering in perspective. [1]
An opposing viewpoint considers the portrayal of the Nazis as hopeless buffoons to be a good way to divest them of any allure and power, comparing it to similar portrayals in several skits from ''Monty Python's Flying Circus''.
Sgt. James "Kinch" Kinchloe (played by Ivan Dixon) was an African-American who served as an apparent, if not actual, second-in-command to Col. Hogan. At a time in America where civil rights issues were still being resolved, Kinch was a groundbreaking character as ''Hogan's Heroes'' was in the AC Nielsen Top 10 for the first two seasons. This contrasted with other popular TV sitcoms of the era, such as ''The Andy Griffith Show'', where black characters rarely appeared in the town of Mayberry. However, this was another element of apparent unreality, as the Nazis' racial theories would have made it highly unlikely that they would have housed a black prisoner with whites; in fact, blacks in the U.S. armed forces of the era were limited to segregated units, generally led by white officers. Although it may have been explained that SSG Kinchoe had been in an all-black unit who was captured and sent to Stalag 13, which had been so isolated the Nazis did not bother with the luxury of segregating their POWs. Also, the Code of Conduct demanded that all prisoners (except Col. Hogan), being of inferior rank to SSG Kinchloe, obey his lawful commands that in the absence of Hogan, he would lawfully be required to be commander of the POWs in Stalag 13.
Series pilot
The very first episode, "The Informer", was produced in black-and-white. While it was run as the series pilot, it initially never aired in reruns of the series due to continuity errors. For example, in the pilot episode, Klink was portrayed as more of a stern character rather than a buffoon, and Burkhalter was introduced as a colonel instead of as a general. (Although a point could be made that Burkhalter was promoted sometime between the pilot and the first episode, but his pants had the red stripes of a general, however).
Larry Hovis was credited as a guest star. While the character was named Carter in both the pilot and series, he was a lieutenant in the pilot rather than a sergeant. "Lt. Carter" was a POW who had recently escaped from another camp. At the end of the episode, Lt. Carter is en route to England with the help of Hogan and his men.
Leonid Kinskey appeared in the pilot episode as Vladimir Minsk, a Soviet POW who specializes in tailoring. Kinskey ultimately turned down his contract, contending that the subject matter was being treated too lightly.
In the pilot, Klink's secretary is actually part of Hogan's team and had access to the tunnels. In the series, she is merely willing to look the other way in exchange for some nylons or a kiss from Hogan. Eventually, during the series run, it is implied that she and Hogan have a running romance, especially when she hints at getting a diamond engagement ring in exchange for her help.
The year is also noted as 1942; in the regular series, the year is never mentioned except for the episode where Hogan convinces Klink to be the violinist for a talent show held by the prisoners. Hogan holds up a sign that says, "Colonel Klink and his magic violin presents: The Escapes of 1943". In another episode in an earlier season, "D-Day comes to Stalag 13", the year was 1944. This was evidenced because of the fact that the prisoners are helping the allies for their D-day invasion, which occurred in 1944.
Series timeline
The only dateable episodes contain clues. One episode is set at D-Day, the operation actually known as Operation Overlord, with Hogan undertaking a crucial task to retard the German response. Hogan tricks the German General Staff and Klink into thinking Klink has made general's rank and that "General Klink" will be the officer to decide what the German response to D-Day will be. Another episode involves Hogan providing a German with an explosive intended to kill Hitler, referencing Claus von Stauffenberg's failed July 20 Plot.
It can be assumed that the six seasons covered events over a two-and-a-half year period from spring 1942 until early 1945, at which point the Germans were clearly losing. In one case, Hogan makes reference to a kamikaze, which began operations in mid-to-late 1944. In another episode, the Gestapo kills a German officer who had worked at the High Command headquarters in Zossen, and searches for his colleague Noam Pitlik; clearly this date was set near the end of the war.
In the episode "Monkey Business", Season 3, there is a sign outside the barracks that reads:
VERBOTEN 1] Strict orders have been given to the German troops around Brussels to shoot any civilian cyclist. 2] People who, after the fifteenth of December, are still in possession of carrier pigeons, as well as all other persons, who by signals or any other means, cause annoyance to the German military interests, will be judged by courtmartial ''(sic)''. BRUSSELS DECEMBER 13, 1944 The Chief of Military Police H. HEINRICHS, Captain.
The show ran for six seasons, and included 168 complete episodes of ''Hogan's Heroes''.
DVD Releases
Paramount Home Entertainment has released all six seasons of ''Hogan's Heroes'' on DVD in Region 1 as full season sets. The sixth and final season was released on June 5, 2007. [1] The series was previously released by Columbia House as individual discs, each with 5 or 6 consecutive episodes.
| DVD Name | Ep # | Release Date |
|---|---|---|
| The Complete 1st Season | 32 | March 15 2005 |
| The Complete 2nd Season | 30 | September 27 2005 |
| The Complete 3rd Season | 30 | March 7 2006 |
| The Complete 4th Season | 26 | August 15 2006 |
| The Complete 5th Season | 26 | December 19 2006 |
| The Complete 6th Season | 24 | June 5, 2007 |
Stalag 13 in real life
As noted previously, there was a real-life Stalag 13 and an Offlag 13 (which held officers) located near the real German village of Hammelburg. The senior American prisoner there was a Lt. Colonel Waters, son-in-law of General George S. Patton. In April 1945, Patton sent a task force on a raid to rescue the prisoners of Stalag 13. The task force got in, but all its vehicles were destroyed in getting out, and few of the soldiers made it back to American lines. The stalag was liberated about a month later. Books written about this effort include ''Raid!: The Untold Story of Patton's Secret Mission'' and ''48 Hours to Hammelburg''.
See also
★ ''Stalag 17''
★ ''The Great Escape''
Wikia
★ Hogan's Heroes Wikia
References
1. www.crimelibrary.org "Murder of Bob Crane"
External links
★
★ ''Hogan's Heroes'' show summary at TV.com
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