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EspañolHOMOPHOBIA
A protest by The Westboro Baptist Church; a group identified by the Anti-Defamation League as "virulently homophobic."[1] [2]
'Homophobia' (from Greek ὁμο ''homo(sexual)'', "same, equal" + φοβία (''phobia''), "fear", literally "fear of the same") is the fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against homosexuality or homosexuals.[3][4] Several dictionaries also associate irrationality with this type of fear.[5][6][7] It can also mean hatred, hostility, disapproval of, or prejudice towards homosexual people, sexual behavior, or cultures, and is generally used to insinuate bigotry.[8] 'Homophobic' is the adjective form of this term used to describe the qualities of these characteristics while 'homophobe' is the noun form given as a title to individuals with "homophobic" characteristics. Some people believe any usage of this term is controversial.[9]
Etymology and usage
Coinage
The word ''homophobia'' was rarely used early in the twentieth century, and it meant "fear or hatred of the male sex or humankind." In this use, the word derived from the Latin root ''homo'' (Latin, "man" or "human") with the Greek ending -phobia ("fear").[10]
In its more recent usage, dating from 1969, "homophobia" derives from the ''-phobia'' ending applied, not to the Latin root "homo", but to a shortening of homosexual. (Here, ''homo'' comes not from the Latin for "man", but from the Greek for "same"; see homosexual.) The word first appeared in print in an article written for the American ''Time'' magazine, 31st October edition. [11] It was used by clinical psychologist George Weinberg, who claims to have first thought of it while speaking at a homophile group in 1965, and was popularized by his book ''Society and the Healthy Homosexual'' in 1971. When asked about the meaning of the word in a 2002 interview, he said:
: "Homophobia is just that: a phobia. A morbid and irrational dread which prompts irrational behavior flight or the desire to destroy the stimulus for the phobia and anything reminiscent of it."[12]
A possible etymological precursor was ''homoerotophobia'', coined by Wainwright Churchill in ''Homosexual Behavior Among Males'' in 1967.
Similar terms
Similar terms such as heterosexism have been proposed as alternatives that are more morphologically parallel, and which do not have the association with phobia. Heterosexism refers to the privileging of heterosexuality over homosexuality.
Some recent psychological literature suggested the term homonegativity, reflecting the perspective that behaviors and thoughts that are frequently considered homophobic are not fear-based but instead reflect a disapproval of homosexuality.[13][14]
Seeking to avoid both the focus on individual psychology of "homophobia" and the focus on collective cultural factors of "heterosexism," psychologist Gregory Herek has proposed the term "sexual prejudice" as referring to "all negative attitudes based on sexual orientation, whether the target is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual."[15]
The term homophobia is often used collectively with other terms denoting bigotry and discrimination. In a 1998 address, Coretta Scott King asserted that, "Homophobia is like racism and anti-Semitism and other forms of bigotry in that it seeks to dehumanize a large group of people, to deny their humanity, their dignity and personhood." Likewise, George Yancey, writing in ''Christian Ethics Today'' associates "sexism, racism, class distinctions, or homophobia" with one another and views them all as "varieties of discrimination," although he argues that they are not identical.[16]
Defining Homophobia as 'Irrational'
Neither the American Heritage Dictionary [1] nor the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) include the term "irrational" in the definition as fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against homosexuality or homosexuals. Footnote 4 of Merriam Webster dictionary's definition defines homophobia as "irrational fear". This difference may reflect the opinions of critics of the term.
Critics of the term
Some researchers within the field have preferred other terms to "homophobia." For example,
Gregory M. Herek, a researcher at the University of California, Davis, compared several related terms: "homophobia," "heterosexism," and "sexual prejudice." In preferring the latter term, he noted that "homophobia" was "probably more widely used and more often criticized," and observed that. "Its critics note that homophobia implicitly suggests that antigay attitudes are best understood as an irrational fear and that they represent a form of individual psychopathology rather than a socially reinforced prejudice." He preferred "sexual prejudice" as being descriptive and free of presumptions about motivations, and lacking in value judgments as to the irrationality or immorality of those so labeled.[17]
In 1980 Hudson and Ricketts proposed the term "homonegativity," arguing that "homophobia" was unscientific in its presumption of motivation.[18]
In 1993, behavioral scientists William O'Donohue and Christine Caselles concluded that the usage of the term "makes an illegitimately pejorative evaluation of certain open and debatable value positions, much like the former disease construct of homosexuality" itself, arguing that both homophobia and homosexuality are social constructions.[19]
The Concerned Women for America, a conservative lobby group, has called homophobia a "deceptive term" which is "used by pro-gay proponents to confuse the issue and control the debate" by defining all opposition to homosexuality as irrational. CWA asserts that pro-gay proponents would not be able to identify any examples of non-homophobic opposition to homosexuality because they define all opposition as "homophobic" and "irrational bigotry."[20] CWA calls this "deceptive rhetoric." The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality, an organization affiliated with the ex-gay movement, describes the term homophobia as being "often used inaccurately to describe any person who objects to homosexual behavior on either moral, psychological or medical grounds." They claim that, "Technically, however, the terms actually denotes a person who has a phobia—or irrational fear—of homosexuality. Principled disagreement, therefore, cannot be labeled 'homophobia.'"[21]
Distribution/frequency of attitudes in the US and UK
Disapproval of homosexuality and of homosexuals is not evenly distributed throughout society, but is more or less pronounced according to age, sex, social class, education and religious status. According to UK HIV/AIDS charity AVERT, low educational level and social status, lack of homosexual feelings or experiences, religious views, and lack of interaction with homosexuals are strongly associated with such views.[22]
One study of white adolescent males conducted at the University of Cincinnati by Janet Baker has been used to argue that negative feelings towards homosexuals are also associated with other discriminatory behaviors. The study claims to have found that hatred of homosexuals, anti-semitism and racism are "likely companions,"[23] suggesting it is an abuse of power. A study performed in 2007 in the UK for the charity Stonewall reports that 90% of the population support the ban on discrimination against gays and lesbians.[24]
The anxiety of non-gay individuals that others may identify them as gay, particularly among adolescents whose construction of heterosexual masculinity is factored in part on not being seen as gay,[25][26] has also been identified by Michael Kimmel as an example of homophobia.[27] The taunting of boys seen as eccentric (and who are not usually homosexual) is claimed to be endemic in rural and suburban American schools, and has been associated with risk-taking behavior and outbursts of violence (such as a spate of fatal school shootings) by boys seeking revenge or trying to assert their masculinity.[28]
Classification of homophobia
Homophobia manifests in different forms, and a number of different types have been postulated, among which are internalized homophobia, social homophobia, emotional homophobia, rationalized homophobia, and others.[29] There were also ideas to classify homophobia, racism, and sexism as a ''intolerant personality disorder''.[30]
Internalized homophobia
''Internalized homophobia'' (or ''ego-dystonic homophobia'') refers to homophobia as a prejudice carried by individuals against homosexual manifestations in themselves and others. It causes severe discomfort with or disapproval of one's own sexual orientation.
Such a situation may cause extreme repression of homosexual desires.[31] In other cases, a conscious internal struggle may occur for some time, often pitting deeply held religious or social beliefs against strong sexual and emotional desires. This discordance often causes clinical depression, and the unusually high suicide rate among homosexual teenagers (up to 30% of non-heterosexual youth attempt suicide) has been attributed to this phenomenon.[32]
The theory attributing higher incidences of depression, alcoholism and other self-destructive tendencies among homosexually oriented individuals to internalized homophobia has been put into question by groups such as NARTH that oppose the American Psychiatric Association's 1973 decision to remove of homosexuality from the DSM. Studies of homosexuals in societies such as Sweden, New Zealand and the Netherlands found similar incidences of such behavior.[33][34]
The label of internalized homophobia is sometimes applied to conscious or unconscious behaviors which an observer feels the need to promote or conform to the expectations of heteronormativity or heterosexism. This might include making assumptions about the gender of a person's romantic partner, or about gender roles. Some also apply this label to LGBT persons who support "compromise" policies, such as those that find civil unions an acceptable alternative to same-sex marriage. Whether this is a tactical judgment call or the result of some kind of internal prejudice (whether in a cause-and-effect fashion, or definitionally) is a matter of some debate.
Some claim that some or most homophobics are repressed homosexuals, but this claim is somewhat controversial. In 1996, a controlled study of 64 heterosexual men (half claimed to be homophobic by experience and self-reported orientation) at the University of Georgia[35] found that the allegedly homophobic men (as measured by the Index of Homophobia)[36] were considerably more likely to experience more erectile responses when exposed to homoerotic images than non-homophobic men.
Fear of being identified as a homosexual
A component considered to play into homophobia, as considered by some theorists, such as Calvin Thomas and Judith Butler, is an individual's fear of being identified as homosexual him- or herself.
This notion suggests that when expressing homophobic viewpoints and emotions, the individual who does so is not only expressing his thoughts as to homosexuals, but also actively attempting to distance himself from this category and attributed social status. Therefore, by distancing him or herself from the people in question, he/she is reaffirming his/her role as a heterosexual, within heteronormativity, and contributing to the avoidance of his/her potential labeling and consequent treatment as a homosexual.
This interpretation plays into notions of violent opposition to "the Other" as a means of establishing one's identity as part of the majority and therefore, validated by society. This concept is also recurrent in interpretations of racism and xenophobia.
Nancy J. Chodorow states that homophobia can be viewed as method of protection of male masculinity.[37]
Various psychoanalytic theories explain homophobia as a threat to an individual's own homosexual impulses or to a possibility of arising such impulses. This threat causes repression, denial or reaction formation.[38]
Homophobia as leading to a climate of prejudice
Gay rights supporters generally use the terms "homophobia" and "homophobic" to imply that 'all' opposition to homosexuality is irrational. Whether viewed as prejudices or legitimate moral opinions, attitudes frowning on LGBT orientations and lifestyles have been reflected in legislation and these attitudes have had a profound impact on political debates over in general. Some look at people holding negative attitudes about LGBT people and assign blame to them for a creating or perpetuating a climate of prejudice that has resulted in violence against LGBT people, by individuals, states or other organizations.
Many social and religious attitudes toward homosexuality are negative, which some might describe as a form of prejudice. See Societal attitudes towards homosexuality and Religion and homosexuality.
Psychology researchers have used measures such as the Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) and Right Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) to predict homophobic attitudes. These measures are traditionally used to measure other forms of prejudice.
Sexist beliefs
Some gender theorists interpret the fact that male-to-male relationships often incite a stronger reaction in a homophobic person than female-to-female (lesbian) as meaning that the homophobic person feels threatened by the perceived subversion of the gender paradigm in male-to-male sexual activity. According to such theorists as D.A. Miller, male heterosexuality is defined not only by the desire for women but also, and more importantly, by the denial of desire for men. Therefore, expressions of homophobia serve as a means of limiting those who they view as displaced in heteronormativity, and also of accenting their male nature, by isolating the threatening concept of their own potential femininity in gay men, and consequently belittling them, as not ''real'' males. They regard the reason male homosexuality is treated worse compared to female homosexuality as sexist in its underlying belief that men are superior to women and therefore for a man to ''"replace"'' a woman during intercourse with another man is his own subjection to (non-male) inferiority.
However, this view would imply that only the receptive male partner in homosexual acts would be thought of as "offensive", which is the case in many cultures. Miller's specific claim that male heterosexuality does not require "desire for women" would seem to preclude the possibility of asexuality or bisexuality. Nor is it clear why male heterosexuals would "need" or even fear homosexuals in order to affirm maleness – unless their sexuality was already experienced as threatened by some other cause.
Combatting homophobia
To combat homophobia, the LGBT community uses events such as pride parades and political activism (''See gay pride).'' Many of these displays are criticized for reinforcing negative stereotypes about LGBT people (e.g. "dykes on bikes," the prominence of cross-dressing, a gay male fascination with musicals, the color pink, antireligious sentiments).
One form of organized resistance to homophobia is the International Day Against Homophobia (or IDAHO),[39] first celebrated May 17, 2005 in related activities in more than 40 countries.[40]
Besides public expression, legislation has been designed, controversially, to oppose homophobia, as in hate speech, hate crime, and laws against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.
Some argue that anti-LGBT prejudice is immoral and goes above and beyond the effects on that class of people. Warren J. Blumenfeld argues that this emotion gains a dimension beyond itself, as a tool for extreme right-wing conservatives and fundamentalist religious groups and as a restricting factor on gender-relations as to the weight associated with performing each role accordingly.[41] Furthermore, Blumenfeld in particular claimed:
:Anti-gay bias causes young people to engage in sexual behavior earlier in order to prove that they are straight. Anti-gay bias contributed significantly to the spread of the AIDS epidemic. Anti-gay bias prevents the ability of schools to create effective honest sexual education programs that would save children's lives and prevent STDs.[41]
Accusations of homophobia
In politics
It is often argued that the key motivation for active opposition to equal civil rights for LGBT people is homophobia.[43] Political opposition to LGBT social movements is often referred to as homophobic opposition, and opponents of LGBT civil rights such as same-sex marriage, repeal of sodomy laws, adoption by same-sex couples, or the inclusion of sexual-orientation as a class in affirmative action and hate crime laws are often accused of doing so because they are perceived to be homophobic.
★ President Ronald Reagan was believed by many in the LGBT community to have ignored the onset of the AIDS crisis in the U.S. and its impact on homosexual men because of perceived homophobia among Christian conservatives, a large portion of Reagan's political base.[44]
★ Former U.S Senator Rick Santorum was accused of homophobia by the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association,[45] for making a declaration that he believed consenting adults do not have a constitutional right to privacy with respect to sexual acts. Santorum described the ability to regulate homosexual acts as comparable to the states' ability to regulate sexual behaviors such as bestiality, pedophilia and incest. (''See Santorum controversy'')
★ Following the rise to power of Poland's Roman Catholic right-wing government including some openly homophobic members, thousands of Polish gays have emigrated to Britain to escape "increasing persecution" including the Health Ministry's "special committee responsible for 'curing' gays." Deputy Health Minister, Marek Grafowski, stated the ministry was developing guides "to assist parents and teachers so that they can recognise any warning signs of potential 'gay behaviour'."[46]
In popular culture
★ Homophobia has a long history in rap. Eminem's lyrics, with their use of slurs (such as "fag") and violent imagery, were referred to as "homophobic" by such groups as GLAAD, which opposed a duet he sang with Elton John at the 2001 Grammy Award presentation.[47] The British gay rights activist Peter Tatchell commented that he could be a repressed homosexual who was seeking to distance himself from The Other.[48] Public Enemy's "Meet the G that Killed Me" upset some of their liberal allies. Ice Cube and DMX have also been criticized by gay rights groups. In opposition to this, the rapper Kanye West called for an end to this attitude.[49] Less recently, Ice-T spoke against homophobia on his 1991 album ''Original Gangster''. Then in 1992, Brand Nubian released "Punks Jump Up To Get Beat Down" off of the "In God We Trust" album. The track was met with controversy over homophobic content, referencing to the Sadat X line "Though I can freak, fly, flow, fuck up a faggot / I ain't down with gays, I don't understand their ways". Later versions replaced that line with something else.
★ The Guns N' Roses song "One in a Million" contains anti-gay lyrics as well as prejudiced lyrics against blacks and immigrants. It used words such as "faggots", described as "spreading some fuckin' disease". The band (mostly their singer, Axl Rose) were accused of homophobia. Rose denied this, arguing that he was an active fan of gay musicians like Freddie Mercury, Elton John and Rob Halford. The song, while not very popular in the US, is quite popular in other countries. Rose has since played "Bohemian Rhapsody" with Elton John at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert.[50]
★ Skid Row frontman Sebastian Bach made an infamous appearance in a magazine photo shoot wearing a t-shirt that said 'AIDS kills fags dead!'
★ In 2001 the Russian pop-band ''Chugunnyi Skorokhod'' () (literally, "The fast-walker of pig-iron") released a song "Пидоры идут!" (''Pidory idut!'') ("Fags are marching!"). The song is about how it is hard for a straight man to live in a world where gay men rule (particularly, in fields of TV, show business, etc.). It contains lines like "You were born a man - you're trapped! There's no way if you are straight!" "What's going on here and there? They suck each other right in clubs!" "Any hairdresser or stylist must be a homosexual! How can a straight man work, if gay men want him immediately?" "Try to make children with a faggot! You may try even for several days - there will be no children! The idea is corrupt, but you'll become a fag for sure!" The reaction in Russian society was mixed.
★ Jamaican reggae artist Buju Banton has been openly criticized for the anti-gay content featured in his lyrics. The song "Boom Bye Bye" includes lyrics inciting the murder of homosexuals, ("Batty boy get up and run, ah gunshot in ah head man"). Homosexuality is illegal under Jamaican law, and frequently carries prison sentences of up to ten years (''see LGBT rights in Jamaica'').[51] This may depict that homophobia is very common in Jamaica. Besides Banton, many popular Jamaican musicians (mainly Dancehall artists) feature homophobic lyrics, e.g. T.O.K. (Chi Chi Man: "From dem a par in a chi chi man car - blaze di fire, mek we bun [burn] dem! / From dem a drink in a chi chi man bar - blaze di fire, mek we dun [kill] dem!"). In Europe, there has been a recent public discussion forced by gay/lesbian rights organizations about restricting concerts of homophobic artists. For example, Buju Banton and others only were allowed to perform in Germany, when they signed a declaration not to play songs containing homophobic lyrics. In 2004 the reggae artist Sizzla tour was canceled in the United Kingdom and France after protests over his anti-gay lyrics, and at one point the British government considered banning him from entry into the country.[52]
★ The Daily Mail columnist Richard Littlejohn has been branded ''obsessive'' by Marina Hyde for his frequent disparaging references to homosexuality.
★ Snickers candy ran ads online in early 2007 as part of a Super Bowl and NASCAR campaign which featured two men engaged in "manly" acts (i.e., injuring each other) after accidentally sharing a same-sex "kiss". Several gay-rights organizations, blogs, and individuals called for the pulling of these ads, including the mother of Matthew Shepard, a murdered homosexual man whose killers attempted a "gay panic defense" during their subsequent trials.[53] Masterfoods has since pulled the ads due to the controversy.[54]
★ Grindcore band Anal Cunt have written numerous songs with lyrics that mock gays, including, "The Word 'Homophobic' is Gay,"[55] which criticizes the term as false and misleading. However, like most of the band's subject matter, the song was likely just tongue-in-cheek rather than overtly serious in its meaning.
★ Frank Iero (of My Chemical Romance) once made the famous quote on his shirt: "Homophobia is GAY"
★ Homer Simpson from The Simpsons resented homosexuals in the episode "Homer's Phobia" until John, a gay man, saves his life. He then marries gay couples in "There's Something About Marrying" and lives with a gay couple in "Three Gays of the Condo".
References
1. Anti-Defamation League on the Westboro Baptist Church
2. Anti-homosexual quotes from WBC on ADL's website.
3. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition.
4. http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/homophobia
5. http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/homophobia
6. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/homophobia
7. http://reference.aol.com/dictionary?dword=homophobia&lookupbtn=Look+Up
8. Merriam-Webster Online and 11th Collegiate Dictionary, 2005, American Heritage Dictionary.
9. William O'Donohue and Christine E. Caselles, "Homophobia: Conceptual, definitional, and value issues," Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (2005).
10. Oxford Shorter English Dictionary, 2002
11. Time Magazine (October), 1969
12. "George Weinberg: Love is Conspiratorial, Deviant & Magical"
13. Homophobia | TEACH Project
14. Homophobia is a misnomer, according to a group of U.S. psychologists.
15. Herek, G. M. (1990). The context of anti-gay violence: Notes on cultural and psychological heterosexism. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5, 316-333
16. Is Homophobia The Same As Racism/Sexism? By George Yancey, Assistant Professor
17. Herek, Gregory M. (2000). The psychology of sexual prejudice. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9''
18. Hudson, W. and Ricketts, W. (1980) A strategy for the measure of homophobia. ''Journal of Homosexuality, 5'', 357–372.
19. O'Donohue, William and Christine Caselles (September 1993). Homophobia: Conceptual, definitional, and value issues. ''Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,'' 15 no. 3.
20. Santorum Crisis Exposes Republican Weakness", Scott Lively, April 30, 2003
21. N.A.R.T.H.
22. http://www.avert.org/hsexu3.htm
23. "Homophobia, racism likely companions, study shows," ''Jet'', January 10, 1994
24. http://www.guardian.co.uk/gayrights/story/0,,2086335,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=11
25. Epstein, D. (1995). "Keeping them in their place: Hetero/sexist harassment, gender and the enforcement of heterosexuality." In J. Holland&L. Adkins (Eds.), ''Sex, sensibility and the gendered body.'' London: Macmillan.
26. Herek, G. (Ed.). (1998). Stigma and sexual orientation: Understanding prejudice against lesbians,
gay men and bisexuals. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
27. Kimmel, M. (1994). Masculinity as homophobia: Fear, shame and silence in the construction of gender identity. In H. Brod & M. Kaufman (Eds.), ''Theorizing masculinities'' (pp. 119-141). Newbury Park, CA: Sage
28. MICHAEL S. KIMMEL and MATTHEW MAHLER, ''Adolescent Masculinity, Homophobia, and Violence: Random School Shootings, 1982-2001, State University of New York at Stony Brook, in AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST, Vol. 46 No. 10, June 2003 pp. 1439-1458
29. The Riddle Homophobia Scale from Allies Committee website, Department of Student Life, Texas A&M University
30. Guindon, M.H., Green, A.G. & Hanna, F.J. (2003). Intolerance and Psychopathology: Toward a General Diagnosis for Racism, Sexism, and Homophobia. ''American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 73, 2,'' pp. 167-176.
31. Adams, H.E., Wright, R.W. & Lohr, B.A. (1996). Is Homophobia Associated With Homosexual Arousal? ''Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 3,'' pp. 440-445.
32. Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity — Discrimination and Conflicts from Planned Parenthood website (accessed 23 September 2006)
33. http://www.chmeds.ac.nz/research/chds/publications/2005/264.pdf
34. "Same-Sex Sexual Behavior and Psychiatric Disorders:Findings From the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS)" by Theo G. M. Sandfort, PhD; Ron de Graaf, PhD; Rob V. Bijl, PhD; Paul Schnabel, PhD. ''Archives of General Psychiatry'', Vol. 58 No. 1, January 2001, pp. 85-91. [2]
35. "Is Homophobia Associated With Homosexual Arousal?" by Henry E. Adams, Ph.D., Lester W. Wright, Jr., Ph.D. and Bethany A. Lohr, University of Georgia (Athens), Department of Psychology. ''Journal of Abnormal Psychology'', Vol. 105, No. 3, pp 440-445. Abstract at PubMed. Summarized in an American Psychological Association press release, August 1996: " New Study Links Homophobia with Homosexual Arousal".
36. Index of Homophobia: W. W. Hudson and W. A. Ricketts, 1980.
37. Nancy J. Chodorow. Statement in a public forum on homophobia by The American Psychoanalytic Foundation, 1999
38. West, D.J. ''Homosexuality re-examined.'' Minneapolis: University of Minessota Press, 1977. ISBN 0816608121
39. "Towards an international Day against Homophobia", April 10, 2004
40. "1st Annual International Day Against Homophobia to be Celebrated in over 40 Countries on May 17", May 12, 2005
41. Blumenfield, Warren J., "''Homophobia: How we all pay the price''" (1992).
42. Blumenfield, Warren J., "''Homophobia: How we all pay the price''" (1992).
43. Meanings of the word Homophobia
44. The Truth About Reagan And AIDS, Michael Bronski, January 2004
45. "GLMA Joins LGBT Civil Rights Groups in Condemning Homophobic Remarks by Santorum", Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, April 22, 2003
46. Gay Poles head for UK to escape state crackdown
47. "Eminem and Elton John team up", CNN, February 12, 2001
48. Is Eminem Queer?
49. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/4165706.stm
50. http://www.ultimatequeen.co.uk/Videos/fmtributedvd.htm#bohemian
51. Crimes against gays are mounting in Jamaica and across the Caribbean By Tim Padgett. Wednesday, April 12, 2006
52. Homophobia is considered a hate crime in the UK and is against the law. "Ban threat aborts Sizzla UK tour", Bishop, Tom, November 4, 2004
53. GLAAD, Matthew Shepard Foundation Condemn Anti-Gay SNICKERS® Campaign
54. http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/article/178962
55. http://www.darklyrics.com/lyrics/analcunt/defendersofthehate.html#9
See also
★ Allophilia
★ Biphobia
★ Family values
★ Gay panic defense
★ Heterophobia
★ Heterosexism
★ Homonegativity
★ Homosexual panic
★ Homosexuality and religion
★ International Day Against Homophobia
★ Latent homosexuality
★ Slogans of anti-gay ideology
★ Violence against gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and the transgendered
External links
★ Wikiquote - Quotes about Homophobia
★ Meanings of the word Homophobia
★ GLAAD site: Nationwide Responses to Senator Lott's Homophobic Remarks
★ The Homophobic Imagination
★ The Rockway Institute for LGBT research in the public interest at Alliant International University
★ Homophobia in the media
★ Interactive guide to UK employment law regarding sexuality and homophobia and what you can do
★ PBS' "Frontline's" homophobia quiz
★ European Parliament resolution on homophobia in Europe
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