(Redirected from Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China)
'Hong Kong'
[4] (), officially The 'Hong Kong Special Administrative Region'
[pronunciation], is one of the two
special administrative regions of the
People's Republic of China (PRC), along with
Macau. The territory lies on the eastern side of the
Pearl River Delta, bordering
Guangdong province in the north and facing the
South China Sea in the east, west and south. Beginning as a trading port in the 19th century, Hong Kong has developed into a leading
Financial Centre.
Hong Kong was a
dependent territory of the
United Kingdom from 1842 until the
transfer of its sovereignty to the People's Republic of China in 1997. The
Sino-British Joint Declaration and the
Basic Law of Hong Kong stipulate that Hong Kong operate with a high degree of
autonomy until at least 2047, fifty years after the transfer. Under the policy of "
one country, two systems", the
Central People's Government is responsible for the territory's defence and foreign affairs, while Hong Kong maintains its own
legal system,
police force,
monetary system,
customs policy,
immigration policy, and
delegates to international organisations and events.
History
Main articles: History of Hong Kong
Human settlement in the location now known as Hong Kong dates back to the
Paleolithic era. The region was first incorporated into
Imperial China in the
Qin Dynasty, and served as a trading post and naval base during the
Tang Dynasty and the
Song Dynasty. The area's earliest recorded European visitor was
Jorge Álvares, a
Portuguese mariner who arrived in
1513.
[5][6] Contact with the
United Kingdom was established after the
British East India Company founded a trading post in the nearby city of
Canton.
In 1839, the refusal by
Qing Dynasty authorities to import
opium resulted in the
First Opium War between China and Britain.
[7] Hong Kong Island was first occupied by British forces in 1841, and then formally ceded from China under the
Treaty of Nanking at the end of the war. The British established a
Crown Colony with the founding of
Victoria City the following year. In 1860, after China's defeat in the
Second Opium War, the
Kowloon Peninsula south of
Boundary Street and
Stonecutter's Island were ceded to Britain in perpetuity under the
Convention of Peking. In 1898, Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the adjacent northern lands and
Lantau Island, which became known as the
New Territories.
Hong Kong was declared a
free port to serve as an
entrepôt of the
British Empire. The
Kowloon-Canton Railway opened in 1910 with a southern terminus in
Tsim Sha Tsui. An education system based on the British model was introduced. The local Chinese population had little contact with the European community of wealthy
tai-pans settled near
Victoria Peak.
7
As part of its military campaign in
World War II, the
Empire of Japan invaded Hong Kong on
December 8,
1941. The
Battle of Hong Kong ended with British and Canadian defenders surrendering control of the colony to Japan on
December 25. During the
Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, civilians suffered from widespread
food shortages caused by imposed rations, and
hyper-inflation due to forced exchange of currency for military notes. Hong Kong's population declined from 1.6 million before the invasion to about 600,000 in 1945,
[8] when the United Kingdom resumed control of the colony following Japan's defeat in the war.
Hong Kong's population recovered quickly after the war, as a wave of mainland migrants arrived for refuge from the ongoing
Chinese Civil War. With the proclamation of the
People's Republic of China in 1949, more migrants fled to Hong Kong from the fear of persecution by the
Communist Party of China.
7 Many corporations in
Shanghai and
Guangzhou also shifted their operations to Hong Kong.
7 The colony became the sole place of contact between mainland China and the Western world, as the communist government increasingly isolated the country from outside influence. Trade with the mainland was interrupted during the
Korean War, when the
United Nations ordered a
trade embargo against the communist government.
[9]
The textile and manufacturing industries grew with the help of population growth and low cost of labour. As Hong Kong rapidly industrialised, its economy became driven by exports to international markets. Living standards rose steadily with the industrial growth. The construction of
Shek Kip Mei Estate in 1953 marked the beginning of the
public housing estate program. Hong Kong was disrupted by chaos during the
riots of 1967.
7 Pro-communist
leftists, inspired by the
Cultural Revolution in the mainland, turned a labour dispute into a violent uprising against the colonial government lasting until the end of the year.
Established in 1974, the
Independent Commission Against Corruption dramatically reduced corruption in the government. When the People's Republic of China initiated a
set of economic reforms in 1978, Hong Kong became the main source of foreign investments to the mainland. A
Special Economic Zone was established the following year in the Chinese city of
Shenzhen, located immediately north of the mainland's border with Hong Kong. The economy of Hong Kong gradually displaced textiles and manufacturing with services, as the financial and banking sectors became increasingly dominant. After the
Vietnam War ended in 1975, the Hong Kong government spent 25 years dealing with the entry and repatriation of
Vietnamese refugees.
With the lease of the New Territories due to expire within two decades, the governments of the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China discussed the issue of Hong Kong's sovereignty in the
1980s. In 1984, the two countries signed the
Sino-British Joint Declaration, agreeing to transfer the sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China in 1997.
7 The declaration stipulated that Hong Kong would be governed as a
special administrative region, retaining its laws and high degree of autonomy for at least fifty years after the transfer. Lacking confidence in the arrangement, some residents chose to
emigrate from Hong Kong, particularly after the
Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.
The
Basic Law of Hong Kong, which would serve as the constitutional document after the transfer, was ratified in 1990. Over strong objections from Beijing,
Governor Chris Patten introduced democratic reforms to the election process for the
Legislative Council of Hong Kong. The
transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong occurred at midnight on
July 1,
1997, marked by a
handover ceremony at the
Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre.
7 Tung Chee Hwa assumed office as the first
Chief Executive of Hong Kong.
Hong Kong's economy was affected by the
Asian financial crisis of 1997 that hit many East Asian markets. The
H5N1 avian influenza also surfaced in Hong Kong that year. Implementation of the
Airport Core Programme led to the opening of the new
Hong Kong International Airport in 1998, after six years of construction. The project was part of the ambitious
Port and Airport Development Strategy that was drafted in the early 1980s.
The outbreak of
severe acute respiratory syndrome took hold of Hong Kong in the first half of 2003.
[10] That year, half a million people participated in a march to voice disapproval of the Tung administration and the proposal to implement
Article 23 of the Basic Law, which had raised concerns over infringements on rights and freedoms. The proposal was later abandoned by the administration. In 2005, Tung submitted his resignation as chief executive.
Donald Tsang, the
Chief Secretary for Administration, was selected as chief executive to complete the term.
Geography
Areas of urban development and vegetation are visible in this false-colour satellite image.
,
Ecology of Hong Kong
Hong Kong consists primarily of
Hong Kong Island,
Lantau Island,
Kowloon Peninsula and the
New Territories as well as some 260 other islands. The Kowloon Peninsula is attached to the New Territories to the north, and the New Territories spans northwards eventually connecting with
mainland China across the
Sham Chun River (Shenzhen River).
In total, Hong Kong encompasses a collection of
262 islands and peninsulas in the
South China Sea. While
Lantau is the largest island, Hong Kong Island is the second largest and the most populated.
Ap Lei Chau is the most densely populated island in the world.
The name "Hong Kong", which literally translates to mean "fragrant harbour", is derived from the area around present-day
Aberdeen on Hong Kong Island. This is an area where fragrant wood products and fragrant incense were once traded.
[11] The narrow body of water which separates Hong Kong Island from the Kowloon Peninsula is known as
Victoria Harbour and is one of the deepest natural maritime
ports in the world.
Despite Hong Kong's reputation of being intensely urbanised, the territory has made much effort to promote a green environment.
[12] Much of the territory remains undeveloped as the terrain is mostly hilly to mountainous with steep slopes. Of the territory's 1,104
square kilometres (),
[13] less than 25% is developed. The remaining land is remarkably green with about 40% of the landmass reserved as
country parks and
nature reserves.
[14] Most of the territory's urban development exists on the Kowloon peninsula, along the northern shores of Hong Kong Island and in scattered settlements throughout the New Territories.
Hong Kong's long, irregular and curvaceous
coastline also affords the territory with many bays, rivers and
beaches. Despite the territory's extensive wooded and ocean setting, environmental awareness is growing as Hong Kong's air ranks as one of the most polluted. Approximately 80% of the city's smog originates from other parts of the
Pearl River Delta.
[15]
Hong Kong is 60
kilometres (37 miles) east of
Macau on the opposite side of the Pearl River Delta. It borders the
city of
Shenzhen in
Guangdong Province to the north. The highest elevation in the territory is at
Tai Mo Shan, at a height of 958
metres (3,142
ft) above sea level. Lowlands exist in the northwestern part of the New Territories.
Climate
The
Hong Kong Observatory is the government department responsible for providing meteorological forecasts, weather-related hazard warnings and geophysical surveys for the city.
is
subtropical and, for nearly half the year, tends toward
temperate. The region is cloudy in January and February, meeting with the occasional
cold fronts. In March and April, it is pleasant, with occasional high humidity. From May to August, the region is hot and humid, occasionally confronted with showers and thunderstorms. During November and December, there are pleasant breezes, with plenty of sunshine and comfortable temperatures.
[16]
Hong Kong is most likely to be affected by
tropical cyclones from July to September, although they are not unusual any time between May and November. An average of about 31 tropical cyclones form in the western
North Pacific or
China Seas yearly, half of them reaching
typhoon strength. Winds increase and rain becomes heavy and widespread when the centre of a cyclone comes close to the city; the heavy rain may last for a few days, the subsequent
landslips and flooding may cause more damage than the winds.
16
The highest recorded temperature
[17] in Hong Kong is 38 °
C (100.0 °
F) while the lowest recorded temperature is -4 °C (25.0 °F). Meanwhile, the highest and lowest temperatures ever recorded by the
Observatory are respectively 36.1 °C (97.0 °F) on
19 August 1900 and
18 August 1990, and 0.0 °C (32.0 °F) on
18 January 1893. The average temperature
[18] in the coldest month, January, is 16.1 °C (61.0 °F) while the average temperature in the hottest month, July, is 28.7 °C (83.7 °F).
The territory is situated just south of the
Tropic of Cancer, a similar
latitude to that of
Hawaii. In winter, strong and cold winds generate from the north cool the city; in the summer, the wind's prevailing direction changes and brings the warm and humid air in from the southwest. This climate can support a
tropical rainforest.
Politics and government
Main articles: Politics of Hong Kong
Pursuant to the
Basic Law, Hong Kong's constitutional document, the local Hong Kong government retains sovereignty over the territory except in areas of national defence and foreign relations. The
Chief Executive, the head of territory and head of government, is selected by the Chief Executive Election Committee composed of 800 members. Members of the Election Committee are evenly composed of four major sectors of Hong Kong society:
[19]
★ The industrial, commercial and financial sectors
★ The professions
★ Labour, social services, religious and other sectors
★ Members of the
Legislative Council, representatives of district-based organisations, Hong Kong deputies to the
National People's Congress, and representatives of Hong Kong members of the
National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Other functionaries of the government, including members the executive and legislative bodies, are either appointed by the Chief Executive or elected by voters.
The Legislative Council of Hong Kong
Laws in Hong Kong are enacted only by approval of the Chief Executive and majority consent from the 60 seat
Legislative Council of Hong Kong, or LegCo. Despite the often said undemocratic nature of Hong Kong's government, half of LegCo's seats are elected under
universal suffrage with the other half selected by
functional constituencies consisting of special interests and trade unions. The Basic Law guarantees that all seats will eventually be elected under universal suffrage.
Donald Tsang currently holds the office of the
Chief Executive after his election on
16 June 2005 by the Election Committee.
[20] Before the 1997 handover, Tsang had held the post of
Financial Secretary under British rule. He was elevated to the post of
Chief Secretary for Administration on 1st May 2001 when
Anson Chan resigned her post. Donald Tsang assumed his current post on
24 June 2005 and as scheduled, completed the remaining portion of
Tung Chee Hwa's last term which ended on
30 June 2007 in accordance to the interpretation of Annex I and
Article 46 by the
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. He was re-elected as
Chief Executive on 25th March 2007 for another five years - his new term started on 1st July 2007.
The election of the Chief Executive in 2005 was by the 852-member
Election Committee was held on
10 July 2005. On
16 June 2005,
Donald Tsang was acclaimed the winner as the only candidate securing the required 100 nominations from members of the election committee. Tung Chee Hwa, the first Chief Executive, assumed office on
1 July 1997, following his election by a 400-member
electoral college. For the second five-year term of the Chief Executive which began in July 2002, Tung was the only nominated candidate and therefore acclaimed.
The PRC set up a
Provisional Legislative Council (PLC) in 1996 just before the handover, where it moved to Hong Kong to have its meetings after the handover. It reverted some laws passed by the colonial Legislative Council, which was formed by means of
universal suffrage since 1995. The PLC passed some new laws, such as the Public Order Ordinance,
[21] which required permission from police to hold a demonstration where the number of people who participates exceeds 30.
Legislative Council elections were held on
24 May 1998, on
10 September 2000 and again on
12 September 2004, with the next election scheduled for 2008. According to the
Basic Law, Hong Kong's "mini-
constitution", the present third term of the Legislative Council has 25 seats directly elected from geographical constituencies and 30 seats elected from
functional constituencies. The 1998, 2000 and
2004 Legislative Council elections were seen as free, open, and widely contested, despite discontent among mainly 'pro-democratic' politicians, who contended that the functional constituency elections and the Election Committee elections (for 1998 and 2000) were undemocratic, as they consider that the electorate for these seats is too narrow.
Political activities in Central.
The civil service of Hong Kong maintains its quality and neutrality following its tradition in the colonial times, operating without discernible direction from
Beijing. Many government and administrative operations are located in Central on Hong Kong Island near the historical location of
Victoria City, the site of the original British settlements.
The
right of abode issue sparked debates in 1999, while the controversy over
Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 was the focus of politics in Hong Kong between 2002 and 2003, culminating in a peaceful mass demonstration (over 500,000 demonstrators) on
1 July 2003, after which the government still tried to pass the law to the Legislative Council. But one of the major pro-government parties refused to vote for passing the bill. Thus the government found that the bill could not be passed. So it shelved
[22] the drafted law
[23] brought forth by Article 23. The focus of controversies shifted to the issue of
universal suffrage towards the end of 2003 and in 2004, which was the slogan of another
mass demonstration on
1 July 2004.
[24][25]
On
24 September 2005, 25 Hong Kong pro-democracy LegCo members, some of whom were previously labelled as traitors by Beijing after the 1989
Tiananmen Square crackdown and barred from entering the mainland, crossed the border into the southern province of
Guangdong, following an unprecedented invitation by the PRC.
[26] The invitation was generally regarded as one of the greatest goodwill gestures from the PRC to the Hong Kong democrats since the Tiananmen Square massacre.
On
4 December 2005, a
demonstration was organised by the Civil Human Rights Front and
pro-democracy lawmakers to demand a timetable for universal suffrage to be included in political reform proposals for the 2007 and 2008 elections for the Chief Executive and the Legislative Council respectively. The turnout was reported to be 63,000 by the police, and at least 250,000 by the organisers. The proposals would have doubled the size of the election committee (from 800 members to 1,600) and added ten seats to the Legislative Council (5 geographic and 5 functional seats for district councillors). On
22 December 2005, the reforms, proposed by the
Chief Executive of Hong Kong, Donald Tsang, were defeated by the
pro-democracy camp after they failed to reach the necessary two-third threshold with 34 votes in favour and 24 opposed. In the wake of the defeat, China and the Chief Executive have indicated that reforms will not be possible until the 2012 elections. The defeat also did little to blunt Tsang's popularity, with his approval ratings only dropping from 82 to 79% in the wake of the vote.
While Hong Kong is not an independent country, it retains its own delegation in international organisations such as the
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and the
Olympic Games, although it changed its official name in these functions from "Hong Kong" to "Hong Kong, China" after 1997. Hong Kong also participates in international events by including a delegate with the PRC's representative group.
Legal system and judiciary
An assembly of Hong Kong
judges
,
Judiciary of Hong Kong
In contrast to
mainland China's
civil law system, Hong Kong continues to follow the
common law tradition established by British colonial rule. Article 84 of the
Basic Law of Hong Kong allows Hong Kong's courts to refer to decisions (
precedents) rendered by courts of other common law jurisdictions. Articles 82 and 92 allow judges from other common law jurisdictions to participate in proceedings of Hong Kong's
Court of Final Appeal and sit as Hong Kong judges.
Structurally, Hong Kong's court system consists of the
Court of Final Appeal which replaced the
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, the
High Court, which is made up of the
Court of Appeal and the
Court of First Instance, and the
District Court, which includes the
Family Court. Other adjudicative bodies include the Lands Tribunal, the Magistrates' Courts, the Juvenile Court, the Coroner's Court, the Labour Tribunal, the Small Claims Tribunal, and the Obscene Articles Tribunal, which is responsible for classifying non-video pornography to be circulated in Hong Kong. Justices of the
Court of Final Appeal are appointed by Hong Kong's Chief Executive. The
Basic Law of Hong Kong is subject to interpretation by the
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC:SC) and this power has been invoked three times: the
right of abode issue, an interpretation regarding post-2008 election procedures, and an interpretation regarding the length of the term of the Chief Executive.
As in
England,
lawyers in Hong Kong are classified as either
barristers or
solicitors, where one can choose to practice as either one but not both (but it is possible to switch from one to another.) The vast majority of
lawyers are
solicitors, who are licensed and regulated by
the Law Society of Hong Kong.
Barristers, on the other hand, are licensed and regulated by the
Hong Kong Bar Association. Only
barristers are allowed to appear in the
Court of Final Appeal and the
High Court. Just as the
common law system is maintained, so are British courtroom customs such as the wearing of robes and wigs by both
judges and
lawyers.
According to the Article 63 of the
Basic Law of Hong Kong, the
Department of Justice controls criminal
prosecutions, free from any interference. It is the largest legal institution in Hong Kong, and its responsibilities involve
legislation, judicial administration, prosecution, civil representation, legal and policy drafting and reform, and the legal profession. Aside from prosecuting criminal cases in Hong Kong, officials of the Department of Justice also appear in court on behalf of the government in all civil and administrative lawsuits against the government. As the protector of
public interests, it may apply for
judicial reviews and assign legal representation on behalf of public interest to take part in the trial of cases that involve material public interests.
[27]
Administrative districts
Main articles: Districts of Hong Kong
Hong Kong is subdivided into 18 geographic districts for administrative purposes:
|-
|
★
Central and Western
★
Eastern
★
Islands
★
Kowloon City
★
Kwai Tsing
★
Kwun Tong
★
North
★
Sai Kung
★
Sha Tin
|
★
Sham Shui Po
★
Southern
★
Tai Po
★
Tsuen Wan
★
Tuen Mun
★
Wan Chai
★
Wong Tai Sin
★
Yau Tsim Mong
★
Yuen Long
|}
Each district is represented by a
District Council that advises the Government of Hong Kong on local matters such as public facilities, community programmes, cultural activities and environmental improvements. The
Home Affairs Department is the governmental body responsible for coordinating services and communicating government policies and plans to the public. It interacts with the public at the local level through corresponding district offices.
There are no formal definitions for
cities and towns in Hong Kong. The historic boundaries of
Victoria City,
Kowloon and
New Kowloon are stated in law, but these entities no longer possess any legal or administrative status.
Economy
Hong Kong maintains a highly
capitalist economy built on a policy of
free market, low
taxation and
government non-intervention. It is an important centre for international finance and trade, with the greatest concentration of corporate headquarters in the
Asia-Pacific region. In terms of
gross domestic product per capita and
gross metropolitan product, Hong Kong is the wealthiest urban centre in the People's Republic of China. The
GDP (PPP) per capita of Hong Kong even exceeded the four big economies in Western Europe (UK, France, Germany, Italy) and Japan in Asia.
Continuing the practice established under the British administration, the Government of Hong Kong mostly leaves the direction of the economy to market forces and the private sector. Since 1980, the government has generally played a passive role under the official policy of
positive non-interventionism. Hong Kong has often been cited as a prime example of
laissez-faire capitalism in practice, most notably by economist
Milton Friedman. It has ranked as the world's freest economy in the
Index of Economic Freedom for 13 consecutive years, since the inception of the index in 1995.
[28][29] It also places first in the Economic Freedom of the World Report.
[30]
Hong Kong has little arable land and few natural resources within its borders, and must therefore import most of its
food and raw materials. Hong Kong is the world's eleventh largest trading entity,
[31] with the total value of
imports and
exports exceeding its
gross domestic product.
As of 2006, there are
114 countries that maintain
consulates in Hong Kong, more than any other city in the world. Much of Hong Kong's exports consists of re-exports, which are products made outside of the territory, especially in
mainland China, and distributed through Hong Kong. Even before the
transfer of sovereignty to the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong has established extensive trade and investment ties with mainland China. The territory's autonomous status enables it to serve as a point of entry for investments and resources flowing into the mainland. It is also a connecting point for flights from the
Republic of China on
Taiwan destined for the mainland.
Various Hong Kong banknotes
Various Hong Kong coins
The currency used in Hong Kong is the
Hong Kong dollar. Since 1983, it has been pegged at a
fixed exchange rate to the
United States dollar. The currency is allowed to trade within a range between 7.75 and 7.85 Hong Kong dollars to one United States dollar. The
Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the
fifth largest in the world, with a
market capitalisation of about
US$1.69 trillion as of February 2007. In
2006, the value of
initial public offerings conducted in Hong Kong was second highest in the world after
London.
[32] The City of London Corporation's Global Financial Centres Index (GFCI) 2007, which evaluates the competitiveness of 46 financial centres worldwide, ranks Hong Kong as the third-best financial centre globally and the strongest centre in
Asia.
[33]
Hong Kong's economy is dominated by services, which accounts for over 90 percent of its gross domestic product. In the past, manufacturing had been the most important sector of the economy, as Hong Kong industrialised following the Second World War. Driven by exports, the economy grew at an average annual rate of 8.9 percent in the 1970s. Hong Kong underwent a rapid transition to a service-based economy in the 1980s, when growth averaged 7.2 percent annually. Much of the manufacturing operations moved to mainland China during this period, and industry now constitutes just 9 percent of the economy. As Hong Kong matured to become a financial centre, growth slowed to an average of 2.7 percent annually in the 1990s. Together with
Singapore,
South Korea, and
Taiwan, Hong Kong is known as one of the
Four Asian Tigers, or Dragons for its high growth rates and rapid industrialisation between the 1960s and the 1990s.
[34]
The economy suffered a 5.3 percent decline during 1998, in the aftermath of the
Asian financial crisis. A period of recovery followed, with growth rate reaching 10 percent in 2000, although
deflation persisted. In 2003, the economy was greatly affected by the outbreak of
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), which reduced economic growth to 2.3 percent that year. A revival of external and domestic demand led to a strong recovery the following year, as cost declines strengthened Hong Kong export competitiveness. The 68-month-long deflationary period ended in mid-2004, with consumer price
inflation hovering at near zero levels.
[35] Beginning in 2003, the
Individual Visit Scheme has allowed travellers from some cities in mainland China to visit Hong Kong without an accompanying tour group. As a result, the
tourism industry of Hong Kong has benefitted from an increase in mainland visitors, further aided by the opening of
Hong Kong Disneyland Resort in 2005. The economy continues to grow strongly with the return of consumer confidence and rising trade. Hong Kong has set low rates in both personal and corporate taxation.
In 2006, Hong Kong's per-capita GDP ranked as the 6
th highest in the world at US$38,127, ahead of countries such as
Switzerland,
Denmark, and
Japan.
[36] Its
GDP ranked as the 40
th highest at
US$253.1 billion.
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Hong Kong,
Languages of Hong Kong,
Bilingualism in Hong Kong
Hong Kong's population increased sharply throughout the 1990s, reaching 6.99 million in 2006.
[37] About 95% of Hong Kong's population is of
Chinese descent, the majority of which are
Cantonese or from ethnic groups such as
Hakka and
Teochew.
Cantonese, a Chinese language originating from Guangdong province to the north of Hong Kong, is Hong Kong's official dialect.
English is also an official language widely spoken by more than 38% of the population. According to the 1996 Hong Kong Government by-census, some 3.1% regard English as their 'usual' language with 34.9% claiming to speak English as 'another' language.
[38] Signs displaying both Chinese and English are extremely common throughout the territory. Since the 1997 handover, new groups of
mainland China immigrants have arrived. The usage of
Mandarin (putonghua), the official dialect of mainland China, has also increased. The integration with mainland economy led to a demand in Mandarin speakers.
The remaining 5% of the population is composed of non-ethnic Chinese forming a highly visible group despite their smaller numbers. A
South Asian population comprised of
Indians,
Pakistanis and
Nepalese are found.
Vietnamese refugees have become permanent residents. Approximately 140,000
Filipinos work in Hong Kong as
foreign domestic helpers. An increasing number of domestic workers also originate from
Indonesia. There are also a number of
Europeans,
Americans,
Australians,
Canadians,
Japanese, and
Koreans working in Hong Kong's commercial and financial sector.
Considered as a dependency, Hong Kong is one of the
most densely populated countries/dependencies in the world, with an overall density of more than 6,200 people per km². Hong Kong has a
fertility rate of 0.95 children per woman,
[39] one of the lowest in the world and far below the 2.1 children per woman required to sustain the current population. However, population in Hong Kong continues to grow due to the influx of immigrants from mainland China approximating 45,000 per year.
Life expectancy in Hong Kong is 81.6 years as of 2006, 2nd highest in the world.
Hong Kong's population has an extremely dense urban core, consisting of
Kowloon and the north of
Hong Kong Island. The rest is relatively sparsely populated, with millions of residents scattered irregularly throughout the
New Territories, south Hong Kong island and Lantau Island. An increasing number of citizens are living in
Shenzhen, and commuting from mainland China.
Education
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
A former
Crown colony, Hong Kong's
education system has roughly followed the system
of the United Kingdom, and in particular, the
education system in England. At the higher education levels, both British and American systems exist. The
University of Hong Kong (HKU), being the oldest institution of tertiary education in the territory, has traditionally been based on the British model but has incorporated some elements of the American model in recent years. Second to HKU in terms of history, the
Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) follows the American model with a characteristically British college system. The
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) was established on the American model of higher education. There are
nine public universities in Hong Kong, and a number of
private higher institutions. Lingnan University in Tuen Mun is a very good example; it is the only university in Hong Kong that provides Liberal Arts Education.
Hong Kong's public schools are operated by the
Education Department of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
[40]
The system features a non-compulsory three-year
kindergarten, followed by a compulsory six-year primary education, three-year junior
secondary education; a non-compulsory two-year senior secondary education leading to the
Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examinations and a two-year
matriculation course leading to the
Hong Kong Advanced Level Examinations. A new “3+3+4”curriculum, consisting of a three-year junior secondary, three-year senior secondary and four-year undergraduate academic system, will be implemented from 2009 (for senior secondary) and 2012 (for tertiary) onwards. There are also
tertiary institutions offering various Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctoral degrees, other
higher diplomas, and
associate degree courses.
Most comprehensive schools in Hong Kong fall under three categories: Public schools, subsidised schools and private schools. Public schools are rare, and subsidised schools are the most common, which include government aids and grant schools, run by charitable organisations often with religious affiliations. The majority of such religious affiliations are
Christian and
Catholic, but there are also
Buddhist,
Daoist (
Taoist),
Islamic and
Confucian ones as well. Meanwhile,
private schools, often run by Christian organisations, have admissions based on academic merit rather than on financial resources. Outside this system are the schools under the
Direct Subsidy Scheme (DSS) and private
international schools.
Culture
Main articles: Culture of Hong Kong
Hong Kong is frequently described as a place where East meets West, a meeting reflected in its economic
infrastructure,
education and street culture. On one street corner, there may be traditional Chinese shops selling
Chinese herbal medicine,
Buddhist paraphernalia or bowls of synthetic
shark fin soup. But around the next, one may find theatres showing the latest
Hollywood blockbuster, an English-style pub, a
Catholic Church or a
McDonald's. The region's official languages are Chinese and English; signs in both languages are omnipresent throughout Hong Kong. The government, police and most workplaces and stores conduct business bilingually. British rule may have ended in 1997 but Western culture is deeply ingrained in Hong Kong and coexists seamlessly with traditional philosophy and practices of the Orient.
The city's cosmopolitan flavour can also be seen in the wide variety of cuisines available. While different varieties of Chinese selections, especially seafood, are most popular, there are also many European, American, Japanese, Korean, and other restaurants. Ethnic dishes served in
cha chaan teng's and
dai pai dong's are also popular. The people of Hong Kong take their food seriously and many top chefs make their way to the city to show off their talents to these discerning diners.
While Hong Kong is a global centre of trade, perhaps one of the city's most famous exports is its entertainment industry, particularly in the martial arts genre. Several Hollywood performers originate from Hong Kong cinema—
Bruce Lee,
Chow Yun-Fat,
Jackie Chan to name a few. Behind the camera, Hong Kong filmmakers have also struck fortune in Hollywood such as
John Woo,
Wong Kar-wai,
Tsui Hark and martial arts choreographers who have designed fight scenes in the ''
Matrix trilogy'', ''
Kill Bill'' and ''
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon''. Back in Hong Kong, several homegrown films have also gained international recognition such as ''
Chungking Express'', ''
Infernal Affairs'', ''
Shaolin Soccer'', ''
Rumble in the Bronx'' and ''
In the Mood for Love''. Acclaimed filmmaker
Quentin Tarantino has said he's strongly influenced by
Hong Kong action cinema. Hong Kong is also the world's main hub for
Cantopop music.
[41] While the territory has been home to many stars, karaoke culture is also part of Hong Kong's nightlife.
The Hong Kong government also supports cultural institutions such as the
Hong Kong Heritage Museum,
Hong Kong Museum of Art, the
Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts and the
Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra. Furthermore, the government's
Leisure and Cultural Services Department also subsidise and sponsors international performers brought to Hong Kong.
Religion
Main articles: Religion in Hong Kong
Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of religious freedom, a right enshrined and protected through its constitutional document, the Basic Law. The majority of Hong Kong's population, as in
Mainland China, practice a folk version of
Buddhism. This majority includes approximately six million people, from a total population of less than seven million, or close to 90% (See
Buddhism by country). A sizable
Christian community of around 500,000 exists, forming about 7% of the total population; it is roughly equally divided between
Catholics and
Protestants. There are also around 200,000 followers each of authentic
Buddhism and
Taoism. Apart from the major religions, there are also a significant number of followers of other religions, including an estimated 23,000
Mormons, 3,000
Jews and a number of
Muslims,
Hindus,
Sikhs and
Bahá'ís. Apart from offering religious instructions, many major religious bodies have established schools and provided
social welfare facilities.
Hong Kong's religious beliefs are tied to the region's early role as a
fishing community.
Tin Hau, the protector of seafarers, has been honoured with several
temples throughout Hong Kong for at least 300 years.
Hung Shing, another protector of seafarers, has also been honoured for centuries. Hong Kong residents, especially elder generations, visit Taoist or Buddhist temples to appease the deities and, usually, to request compassion, good health or good fortune. Gifts of
food, and in particular
fruit, are presented, and
incense and
paper offerings are burnt in respect.
With the transfer of Hong Kong to the PRC, there were significant concerns over
religious freedom in Hong Kong. So far, this has proved mostly unfounded. Despite the banning of the
Falun Gong movement by
Beijing in 1999, adherents are still free to practice in Hong Kong. Similarly, the
Catholic Church freely appoints its own bishops in Hong Kong, unlike on mainland China where the only approved 'Catholic' institution is the
Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association where bishops and priests are appointed by Beijing (though there is also an unofficial and illegal part of the Catholic church that maintains contact with the Vatican). A significant issue in the normalisation of ties between the PRC and the
Vatican is Beijing's insistence that the Vatican drops its diplomatic ties with the
ROC.
Hong Kong is the only place in the PRC where missionaries from
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the Mormon Church) can serve. The Church has a temple in Hong Kong which was dedicated by President
Gordon B. Hinckley in 1996.
Architecture
Main articles: Architecture of Hong Kong
Due to the lack of available space, few historical buildings remain in Hong Kong. Instead the city has become a centre for
modern architecture, especially in and around
Central. Dense commercial skyscrapers between Central and Causeway Bay lining the coast of
Victoria Harbour is one of Hong Kong's most famous tourist attractions and ranked the best skyline in the world. Four of the top 15
tallest skyscrapers in the world are in Hong Kong. In
Kowloon, which once included the anarchistic settlement called the
Kowloon Walled City, strict height restrictions on structures were in force until 1998 with the closure of nearby
Kai Tak Airport. With restrictions lifted, several new skyscrapers in Kowloon are under construction, including
International Commerce Centre which, when completed in 2010, will become the world's fourth tallest.
One of the notable buildings in Hong Kong is
I. M. Pei's
Bank of China Tower, completed in 1990 and now Hong Kong's third tallest skyscraper. The building attracted heated controversy from the start, as its sharp angles were said to cast negative
feng shui energy into the heart of Hong Kong. Predating the Bank of China Tower, another well-known structure is the
HSBC Headquarters Building, finished in 1985. It was built on the site of Hong Kong's first skyscraper, which was finished in 1935 and was the subject of a bitter heritage
conservation struggle in the late 1970s. Both banks' buildings are featured on many of
Hong Kong's banknotes.
The tallest building in Hong Kong is the
International Finance Centre 2. One of the largest construction projects in Hong Kong and the world was the new
Hong Kong International Airport on
Chek Lap Kok near
Lantau, a huge land reclamation project linked to the centre of Hong Kong by the
Lantau Link, which features three new major
bridges:
Tsing Ma, the world's
sixth largest suspension bridge;
Kap Shui Mun, the world's longest
cable-stayed bridge carrying both road and railway traffic; and
Ting Kau, the world's first major four-span cable-stayed bridge.
Particularly notable about Hong Kong's skyline and streetscape is the omnipresence of public housing estates, which began as a squatter resettlement program in the 1950s, and now houses close to 50% of the population. These estates have evolved from seven-storey walk-up apartments with public toilets and minimal amenities, allocated on a basis of per adult, half of that for a child, to high-quality high-rises. The public rental program has been supplemented with a government-subsidised Home Ownership Scheme.
Transport
Main articles: Transport in Hong Kong
Hong Kong has a highly developed and sophisticated
transport network, encompassing both
public and private transport. The
Octopus card stored value
smart card payment system can be used to pay for fares on almost all railways, buses and ferries in Hong Kong. The Octopus card uses
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) to allow users to scan their card without taking it out of their wallet or bag. All
parking meters in Hong Kong accept payment by Octopus card only, and Octopus card payment can be made at various car parks.
Hong Kong is dominated by steep, hilly terrain, and some unusual methods of transport have been devised to ease movement up and down the slopes. For example, the
Peak Tram has provided vertical rail transport between Central and
Victoria Peak since 1888 by steeply ascending the side of a mountain. In
Central and Western district there is an extensive system of
escalators and
moving sidewalks, including the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world, the
Mid-levels Escalator.
Hong Kong has several different modes of public rail transport. The two
metro systems for the city are the
MTR (Mass Transit Railway) and
KCR which acts as a link between Hong Kong and mainland China (KCR also operates a
light rail system in northwest New Territories). These are operated by the
MTR Corporation Limited and the
Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation respectively. The
tramway system covers the northern parts of Hong Kong Island and is the only
tram system in the world run exclusively by
double deckers.
Five separate companies (
KMB,
Citybus,
NWFB,
Long Win &
NLB) operate franchised public
bus services in Hong Kong. Double-decker buses were introduced to Hong Kong in 1949. They are now used almost exclusively in Hong Kong, just as in
Singapore,
Dublin and the
United Kingdom. However, single-decker buses remain in use for routes with lower demand or roads with lower carrying capacity. Such single-decker buses are mainly used on Lantau Island and for overnight services. Most normal franchised bus routes in Hong Kong operate until 1 am.
Public light buses run the length and breadth of Hong Kong, through areas where standard bus lines cannot reach or do not reach as frequently, quickly, or directly.
Taxis are also widely used throughout Hong Kong. 99% of taxis in Hong Kong run on liquefied petroleum gas; the rest are still diesel operated.
Most ferry services are provided by licensed ferry operators serving
outlying islands, new towns, across
Victoria Harbour,
Macau and cities in mainland China. The oldest service, the legendary
Star Ferry, operates four lines between
Kowloon and Hong Kong Island and has provided cost-effective transport for over a century. Popular with tourists desiring a panoramic view of Hong Kong's skyline and harbour, many Hong Kong residents consider the Star Ferry as one of the city's most treasured cultural icons. Additionally, 78 "
kai-to" ferries are licensed to serve remote coastal settlements.
Hong Kong has one active
international airport, known as
Hong Kong International Airport located at
Chek Lap Kok. In 1998, this replaced the former Hong Kong International Airport —
Kai Tak Airport located at Kowloon City, which was simultaneously closed. After high-profile delays in the cargo systems in the first few months, the airport now serves as a transport hub for
Southeast Asia, and as the hub for
Cathay Pacific Airways,
Dragonair,
Air Hong Kong,
Oasis Hong Kong Airlines,
Hong Kong Airlines and
Hong Kong Express. Additionally, both Hong Kong International Airport and
Cathay Pacific Airways have been voted best in the world, in the airport and airline criteria respectively, by
Skytrax from 2001 to 2005, and again in 2007.
Hong Kong International Airport served more than 36 million passengers in the year 2004, and increased to over 40 million passengers in 2005.
Access to the airport includes '
Airport Express', 'CityFlyers' and 'Airbuses'. These services connect the airport to the rest of Hong Kong. The Airport Express zooms passengers to
Central on Hong Kong Island in just 23 minutes. The recent opening of
Sunny Bay Station of the
MTR allows easy access to the
Hong Kong Disneyland Resort.
While the
traffic in
mainland China drives on the right, Hong Kong still maintains its own
road rules, with traffic continuing to
drive on the left. There are about 517,000 registered vehicles in Hong Kong, 64% of which are privately owned passenger cars. As a metropolis for luxury in Asia, Hong Kong is world famous for having the most Rolls-Royce cars per capita in the world.
[42]
Note that the Hong Kong highway code uses the same road sign system as
Great Britain whereas the Chinese system is different.
Military
Main articles: People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison
Hong Kong has never had its own
military forces because it has never been a
sovereign state, except voluntary auxiliary force like
The Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers). All defence matters have been dependent on the state which controls Hong Kong. Before the British handover to PRC sovereignty, defence was provided by the
British military, who stationed soldiers in barracks throughout Hong Kong, including the
British Forces Overseas Hong Kong. Its finance was supported by the Hong Kong Government.
The
People's Republic of China's
State Council assumed sovereignty over Hong Kong on
1 July 1997 and stationed a
garrison of the
People's Liberation Army (PLA) to manage its defence affairs. Although the garrison has little practical military value, the stationing of the PLA troops in Hong Kong is a significant symbol of the PRC government's assumption of sovereignty over Hong Kong.
According to Hong Kong's Basic Law, military forces stationed in Hong Kong shall not interfere with local civil affairs; the Hong Kong Government shall remain responsible for the maintenance of public order. The Hong Kong Garrison, composed of
ground,
naval, and
air forces, is under the command of the Chinese
Central Military Commission. The garrison subsequently opened its barracks on
Stonecutters Island and
Stanley to the public to promote understanding and trust between the troops and residents.
International rankings
Footnotes
1. Since the transfer of sovereignty in 1997, Hong Kong has used the national anthem of the People's Republic of China.
2. Historically, the capital of Hong Kong territory was Victoria City; government headquarters are located in the Central and Western District ().
3. The Hong Kong Basic Law states that the official languages are "Chinese and English." It does not explicitly specify the standard for "Chinese". While Standard Mandarin and Simplified Chinese characters are used as the spoken and written standards in mainland China, Cantonese and Traditional Chinese characters are the long-established ''de facto'' standards in Hong Kong. See Bilingualism in Hong Kong
4. The name is often written as ''Hongkong'' in older English texts. The Hong Kong Government officially adopted the current form on 3 September 1926 (Hongkong Government Gazette, Notification 479, 3 September 1926). While the names of most cities in the People's Republic of China are romanised into English using pinyin, the official English name is ''Hong Kong'' rather than ''Xiānggǎng'' (See Pronunciation of Hong Kong).
5. Porter, Jonathan. [1996] (1996). Macau, the Imaginary City: Culture and Society, 1557 to the Present. Westview Press. ISBN 0813337496
6. Edmonds. [2002] (2002) China and Europe ThSince 1978: A European Perspective. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521524032
7. Wiltshire, Trea. [First published 1987] (republished & reduced 2003). Old Hong Kong. Central, Hong Kong: Text Form Asia books Ltd. Page 12. ISBN Volume 962-7283-61-4
8. New York Times. "NY Times." ''Thousands March in Anti-Japan Protest in Hong Kong by Keith Bradsher.'' Retrieved on 2006-04-11.
9. Wang Yong-hua, ''On Embargo of Hong Kong in 1950-1954'', Journal of Yanan University Social Science Edition, 2006.
10. People's Daily. "People's Daily." ''Links between SARS human genes.'' Retrieved on 2007-03-06.
11. Visit Hong Kong: Volume 1, Spring, 2004 (p.14), University of Hong Kong English Centre. Retrieved on 2007-02-24
12. "Chief Executive pledges a clean, green, world-class city", Hong Kong Trader, November 2001. Retrieved on 2006-05-27.
13. Geography and Climate, Hong Kong
14. "Hong Kong Hiking Tours", The Hong Kong Tourism Board's Hiking page. Retrieved on 2006-06-18.
15. New York Times. "NYtimes." ''Dirty Air Becomes Divisive Issue in Hong Kong Vote.'' Retrieved on 2006-11-05.
16. Climate of Hong Kong
17. "Extreme Values and Dates of Occurrence of Extremes of Meteorological Elements between 1884–1939 and 1947–2006 for Hong Kong", Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved on 2006-02-02.
18. "Monthly Meteorological Normals for Hong Kong", Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved on 2006-02-02.
19. The Basic Law
20. "Donald Tsang set to be HK leader", BBC News, 2005-06-15. Retrieved 2006-05-14.
21. Hong Kong Public Order Ordinance, World Corporal Punishment Research, February 2000. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
22. Presentation to Legislative Council on Right of Abode Issue, Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor, 1999-05-10. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
23. "Right of Abode in HKSAR — Verification of Eligibility for Permanent Identity Card", The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region — Immigration Department, last revision: 1 May 2006. Retrieved 27 May 2006.
24. "Hong Kong: Calls for Universal Suffrage Unabated", T-Salon, 20 October 2004. Retrieved 27 May 2006.
25. Third annual report by the European Commission on the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 2001-07-25. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
26. "Hong Kong democrats visit China", ABC News Online, September 25, 2005. Retrieved May 27, 2006.
27. Department of Justice
28. 2007 Index of Economic Freedom
29. Summary Economic Freedom Rating 2004 (Economic Freedom of the World - Annual report 2006 on page 13 or 9 of 23)
30. Economic Freedom of the World: 2006 Annual Report
31. About Hong Kong
32. Hong Kong surpasses New York in IPOs
33. The Global Financial Centres Index 1 Executive Summary
34. Wallace, Peter. [2002] (2002). Contemporary China: The Dynamics of Change at the Start of the New Millennium. Routledge. ISBN 0700716378
35. 2005–06 Budget Speech by the Financial Secretary of Hong Kong, 2005-03-16.
36. "List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita", Wikipedia. Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
37. "Hong Kong Statistics - Population and Vital Events", Census and Statistics Department. Retrieved 2007-02-02
38. UCL.AC.UK. "UCL.AC." ''ICE Hong Kong.'' Retrieved on 2007-06-05.
39. "Hong Kong Total fertility rate", Index Mundi. Retrieved 2006-05-27
40. Education for Non-Chinese Speaking Children, Education and Manpower Bureau, Government of HKSAR.
41. China Briefing Media. [2004] (2004) Business Guide to the Greater Pearl River Delta. China Briefing Media Ltd. ISBN 9889867311
42. World-famous producer of luxury cars launches first Hong Kong showroom, InvestHK, 2003-7-30. Retrieved 2007-1-20.
References
★ ''A History of Hong Kong''(Third Edition).
Frank Welsh. HarperCollins.
1 October 1998. 624 pages. ISBN 1-56836-002-9.
★ ''Mathematical Modelling of Hong Kong Political and Economical Development''. Derek Lam. Guangzhou Academic Press.
18 February 1986. 23 pages.
★ ''Hong Kong's History: State and Society Under Colonial Rule (Asia's Transformations)''. Tak-Wing Ngo. Routledge.
1 August 1999. 205 pages. ISBN 0-415-20868-8.
★ ''The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity''. Poshek Fu, David Deser.
Cambridge University Press.
25 March 2002. 346 pages. ISBN 0-521-77602-3.
★ ''A Modern History of Hong Kong''. Steve Tsang. I.B. Tauris.
14 May 2004. 356 pages. ISBN 1-86064-184-9.
★ ''An Outline History of Hong Kong''. Liu Shuyong. 291 pages. ISBN 7-119-01946-5.
★ ''Forts and Pirates - A History of Hong Kong''. Hong Kong History Society. Hyperion Books. December 1990. ISBN 962-7489-01-8.
★
List of Graded Historical Buildings in Hong Kong - 6 Jan 2007 from the Antiquities and Monuments Office
★
List of Declared Monuments in Hong Kong - 3 March 2006 from the Antiquities and Monuments Office
External links
★
GovHK - one-stop portal of the Hong Kong SAR Government
★
Hong Kong Tourism Board
★
★
WikiSatellite view of Hong Kong at WikiMapia
★
CIA - The World Factbook — Hong Kong
★
Flickr - photos tagged with Hong Kong
★
Census and Statistics Department in Hong Kong
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