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'Hospodar' or 'gospodar' is a term of Slavonic origin, meaning "lord".
The rulers of Wallachia and Moldavia (only occasionally joined) were styled ''hospodars'' in Slavic writings from the 15th century to 1866. ''Hospodar'' was used in addition to the title ''voivod''. When writing in Romanian, the term ''Domn'' (from the Latin ''dominus'') was used.
At the end of this period, as the title had been held by many vassals of the Ottoman Sultan, its retention was considered inconsistent with the independence of the Danubian Principalities' (formalized from Romania only in 1878 — replacing the tributary status). ''Hospodar'' was therefore discarded in favour of ''domnitor'' or, in short, ''domn'', which continued to be the official princely title up to the proclamation of a Kingdom of Romania in 1881 (which did not include Transylvania until 1918).
It is a derivative of ''gospod'', lord, (spelled with capital G, ''Gospod'', it means Lord, God) and is akin to ''gosudar'', which primarily means sovereign, and was also used in early Russia as a polite form of address, equivalent to ''Sir''.
The pronunciation as ''hospodar'' of a word written ''gospodar'' in all but one of the Slavonic languages which retain the Cyrillic alphabet is not, as is sometimes alleged, due to the influence of Ukrainian, but to that of Church Slavonic — in both of these, ''g'' is frequently pronounced ''h''.
In Ukrainian, the title is especially applied to the master of a house or the head of a family. The word ''gospodar'' still covers the first of these two meanings in Romanian.
The title was used briefly towards the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire. In 1394-95, Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria referred to himself not as a Tsar (as traditionally), but as a ''gospodin'' of Tarnovo, and in foreign sources was styled herzog or merely called an "infidel bey". This was possibly to indicate vassalage to Bayezid I or the yielding of the imperial title to Ivan Sratsimir.[1]
In Serbian and Bulgarian, ''gospodar'' (господар) means a "master", "lord", or "sovereign lord". Other derivatives of the word include the Bulgarian, Russian, and Serbian ''gospodin'' (господин, "Mister"), the Polish ''gospód'' ("lord", "master"), the Czech ''hospod''. All forms stem from the Proto-Slavic word ''gospodü'' (господъ).
★ Voivod
★ List of rulers of Moldavia
★ List of rulers of Wallachia
★ Phanariotes
★
The rulers of Wallachia and Moldavia (only occasionally joined) were styled ''hospodars'' in Slavic writings from the 15th century to 1866. ''Hospodar'' was used in addition to the title ''voivod''. When writing in Romanian, the term ''Domn'' (from the Latin ''dominus'') was used.
At the end of this period, as the title had been held by many vassals of the Ottoman Sultan, its retention was considered inconsistent with the independence of the Danubian Principalities' (formalized from Romania only in 1878 — replacing the tributary status). ''Hospodar'' was therefore discarded in favour of ''domnitor'' or, in short, ''domn'', which continued to be the official princely title up to the proclamation of a Kingdom of Romania in 1881 (which did not include Transylvania until 1918).
| Contents |
| Etymology and Slavic usage |
| See also |
| References |
Etymology and Slavic usage
It is a derivative of ''gospod'', lord, (spelled with capital G, ''Gospod'', it means Lord, God) and is akin to ''gosudar'', which primarily means sovereign, and was also used in early Russia as a polite form of address, equivalent to ''Sir''.
The pronunciation as ''hospodar'' of a word written ''gospodar'' in all but one of the Slavonic languages which retain the Cyrillic alphabet is not, as is sometimes alleged, due to the influence of Ukrainian, but to that of Church Slavonic — in both of these, ''g'' is frequently pronounced ''h''.
In Ukrainian, the title is especially applied to the master of a house or the head of a family. The word ''gospodar'' still covers the first of these two meanings in Romanian.
The title was used briefly towards the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire. In 1394-95, Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria referred to himself not as a Tsar (as traditionally), but as a ''gospodin'' of Tarnovo, and in foreign sources was styled herzog or merely called an "infidel bey". This was possibly to indicate vassalage to Bayezid I or the yielding of the imperial title to Ivan Sratsimir.[1]
In Serbian and Bulgarian, ''gospodar'' (господар) means a "master", "lord", or "sovereign lord". Other derivatives of the word include the Bulgarian, Russian, and Serbian ''gospodin'' (господин, "Mister"), the Polish ''gospód'' ("lord", "master"), the Czech ''hospod''. All forms stem from the Proto-Slavic word ''gospodü'' (господъ).
See also
★ Voivod
★ List of rulers of Moldavia
★ List of rulers of Wallachia
★ Phanariotes
References
★
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