WESTERN LOMBARD LITERATURE

(Redirected from Insubric literature)
This article is about literature in Insubric language.

Contents

Brief history

Brief history

The Insubric poet Caecilius Statius came from Milan, capital city of Insubres, and wrote in Latin, being one of the best Latin comedians, with Plautus and Terence.
In all XIII century the activity of Cisalpine poets in Langue d'oc continues; in Mantua, Sordello da Goito compounds the ''Sirventese lombardesco'' in local language, of Lombard group, the only trobadoric text in a Northern-Italian local language; in Bologna, Gallo-Italic language land too, in 1254 ''Rayna possentissima'' is compounded, ''lauda'' of the ''Servi della Vergine'', the older ''lauda'' we know. In the same city, the notary registers are founded (known as ''Memoriali bolognesi'') for the transcription of public acts, during two centuries: in the white spaces, in order to avoid illegal addings, some folk or cultured poems are written.
Bonvesin da la Riva is with no doubt the most important Northern-Italian writer of XIII century. Born in Milan between 1240 and 1250, secular friar belonging to the 3rd order of Umiliati, is aknowledged as ''doctor in gramatica'', title that few people had. His most important work is the ''Book of the three texts'' (''Libro delle tre scritture''), epic poem in quatrains in Old Insubric language, in which he describe the underworld realms. The book is divided into three parts, different for style and atmosphere, in which Hell, Christ's Passion and Paradise are represented. The anticipation of Dante's Divina Commedia is evident, with an attentive use of language, with lexical and rhetoric ability. This work of art is a sort of screenplay of the afterlife, of considerable historic value and of hard poetical suggestion. The ''Essay on the months'' in form of apologue and the ''Vulgare de elymosinis'', raw description of terrible maladies, similar to the realism of Jacopone da Todi, are also very important. A sort of Medieval etiquette is the treaty ''De quinquaginta curialitatibus ad mensam'', lively and realistic representation inserted in the manualistic tradition of the time. The ''Contrasti'' are other poems, series of disputies, enriched by skillful alternance of decriptive tones -grotesque and soft, meditated and exemplar- like the ''Disputatio rosae cum viola'', in which the humble bourgeois virtues of the violet prevail on the aristocratic ones of the rose. In religious works the most precious are ''The passion of Job'', ''The life of Saint Alexey'' and overall, between ''Laudes de Virgine Maria'', the legend of ''Frate Ave Maria'', of touching religious intensity because inspirated by a strong Christian devotion.
Of 1274 are the ''Sermons'' in verses, in a Lombard language, of Pietro da Pescapè, the sole work with precise date in the Cisalpine didactic-religious literature, which gave noticeable texts with Lombards Girardo Patecchio from Cremona, with the ''Book'' of Uguccione da Lodi, with the masterpiece of Bonvesin de la Riva and with that of Giacomino da Verona.
The written use of Insubric resumes in Milan under the House of Visconti, such as in the case of Lancino Curti and Andrea Marone. The written testimoniances of Quattrocento (XV century) are still indecisive in orthography; Dei, in this century, composes the first Milanese glossary. In XVI century, Gian Paolo Lomazzo founds the Academy of Val di Blenio, which furnishes information also about other dialects of the period. In 1606 G.A. Biffi with his ''Prissian de Milan de la parnonzia milanesa'' tried a first codification of orthography, regarding vowel length and sound /ö/ for which he found the solution ''ou''; Giovanni Capis elaborates the first embryo of dictionary; Fabio Varese, anticlassicist poet, realizes some thirty of humouristic-veristic sonnets in Milanese (with a ''answer'' for every sonnet in which he blames himself). Carlo Maria Maggi, great dramaturge, at the end of XVII century definitively codifies the writing of Milanese dialect introducing French ''oeu'', so founding the classical Milanese orthography that will be retouched in the centuries till the present version of Circolo Filologico Milanese. At the end of XVIII century you assist at some changing in the linguistic structures, such as the abolition of ''no'' (mening "not") preposed to the verb, on behalf of postposed ''nò'' or ''minga'', or the abolishing of past perfect, which you can yet find in Balestrieri and in Maggi.
''Bosinada'' is a poetic form of popular composition, written in Insubric on loose sheets, told by storytellers (''bositt'', sing. ''bosin'') and with often satyric contents. The first essays of the genre are at the end of XVI century. One of the first ''bositt'' is Gaspare Fumagalli, whose we know nine ''bosinad'' of the 1723. Also greater poets such as Carlo Porta liked describing theirself as ''bositt'', even if their poems were much more meditative than popular ones. ''Bosinada'' didn't have a rigid form: the metre could be of various sizes (lame verses were a frequent characteristic), from eight to eleven syllables long, often in rhyming couplets, in long stanzas.
Carlo Maria Maggi (born in 1630), Milanese, rector of Latin and Greek at the ''Scholae Palatinae'', secretary of the Milanese Senate, superintendent at the University of Pavia, is considered as the father of modern Insubric literature. Between the works in Italian language there is a book of affection poems, cosidered by someone of the time as a good renovation, by someone else as transgressive (''Accademia della Crusca'' denied his Lombard-origin terms); probably Maggi undertook the local language stream in antagonism to the arrogance of Tuscan conformists. His production in Milanese consists in verses and comedies. The verses are especially occasion poems that describe moments of bourgeois life. But Maggi is reminded overall as comediograph: he wrote ''Il manco male'', ''Il Barone di Birbanza'', ''I consigli di Meneghino'', ''Il falso filosofo'', ''Il Concorso de' Meneghini'', with autonomous interludes ''dell'Ipocondria'', ''per una tragedia'', ''delle Dame sugli spassi del Carnevale'', ''Beltramina vestita alla moda'', ''dell'Ambizione''. The keys of his theatral work are the reconciliation of the theatre with the Church (not fingering like Molière but proposing positive values), the criticism against Protestant ethics (for which success would be sign of the divine approval), the nonconformism and the patriotic idealism. It was Carlo Maria Maggi that introduced to theatre the popular mask of Meneghin, who got the personification of the Milanese people, humble, frank and honest, full of wisdom and common sense, loud in the adversities, sensitive and generous worker and ''cont el coeur in man'', with the hearth in the hand. He died in 1699 and he's buried in San Lazzaro.
In the XVIII century the greater protagonists of Insubric poetry, actually limited to Milan, are Domenico Balestrieri, then very appreciated by Carlo Porta, Carl'Antonio Tanzi, Girolamo Birago, Giuseppe Parini, Pietro Verri, Francesco Girolamo Corio.
Carlo Porta (1775-1821) is the main poet in Milanese. The bulk of his production can be divided into three sections: against the religious hypocrisy of the time (e.g. in ''Fraa Zenever'', ''Fraa Diodatt'', ''On Miracol'', ''La mia povera nonna la gh'aveva''); descriptive of lively popular Milanese personages (probably the masterpieces of Porta: ''Desgrazzi de Giovannin Bongee'', ''Olter desgrazzi de Giovannin Bongee'', ''El lament del Marchionn di gamb'avert'' and most of all ''La Ninetta del Verzee'', the monologue of a prostitute); the political genre, in which he shows he ardently hopes in the independence of Lombardy, yet tolerating the French rule (''Paracar che scappee de Lombardia'', ''E daj con sto chez-nous ma sanguanon'', ''Marcanagg i politegh secca ball'', ''Quand vedessev on pubblegh funzionari''). There are also sonnets in defence of Milanese language (''I paroll d'on lenguagg car sur Gorell'') and of Milan (''El sarà vera fors quell ch'el dis lu''), besides purely humouristic poems. The prevalent poetic form is sonnet, but there are also epigrams, canzoni, bosinad etc. Porta declares Milanese as ''lengua del minga e del comè'' and appoints as school of the true language of the people the ''Verzee'', the greens market of the city. In 1816 he founds in his house, with his dearest friends (Grossi, Berchet, Visconti etc.), the so-called ''Camaretta'', which immediately links itself with Alessandro Manzoni and later with the romantic group of ''Il Conciliatore'', while in the latter years the antinobiliar spirit raises. He dies for gout at 46 years old and in the peak of the fame.
Other Insubric poets of the XIX century are Alessandro Manzoni (one of the greatest writers in Italian language), Tommaso Grossi (author besides of ''In morte di Carlo Porta'' ["In death of Carlo Porta"] and of ''Sogn'' or ''La Prineide''), Vespasiano Bignami, Giovanni Rajberti, Giuseppe Rovani, Emilio De Marchi, Speri Della Chiesa Jemoli... In this century many journals in various dialect of Insubric language were born.
Carlo Bertolazzi (1870-1916) was a comediograph from Rivolta d'Adda, verist, who wrote in Milanese and analized with a bitter popular vein the condition of underprivileged ones of Milan in the end of XIX century. He was lawyer, notary and theatral critic. After some dramas in Italian language, he undertook Insubric playwriting, in which he hit the highlight of his art. Chorality and epicity dominate the representation, in which several individual vicissitudes are born: in this sense Giorgio Strehler has been his carefullest interpreter. His production didn't attract the attention of his contemporaries, though a moral and social sense full of modernity were in it. Between his works we remind ''El nost Milan'', ''La gibigianna'', ''L'egoista'', ''Lulù''.
Delio Tessa (born in 1886) is the greatest Milanese poet in XX century. Graduated in Law, he preferred him to devote himself to literature, theatre and cinema. Antifascist, he remained aloof from official culture, devoting himself to local sphere. Except the collection of poems It it is el dì of mort, alegher!, all its works have been published posthumous. The topics of its poetica are the drama of the first world war and of the daily life of it neglects to you, rielaborati in personal way and curing to the maximum the sonorità of the backs. Often the topic of the dead women is present, with a pessimism and one distrust of personal and cultural origin (scapigliatura, decadentism, Russian novel, espressionismo). The restlessness is reflected in the tension of the language, used like strongly fragmented popular language and. It died in 1939 of abscess, was buried for its will in a common field of Musocco, but in the ' 50 the Common one transferred it to the Famedio.
Other poets insubri of the 1900's are Giovanni Barrella (actor, commediografo, poet, painter, epigono of the scapigliatura, feel the unit of the art and translate therefore in writing pennellate powerful of color), the Medical Edoardo Ferravilla, Emilios Guicciardi, Luigi, Loi Franc...
See also: Insubric writers.