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(Redirected from Israeli)
'Israel' (, ''Yisra'el''), officially the 'State of Israel' (Hebrew: , ''Medinat Yisra'el''; , ''Dawlat Isrā'īl''), is a country in Southwest Asia located on the southeastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea. It has borders with Lebanon in the north, Syria and Jordan in the east, and Egypt on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area.[4] Also adjacent are the West Bank and Gaza Strip, which are partially administrated by the Palestinian National Authority. With a population of about 7.1 million,[5] the majority of whom are Jews, Israel is the world's only Jewish state.[6] It is also home to Muslims, Christians and Druze, mostly of local Arab background, as well as other religious and ethnic minority groups. Jerusalem is the nation's capital, seat of government, and largest city.[7]
The modern state of Israel has its roots in the Land of Israel, a concept central to Judaism for over three thousand years. After World War I, the League of Nations approved the British Mandate of Palestine with the intent of creating a "national home for the Jewish people".[8] In 1947, the United Nations approved the partition of the Mandate of Palestine into two states, one Jewish and one Arab.[9] The Arab League rejected the plan, but on May 14, 1948, Israel declared its independence. The new country's victory in the subsequent Arab-Israeli War expanded the borders of the Jewish state beyond the original configuration. Since then, Israel has been in conflict with many of the neighboring Arab countries, resulting in several major wars and decades of violence. Throughout the conflict, Israel's boundaries have been subject to dispute, although Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, and efforts are being made to reach a permanent accord with the Palestinians.
Despite its political problems, Israel is a developed country and a liberal democracy[10], and has been ranked as the most progressive in the region in such parameters as freedom of the press,[11] economic competition,[12] and overall human development.[13]
Over the past three thousand years, the name "Israel" has meant in common and religious usage both the Land of Israel and the entire Jewish nation. The name originated from a verse in the Bible (Genesis, 32:28) where Jacob is renamed Israel (possibly ''śara'' + ''el'' or struggle with God) after successfully wrestling with an angel of God.[14] Commentators differ on the meaning of the name. Some say the name comes from the verb śarar ("to rule, be strong, have authority over"), thereby making the name mean "God rules" or "God judges".[4] Other possible meanings include "the prince of God" (from the King James Version of the Bible) or "El fights/struggles".[4] Regardless of the precise meaning of the name, the biblical nation fathered by Jacob thus became the "Children of Israel" or the "Israelites".
The first historical mention of the word "Israel" comes from the Merneptah Stele of Ancient Egypt (dated the late 13th century BC), although experts have not been able to agree on whether the term was being used to refer to a people or a homeland.[17] The modern country was named ''Medinat Yisrael'', or the State of Israel, after other proposed names, including ''Eretz Israel'', Zion, and Judea, were rejected.[18] In the early weeks of independence, the government chose the term "Israeli" to denote a citizen of Israel, with the formal announcement made by Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Sharett.[19]
Main articles: History of the State of Israel
The Land of Israel, known in Hebrew as ''Eretz Yisrael'', has been sacred to the Jewish people for four thousand years, ever since the time of the biblical patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. According to the Torah, it was promised to the Jews as their homeland,[20][21] and the sites holiest to Judaism (particularly the site of the First and Second Temples of Jerusalem) are located there. Around the 11th century BCE, the first of a series of Jewish kingdoms and states established rule over the region; these Jewish kingdoms and states ruled intermittently for the following one thousand years.[22][23]
Between the time of the Jewish kingdoms and the seventh-century Muslim conquests, the Land of Israel fell under Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, Greek, Roman, Sassanian, and Byzantine rule. Jewish presence in the region dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE and the resultant large-scale expulsion of Jews. Nevertheless, a continuous Jewish presence in Palestine was maintained, although the main Jewish population shifted from the Judea region to the Galilee;[24] the Talmud, one of Judaism's most important religious texts, was composed in the region during this period.[4] The Land of Israel was captured from the Byzantine Empire around 636 CE during the initial Muslim conquests. Control of the region transferred between the Umayyads, Abbasids, Crusaders, Khwarezmians, and Mongols over the next six centuries, before falling in the hands of the Mamluk Sultanate, in 1260. In 1517, the Land of Israel became a part of the Ottoman Empire, which ruled the region until the 20th century.[26]
Main articles: Zionism, Aliyah, British Mandate of Palestine
Jews living in the Diaspora have aspired over the ages to return to the Land of Israel (or Zion); that aspiration was articulated in the Bible[27] and the Jewish prayer book. Beginning in the twelfth century, a small but steady stream of Jews left Europe to live in Israel. In particular, when the Jews of Spain were expelled in 1492, some made their way to the Land of Israel. During the 16th century, the pace stepped up, and large Jewish communities were established in Jerusalem, Hebron, Safed and Tiberias. In the second half of the 18th century, entire Hasidic communities from Poland, Galicia and Ukraine settled in the Holy Land with their rabbis.[4]
The first large wave of modern immigration, known as the First Aliyah (Hebrew: עלייה), began in 1881, as Jews fled growing persecution in Eastern Europe.[29] While Zionism already existed in theory, Theodor Herzl was credited with establishing the Zionist movement.[30] In 1896, he published ''Der Judenstaat'' (''The Jewish State''), offering his vision of a future state; the following year he presided over the first World Zionist Congress.[31]
During the period known as the Second Aliyah (1904–1914), some 40,000 Jews settled in Palestine.29 Whereas the first wave of immigration consisted mainly of Orthodox Jews, many members of the second wave were non-religious, socialist pioneers who established the ''kibbutz'' movement. During World War I, British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour issued what became known as the Balfour Declaration, which "view[ed] with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people."[32] Arab opposition to the plan led to the 1920 Palestine riots and the formation of the Jewish defense organization known as the Haganah, from which the Irgun and Lehi split off.[33] In 1922, the League of Nations granted Great Britain a mandate over Palestine for the express purpose of "placing the country under such political, administrative and economic conditions as will secure the establishment of the Jewish national home".[34]
After World War I, Jewish immigration continued: the Third Aliyah (1919-1923) and Fourth Aliyah (1924-1929) brought 100,000 Jews to Palestine.29 In the wake of Arab rioting in the early days of the Mandate, the British reined in Jewish immigration and territory slated for the Jewish state was allocated to Transjordan.[4] The rise of Nazism in the 1930s led to the Fifth Aliyah, with an influx of a quarter of a million Jews. Arab rioting intensified between 1936 and 1939. When the British imposed even stricter quotas on Jewish immigration, and countries around the world turned away Jewish refugees fleeing the Holocaust, a clandestine movement known as Aliyah Bet was organized to bring Jews to Palestine.29 By the end of World War II, Jews accounted for 33% of the population of Palestine, up from 11% in 1922.[36][37]
Main articles: 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Declaration of Independence (Israel)
In 1947, the British government withdrew from the Mandate of Palestine, stating it was unable to arrive at a solution acceptable to both Arabs and Jews.[38] The newly-created United Nations approved Resolution 181 (the Partition Plan) on November 29, 1947, allocating just over half the land for a Jewish state and most of the rest for an Arab country. Jerusalem was to be designated an international city – a ''corpus separatum'' – administered by the UN to avoid conflict over its status.[4] The Jewish community accepted the UN Partition Plan,26 but the Arab League and Arab Higher Committee rejected it.[4]
Regardless, the State of Israel was proclaimed on May 14, 1948, one day before the expiry of the British Mandate of Palestine.[41] Not long after, five Arab countries – Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq – attacked Israel, launching the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.41 After almost a year of fighting, a ceasefire was declared and temporary borders, known as the Green Line, were instituted. Jordan annexed what became known as the West Bank and Egypt took control of the Gaza Strip. Israel was admitted as a member of the United Nations on May 11, 1949.[38] During the course of the hostilities, 711,000 Arabs, according to UN estimates, fled from Israel.[43] Arab persecution of Jewish communities precipitated a similar Jewish exodus from Arab lands.[44]
In the early years of the state, the Labor Zionist movement led by Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion dominated Israeli politics.[4][46] These years were marked by mass immigration of Holocaust survivors and Jews fleeing Arab lands;44 the population rose from eight hundred thousand to two million between 1948 and 1958.[47] Most arrived as refugees with no possessions and were housed in temporary camps known as ''ma'abarot''. By 1952, over two hundred thousand immigrants were living in these tent cities. The need to solve the crisis led Ben-Gurion to sign a reparations agreement with West Germany that triggered mass protests by Jews angered at the idea of Israel "doing business" with Germany.[4]
During the 1950s, Israel was frequently attacked by Arab fedayeen, mainly from the (Egyptian-occupied) Gaza Strip.[4] In 1956, Israel joined a secret alliance with the Great Britain and France aimed at recapturing the Suez Canal, which the Egyptians had nationalized (see the Suez Crisis). Despite capturing the Sinai Peninsula, Israel was forced to retreat due to pressure from the United States and the Soviet Union in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the Red Sea and the Canal.[50] At the start of the following decade, Israel captured Adolf Eichmann, an implementer of the Final Solution hiding in Argentina, and brought him to trial.[51] The trial had a major impact on public awareness of the Holocaust[52] and to date Eichmann remains the only person sentenced to death by Israeli courts.[53] In 1967, Egypt, Jordan, and Syria amassed troops close to Israeli borders, expelled UN peacekeepers and blocked Israel's access to the Red Sea. Israel saw these actions as a ''casus belli'' for a pre-emptive strike that launched the Six-Day War, during which it captured the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights.[54] The 1949 Green Line became the administrative boundary between Israel and the occupied territories. East Jerusalem was later annexed as Israel's capital in the 1980 Jerusalem Law, although the validity of the law has been contested.
Between 1969 and 1970, numerous clashes erupted along Israel's border with Egypt in what became known as the War of Attrition.[55] In the early 1970s, Palestinian groups launched a wave of attacks against Israeli targets around the world, including a massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics. Israel responded with Operation Wrath of God, in which those responsible for the Munich massacre were tracked down and assassinated.[4] On October 6, 1973, Yom Kippur, the holiest day in the Jewish calendar, the Egyptian and Syrian armies launched a surprise attack against Israel. The war ended on October 26 with Israel successfully repelling Egyptian and Syrian forces but suffering great losses.[57] The 1977 Knesset elections marked a major turning point in Israeli political history as Menachem Begin's Likud party took control from the Labor Party.[58] Later that year, Egyptian President Anwar Al Sadat made a trip to Israel and spoke before the Knesset in what was the first recognition of Israel by an Arab head of state.[4] In the two years that followed, Sadat and Menachem Begin signed the Camp David Accords and the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty.[4] Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula and gave autonomy to Palestinians across the Green Line.
In 1982, Israel intervened in the Lebanese Civil War to destroy the bases from which the Palestine Liberation Organization launched terror attacks against northern Israel. That move developed into the First Lebanon War.[4] Israel withdrew from most of Lebanon in 1986, but it would maintain a borderland buffer zone until 2000. The First Intifada broke out in 1987 with waves of violence occurring in the occupied territories. Over the following six years, more than a thousand people were killed in the ensuing violence, much of which was internal Palestinian violence. During the 1991 Gulf War, the PLO and many Palestinians supported Saddam Hussein and Iraqi missile attacks against Israel.[62][4]
In 1992, Yitzhak Rabin became Prime Minister following an election in which his party promoted compromise with Israel's neighbors.[4][65] The following year, Shimon Peres and Mahmoud Abbas, on behalf of Israel and the PLO, respectively, signed the Oslo Accords, which gave the Palestinian National Authority the right to self-govern parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.[66] In 1994, the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace was signed, making Jordan the second Arab country to normalize relations with Israel.[67] Public support for the Accords waned as Israel was struck by a wave of attacks from Palestinians. The November 1995 assassination of Yitzhak Rabin by a right-wing Jew, while Rabin was leaving a peace rally, came as a great shock to the country. At the end of the 1990s, Israel, under the leadership of Benjamin Netanyahu, withdrew from Hebron[4] and signed the Wye River Memorandum, giving greater control to the Palestinian National Authority.[69]
Ehud Barak, elected Prime Minister in 1999, began the new millennium by and conducting negotiations with U.S. President Bill Clinton at the July 2000 Camp David Summit. During the summit, Barak offered a plan for the establishment of a Palestinian state, but Yasser Arafat rejected it.[4] After the collapse of the talks, Palestinians began the al-Aqsa Intifada. Amid dismay over the failure of the Summit and the start of the Intifada, Ariel Sharon became the new prime minister in a 2001 special election. During his tenure, Sharon carried out his plan to unilaterally withdraw from the Gaza Strip and also spearheaded the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier.[71] In January 2006, after Ariel Sharon suffered a severe hemorrhagic stroke which left him in a coma, the powers of office were transferred to Ehud Olmert. That summer, the kidnappings of Israeli soldiers by Hamas and Hezbollah, and the shelling of settlements on Israel's northern border led to a five-week war, known in Israel as the Second Lebanon War. The conflict was brought to an end by a ceasefire brokered by the United Nations. After the war, Israel's Chief of Staff, Dan Halutz, resigned.[72]
Main articles: Geography of Israel
Israel is located at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, bounded by Lebanon to the north, Syria and Jordan to the east, and Egypt to the southwest. The sovereign territory of Israel, excluding all territories captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War, is approximately 20,770 km² (8,019 mi²) in area, of which two percent is water.1 The total area under Israeli law, including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, is 22,072 km² (8,522 mi²).[73] The total area under Israeli control, including the military-controlled and Palestinian-governed territory of the West Bank, is 27,799 km² (10,733 mi²).[74]
Despite its small size, Israel is home to a variety of geographic features, with the Negev desert in the south and the mountain ranges of the Carmel and Golan in the north. The Israeli Coastal Plain on the shores of the Mediterranean is home to seventy percent of the nation's population. East of the central highlands lies the Jordan Rift Valley, which forms a small part of the 6,500-kilometer (4,040-mi.) Great Rift Valley, through which the Jordan River runs from the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea, the lowest point on the surface of the Earth.[75]
Temperatures in Israel vary widely, especially during the winter. The more mountainous regions can be windy, cold, and sometimes snowy; Mount Hermon's peak is covered with snow most of the year and Jerusalem usually receives at least one snowfall each year.[4] Meanwhile, coastal cities, such as Tel Aviv and Haifa, have a typical Mediterranean climate with cool, rainy winters and long, hot summers. From May to September, rain in Israel is rare.[77][78]
Main articles: Politics of Israel
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Israel operates under a parliamentary system as a democratic republic with universal suffrage.1 The President of Israel is the country's head of state, but serves as a largely ceremonial figurehead.[79] The President selects the leader of the majority party or ruling coalition in the Knesset as the Prime Minister, who serves as head of government and leads the Cabinet.79[80]
Israel's unicameral legislative branch is a 120-member parliament known as the Knesset. Membership in the Knesset is allocated to parties through proportional representation (i.e. based on their proportion of the vote).[81] Elections to the Knesset are normally held every four years, but the Knesset can decide to dissolve itself ahead of time by a simple majority, known as a vote of no confidence. Israel has no written constitution, although the Basic Laws of Israel, passed by the Knesset, function as an unwritten constitution. In 2003, the Knesset began to draft an official constitution based on the Basic Laws.1[4]
Israel's judicial system is comprised of a three-tier system of courts. At the lowest level are magistrate courts, situated in most cities across the country. Above them are district courts, serving both as appellate courts and as courts of first instance; they are situated in five of Israel's six districts. The third and highest court in Israel is the Supreme Court, seated in Jerusalem. It serves a dual role as both the highest court of appeals and as the High Court of Justice. In its role as the High Court of Justice, the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance, primarily in matters regarding the legality of decisions of State authorities.[83] Israel is not a member of the International Criminal Court as it fears the court would be biased due to political pressure.[84]
Israel's legal system mixes influences from English common law, civil law, and Jewish law,1 as well as the declaration of the State of Israel. As in English law, the Israeli legal system is based on the principle of ''stare decisis'' (precedent). It is an adversarial system (as opposed to an inquisitorial system) whereby parties are responsible for bringing evidence before a court. Court cases are decided by professional judges instead of juries83 in accordance with the practices of civil law. Meanwhile, religious tribunals (Jewish, Muslim, Druze, and Christian) have exclusive jurisdiction on annulment of marriages. A committee composed of Knesset members, Supreme Court Justices, and Israeli Bar members carries out the election of judges.[85]
The Israeli seeks to defend human rights and liberties. Israel is the only country in the region to be ranked "Free" by Freedom House based on the nation's level of civil and political rights, although the same organization considers the region termed "Israeli Occupied Territories/Palestinian Authority" to be "Not Free."[86] Similarly, Reporters Without Borders rated Israel 50th out of 168 countries in terms of freedom of the press, highest among Middle Eastern countries and just ahead of Japan.[87] Nevertheless, groups such as Amnesty International[88] and Human Rights Watch[89] have often disapproved of Israel's human rights record in regards to the Arab-Israeli conflict. Within Israel, its civil liberties allow for self-criticism of government policies from groups such as B'Tselem, an Israeli human rights organization highly critical of Israeli practices in the occupied territories.[90]
Main articles: Districts of Israel
The State of Israel is divided into six main administrative districts, known in Hebrew as ''mehozot'' (מחוזות; singular: ''mahoz'') – Center District, Haifa District, Jerusalem District, Northern District, Southern District, and Tel Aviv District. Districts are further divided into fifteen sub-districts known as ''nafot'' (נפות; singular: ''nafa''), which are themselves partitioned into fifty natural regions.[91] The Golan sub-district, coincident with the Golan Heights, is included within the North District, although it is not recognized by the United Nations to be Israeli territory. On the other hand, Judea and Samaria Area, which includes most of the West Bank, maintains a status distinct from administrative districts because Israel has not fully applied its jurisdiction there.
For statistical purposes, the country is divided into three metropolitan areas: Tel Aviv and Gush Dan (population 3,040,400), Haifa (population 996,000), and Beersheba (population 531,600).[92] However, Israel's largest city, both in population and area,[93] is Jerusalem with 732,100 residents in an area of 126 square kilometers (49 sq mi). Tel Aviv, Haifa, and Rishon LeZion rank as Israel's next most populous cities, with populations of 384,600, 267,000, and 222,300 respectively.[94]
Main articles: Foreign relations of Israel, Israel Defense Forces
The United States, Germany, Turkey and Iran have been at various times among Israel's closest allies. The first two countries provided arms and financial support while the latter two cooperated on regional defence concerns, though relations with both have changed significantly. Relations with India have also gained importance. Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Yemen are regarded as enemy countries[95] according to Israeli law, and Israeli citizens may not visit them without permission from the Ministry of the Interior.[96] Israel maintains diplomatic relations with 161 countries and has 94 diplomatic missions around the world.[97] Egypt, Jordan, and Mauritania are currently the only members of the Arab League to have normalized relations with Israel, having signed peace treaties in 1979, 1994, and 1999, respectively.[98] Since 1995, Israel has been a member of the Mediterranean Dialogue, which fosters cooperation between seven countries in the Mediterranean Basin and the members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.[99]
The Israel Defense Forces consists of the Israeli Army, Israeli Air Force and Israeli Navy. It was founded during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and grew out of paramilitary organizations (chiefly the Haganah) that preceded the establishment of the state.[100] The involvement of the Israel Defense Forces in major wars and border conflicts has made it one of the most battle-trained armed forces in the world.[101] The IDF's main resource is the quality of its soldiers. It also relies heavily on high-tech weapons systems, some designed and manufactured in Israel, and some imported (especially from the United States).
Most Israelis, male and female, are drafted into the military at age eighteen; men are required to serve for three years, while women are required to serve for two years.[102] Following compulsory service, Israeli men become part of the reserve forces and are usually required to serve several weeks each year as reservists until their forties; women are exempt from doing reserve duty, although some volunteer. Meanwhile, Israeli Arabs and those participating in religious studies full-time remain exempt from conscription, despite surrounding controversy.[4][104] An alternative for those who receive exemptions on various grounds is "Sherut Leumi", or national service, which involves a program of service in hospitals, schools and other social welfare frameworks.[105]
Israel has not signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and maintains a policy of deliberate ambiguity toward its nuclear capabilities, though it is widely regarded as possessing nuclear weapons.[106]
Main articles: Economy of Israel
Israel is considered one of the most advanced countries in the Middle East in economic and industrial development. The country has been ranked highest in the region on the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Index[107] as well as in the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report.12 It has the second-largest number of startup companies in the world (after the United States) and the largest number of NASDAQ-listed companies outside North America.[108] Israel has the 53rd-highest gross domestic product and 37th-highest gross domestic product per capita (at purchasing power parity) at US$170.3 billion2 and US$26,800,3 respectively. In 2007, Israel was invited to join the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,[109] which promotes cooperation between countries that adhere to democratic principles and operate free-market economies.[110]
Despite limited natural resources, intensive development of the agricultural and industrial sectors over the past decades has made Israel largely self-sufficient in food production, apart from grains and beef. Other major imports to Israel, totaling US$47.8 billion in 2006, include fossil fuels, raw materials, and military equipment.1 Leading exports include fruits, vegetables, pharmaceuticals, software, chemicals, military technology, and diamonds; in 2006, Israeli exports reached US$42.86 billion.1 Israel is a global leader in water conservation and geo-thermal energy,[111] and its development of cutting-edge technologies in software, communications and the life sciences have evoked comparisons with Silicon Valley.[112][113] Intel[114] and Microsoft[115] built their first overseas research and development centers in Israel, and other high-tech multi-national corporations, such as IBM, Cisco Systems, and Motorola, have opened facilities in the country. Since its establishment, Israel has received economic aid from the United States, whose loans account for the bulk of Israel's external debt.1
Tourism, especially religious tourism, is another important industry in Israel, with the country's temperate climate, beaches, archaeological and historical sites, and unique geography also drawing tourists. Israel's security problems have taken their toll on the industry, but the number of incoming tourists is on the rebound.[116]
Main articles: Education in Israel
Israel has the highest school life expectancy in the Greater Middle East and Southwest Asia, and is tied with Japan for second-highest school life expectancy on the entire Asian continent (after South Korea).[117] Israel similarly has the highest literacy rate in the Middle East, according to the United Nations.[118]
Education is compulsory in Israel for children between the ages of three and eighteen.[119][120] Schooling is divided into three tiers – primary school (grades 1-6), middle school (grades 7-9), and high school (grades 10-12) – culminating with ''Bagrut'' matriculation exams. Proficiency in core subjects such as mathematics, Bible, Hebrew language and literature, English, history, and civics is necessary to receive a Bagrut certificate.[121] In Arab, Christian and Druze schools, the exam on Biblical studies is replaced by an exam in Islam, Christianity or Druze heritage.[122] In 2003, over half of all Israeli twelfth graders earned a matriculation certificate.[123]
Any Israeli with a full matriculation certificate can proceed to higher education, with admission to universities and colleges based on Bagrut scores and a psychometric exam. Israel's eight public universities are subsidized by the state.[124]121 The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel's oldest university, houses the Jewish National and University Library, the world's largest repository of books on Jewish subjects.[125] In 2006, the Hebrew University was ranked 60th[126] and 119th[127] in two surveys of the world's top universities. Other major universities in the country include the Technion, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Tel Aviv University, Bar-Ilan University, the University of Haifa, and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Twenty percent of Israelis hold university degrees, putting Israel among the three highest-ranking countries by this measure.[128][129] During the 1990s, an influx of a million immigrants from the former Soviet Union (forty percent of whom were university graduates) helped boost Israel's high-tech sector.128
Since the establishment of the state, Israeli scientists have made important contributions to the sciences; Israel has produced four Nobel Prize-winning scientists[130] and publishes among the most scientific papers per capita of any country in the world.[131][132] In 2003, Ilan Ramon became Israel's first astronaut, serving as payload specialist of STS-107, the fatal mission of the Space Shuttle ''Columbia''.
Main articles: Demographics of Israel
Israel's population, as of 2007, is 7.1 million.5 Of those, over 267,000 Israeli citizens lived in the West Bank[133] in Israeli cities such as Ma'ale Adumim and Ariel, and communities that predated the establishment of the State but were re-established after the Six-Day War, such as Hebron and Gush Etzion. In 2002, there were 180,000 Jews living in East Jerusalem.[134] Approximately 8,500 Israelis lived in settlements in the Gaza Strip until they were evacuated by the government as part of its 2005 disengagement plan.
Israel's two official languages are Hebrew and Arabic.1 Hebrew is the primary language of the state and spoken by the majority of the population. Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority and Jews who immigrated to Israel from Arab lands. Most Israelis can communicate reasonably well in English, as many television programs are in English and many schools begin to teach English in the early grades. As a country of immigrants, dozens of languages can be heard on the streets of Israel. A large influx of people from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia have made Russian and Amharic widely spoken in Israel. Between 1990 and 1994, the immigration of Jews from the former Soviet Union increased Israel's population by twelve percent.[135]
Main articles: Religion in Israel
Israel was established as a homeland for the Jewish people and is often referred to as the Jewish state. The country's Law of Return grants all Jews and those of Jewish lineage the right to Israeli citizenship.[136] Just over three quarters, or 76.1%, of the population are Jews from a diversity of Jewish backgrounds. Approximately sixty-eight percent of Israeli Jews are Israeli-born, twenty-two percent are immigrants from Europe and the Americas, and ten percent are immigrants from Asia and Africa (including the Arab world).[137] The religious affiliation of Israeli Jews varies widely: eight percent define themselves as "Haredi Jews" and twenty percent consider themselves "secular Jews". The majority of Israeli Jews, fifty-five percent, say they are "traditional," The remaining seventeen percent define themselves as Orthodox Jews.[138]
Making up 16.2% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority. Israeli Arabs, who comprise 19.8% of the population, contribute significantly to that figure as over four fifths (82.6%) of them are Muslim. Of the remaining Israeli Arabs, 8.8% are Christian and 8.4% are Druze.[139] Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers.[140]
The city of Jerusalem enjoys a special place in the hearts of Jews, Muslims, and Christians as the home of sites that are pivotal to their religious beliefs, such as the Western Wall, the Temple Mount, the Dome of the Rock and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Other landmarks of great religious importance are located in the West Bank and include the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron and the birthplace of Jesus in Bethlehem. The administrative center of the Bahá'í Faith and the Shrine of the Báb are located at the Bahá'í World Centre in Haifa and the leader of the faith is buried in Acre. Apart from maintenance staff, there is no Bahá'í community in Israel, although it is a destination for pilgrimages.[141][142]
Main articles: Culture of Israel
Israel's diverse culture stems from the diversity of the population: Jews from around the world have brought their cultural and religious traditions with them, creating a melting pot of Jewish customs and beliefs.[143] Israel's large Arab minority has also left its imprint on spheres of Israeli culture, which has incorporated aspects of Arab architecture[144] and cuisine.[145]
Israeli literature is primarily poetry and prose written in Hebrew, as part of the renaissance of Hebrew as a spoken language since the mid-19th century, although a small body of literature is published in other languages, such as Arabic and English. By law, two copies of all printed matter published in Israel must be deposited in the Jewish National and University Library at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 2001, the law was amended to include audio and video recordings, and other non-print media.[146] In 2006, eighty-five percent of the eight thousand books transferred to the library were in Hebrew.[147] Hebrew Book Week is held each June and features book fairs, public readings, and appearances by Israeli authors around the country. During the week, Israel's top literary award, the Sapir Prize, is presented. In 1966, Shmuel Yosef Agnon shared the Nobel Prize in Literature with German Jewish author Nelly Sachs.[148]
Israeli music contains musical influences from all over the world; Yemenite music, Hasidic melodies, Arabic music, Greek music, jazz, and pop rock are all part of the music scene.[4][150] The nation's canonical folk songs, known as "Songs of the Land of Israel," deal with the experiences of the pioneers in building the Jewish homeland.[151] Among Israel's world-renowned[152] orchestras is the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, which has been in operation for over seventy years and today performs more than two hundred concerts each year.[153] Israel has also produced many musicians of note, some achieving international stardom. Itzhak Perlman, Pinchas Zukerman are among the internationally-acclaimed musicians born in Israel. Israel has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest nearly every year since 1973, winning the competition three times and hosting it twice.[154] Eilat has hosted its own international music festival, the Red Sea Jazz Festival, each summer since 1987.[155] Founded in 1918, Habima Theatre in Tel Aviv is Israel's oldest repertory theater company and national theater.[156]
The Israel Museum in Jerusalem is one of Israel's most important cultural institutions[157] and houses the Dead Sea Scrolls,[158] along with an extensive collection of Jewish and European art.157 Israel's national Holocaust museum, Yad Vashem, houses the world's largest library of Holocaust-related information.[159] On the campus of Tel Aviv University is Beth Hatefutsoth (the Diaspora Museum), an interactive museum devoted to the history of Jewish communities around the world.[160] Apart from the major museums in large cities, there are also small but high-quality artspaces in many towns and ''kibbutzim''.
Sports and physical fitness have not always been paramount in Jewish culture. Athletic prowess, which was prized by the Ancient Greeks, was looked down upon as an unwelcome intrusion of Hellenistic values. Maimonides, however, who was both a rabbi and a physician, emphasized the importance of physical activity and keeping the body in shape. This approach received a boost in the early 20th century, when the Chief Rabbi of Palestine, Abraham Isaac Kook, declared that "the body serves the soul, and only a healthy body can ensure a healthy soul".[161] The most popular spectator sports in Israel today are football (soccer) and basketball.[162] Ligat ha'Al is the country's premier soccer league, and Ligat Winner is the premier basketball league.[163] Israel has won the European championship in basketball five times.[164] Beersheba has become a national chess center and home to many chess champions from the former Soviet Union. The city hosted the World Team Chess Championship in 2005 and chess is even taught in the city's kindergartens.[165] To date, Israel has won six Olympic medals, including a gold medal in windsurfing at the 2004 Summer Olympics.[166]
1. Israel
2. Rank Order - GDP (purchasing power parity)
3. Rank Order - GDP - per capita (PPP)
4.
5. Population, by religion and population group
6. Israel
7. Jerusalem is the capital city and seat of government of Israel: it is home to the President's residence, government offices, supreme court, and parliament. The Jerusalem Law states that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel" although the Palestinian Authority sees East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian State and the United Nations and most countries do not accept the Jerusalem Law, arguing that Jerusalem's final status must await future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Most countries maintain their embassies in other cities such as Tel Aviv, Ramat-Gan, and Herzliya(see the CIA Factbook and Map of Israel) See Positions on Jerusalem for more information.
8. The Palestine Mandate
9. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181
10. Global Survey 2006: Middle East Progress Amid Global Gains in Freedom
11. Israel
12. Global Competitiveness Report 2006-2007
13. Human Development Report 2006
14. From the King James Version of the Bible: "And he said, Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel: for as a prince hast thou power with God and with men, and hast prevailed." (Genesis, 32:28)
15.
16.
17. . "The Merneptah Stele... is arguably the oldest evidence outside the Bible for the existence of Israel as early as the thirteenth century BCE."
18. Popular Opinion
19. On the Move
20. From the King James Version of the Bible: "And the Lord thy God will bring thee into the land which thy fathers possessed, and thou shalt possess it; and he will do thee good, and multiply thee above thy fathers." (Deuteronomy, 30:5)
21. From the King James Version of the Bible: "But if ye turn unto me, and keep my commandments, and do them; though there were of you cast out unto the uttermost part of the heaven, yet will I gather them from thence, and will bring them unto the place that I have chosen to set my name there." (Nehemiah, 1:9)
22. History: Biblical Times
23. History: The Second Temple
24. Palestine: History
25.
26. History: Foreign Domination
27. From the King James Version of the Bible: "For out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem." (Isaiah, 2:3)
28.
29. Immigration The source provides information on the First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Aliyot in their respective articles. The White Paper leading to Aliyah Bet is discussed here.
30. . "How did Theodor Herzl, an assimilated German nationalist in the 1880s, suddenly in the 1890s become the founder of Zionism?"
31. Chapter One: The Heralders of Zionism
32. Balfour Declaration 1917
33. . "During the First and Second Aliyot, there were many Arab attacks against Jewish settlements... In 1920, Hashomer was disbanded and Haganah ("The Defense") was established."
34. League of Nations: The Mandate for Palestine, July 24, 1922
35.
36. The Population of Palestine Prior to 1948
37. Population Statistics
38.
39.
40.
41. Part 3: Partition, War and Independence
42.
43. (U.N. General Assembly Official Records, Fifth Session, Supplement No. 18, Document A/1367/Rev. 1)
44. . "And most [Oriental-Sephardic Jews] came... because of Arab persecution resulting from the very attempt to establish a Jewish state in Palestine."
45.
46. Israel (Labor Zionism)
47. Population, by Religion and Population Group
48.
49.
50. The Suez Crisis
51. Adolf Eichmann
52. . "...the Eichmann trial, which did so much to raise public awareness of the Holocaust..."
53. Justice Ministry Reply to Amnesty International Report
54. . "Nasser, the Egyptian president, decided to mass troops in the Sinai...casus belli by Israel."
55. Israel: The War of Attrition
56.
57. 1973: Arab states attack Israeli forces
58. "In hindsight we can say that 1977 was a turning point..."
59.
60.
61.
62. After 4 Years, Intifada Still Smolders Clyde Haberman
63.
64.
65. From the End of the Cold War to 2001
66. Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements
67. . "Even though Jordan in 1994 became the second country, after Egypt to sign a peace treaty with Israel..."
68.
69. The Wye River Memorandum
70.
71. West Bank barrier route disputed, Israeli missile kills 2
72. Halutz resignation spurs calls for Olmert, Peretz to quit too
73. Area of Districts, Sub-Districts, Natural Regions and Lakes
74. Israel (Geography)
75. The Living Dead Sea
76.
77. Average Weather for Tel Aviv-Yafo
78. Average Weather for Jerusalem
79. Field Listing - Executive Branch
80. For a short period in the 1990s, the Prime Minister was directly elected by the electorate. This change was not viewed a success and was abandoned.
81. The Electoral System in Israel
82.
83. The Judiciary: The Court System
84. Israel and the International Criminal Court
85. The State - Judiciary - The Court System
86. Press Freedom Rankings by Region 2007
87. Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2006
88. Israel and the Occupied Territories
89. Israel/Palestinian Authority
90. Land Grab: Israel's Settlement Policy in the West Bank
91. Introduction to the Tables: Geophysical Characteristics
92. Localities, Population, and Density
93. Press Release: Jerusalem Day
94. Population of Localities numbering above 1,000 residents and other rural population on 31/12/2006
95. Initial Periodic Report of the State of Israel Concerning the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC)
96. הוראות הדין הישראלי
97. Israel's Diplomatic Missions Abroad: Status of Relations
98. Israel Among the Nations: Middle East - North Africa
99. Week of 8-14 March 2000
100. History: 1948
101. The State: Israel Defense Forces (IDF)
102. The Israel Defense Forces
103.
104. Cool law, for wrong population Nehemia Shtrasler
105. Sherut Leumi (National Service)
106. Transcript of the Director General´s Interview with Al-Ahram News Mohamed ElBaradei
107. Economy Rankings - Middle East & North Africa
108. NASDAQ Appoints Asaf Homossany as New Director for Israel
109. Israel invited to join the OECD
110. About
111. A Hotter Holy Land Mitch Ginsburg
112. Israel keen on IT tie-ups
113. Israel: Punching above its weight
114. Intel to expand Jerusalem R&D Avi Krawitz
115. Israel R&D Center: Leadership Team
116. Tourist visits above pre-war level Nathan Burstein
117. Comparing Education Statistics Across the World
118. Human Development Indicators
119. Knesset raises school dropout age to 18 Or Kashti
120. Summary of the Principal Laws Related to Education
121. Education
122. The Israeli Matriculation Certificate
123. Pupils in Grade XII, matriculation examinees and entitled to a certificate
124. http://www.israelemb.org/highered/highed.html
125. About the Library
126. Top 500 World Universities (1-100)
127. The World's Top 200 Universities
128. Top Ten Reasons to Invest in Israel
129. Israel: IT Workforce
130. Israeli professor shares Nobel Prize in Economics for 2005
131. Globalization Of Science Rolls On Michael Heylin
132. Kicking the global oil habit Evelyn Gordon
133. Report: 12,400 new settlers in 2006 Tovah Lazaroff
134. East Jerusalem Population and Area, 2000-2002
135. The Impact of Mass Migration on the Israeli Labor Market, , Rachel M., Friedberg, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2001
136. The Law of Return
137. Jews and others, by origin, continent of birth and period of immigration
138. Religion in Israel: A Consensus for Jewish Tradition
139. Population, by religion and population group
140. National Population Estimates
141. The Bahá'í World Centre: Focal Point for a Global Community
142. Teaching the Faith in Israel
143. Immigration and Social and Cultural Diversity Among the Jewish Population
144. Encounters: The Vernacular Paradox of Israeli Architecture
145. Some Thoughts About Israeli Cuisine
146. Depositing Books to The Jewish National & University Library
147. Israeli Book Statistics for 2006
148. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1966
149.
150. Israel
151. Israeli Folk
152. Israel (country) Encarta
153. Israel Philharmonic Orchestra celebrates 70th anniversary
154. Israel
155. About Us
156. התיאטרון הלאומי הבימה
157. About the Museum
158. Shrine of the Book
159. About Yad Vashem: The Yad Vashem Library
160. Museum Information
161. Sports in Israel
162. . "The two most popular spectator sports in Israel are soccer and basketball."
163. Basketball Super League Profile
164. Israel Wins More Than Hoop Crown Daniel Bouskila
165. World Team Championship in Beer Sheva, Israel
166. Olympic Medal Winners (under Europe / Israel)
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; Government
★ Israel Government Portal (with links to English, Arabic versions)
★ Prime Minister's Office, official site (with links to English, Arabic versions)
★ President of the State of Israel, official site (with links to English, Arabic versions)
★ The Knesset, official site of Israel's parliament
★ The Supreme Court, official site (with links to English, Arabic versions)
★ Ministry of Foreign Affairs, official site
★ Central Bureau of Statistics, official site (with links to English, Arabic versions)
★ Ministry of Tourism, official site
; General reference
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★ Encyclopædia Britannica entry on Israel
★ BBC country profile of Israel
★ Library of Congress Country Studies entry on Israel
★ Columbia University library related to Israel
;Media
★ ''The Jerusalem Post'', Israel's most popular English-language newspaper
★ Ynet News, based on Tel Aviv
★ Israel Broadcasting Agency, state broadcasting network (with link to English version)
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★ Israel at WikiMapia
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'Israel' (, ''Yisra'el''), officially the 'State of Israel' (Hebrew: , ''Medinat Yisra'el''; , ''Dawlat Isrā'īl''), is a country in Southwest Asia located on the southeastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea. It has borders with Lebanon in the north, Syria and Jordan in the east, and Egypt on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area.[4] Also adjacent are the West Bank and Gaza Strip, which are partially administrated by the Palestinian National Authority. With a population of about 7.1 million,[5] the majority of whom are Jews, Israel is the world's only Jewish state.[6] It is also home to Muslims, Christians and Druze, mostly of local Arab background, as well as other religious and ethnic minority groups. Jerusalem is the nation's capital, seat of government, and largest city.[7]
The modern state of Israel has its roots in the Land of Israel, a concept central to Judaism for over three thousand years. After World War I, the League of Nations approved the British Mandate of Palestine with the intent of creating a "national home for the Jewish people".[8] In 1947, the United Nations approved the partition of the Mandate of Palestine into two states, one Jewish and one Arab.[9] The Arab League rejected the plan, but on May 14, 1948, Israel declared its independence. The new country's victory in the subsequent Arab-Israeli War expanded the borders of the Jewish state beyond the original configuration. Since then, Israel has been in conflict with many of the neighboring Arab countries, resulting in several major wars and decades of violence. Throughout the conflict, Israel's boundaries have been subject to dispute, although Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, and efforts are being made to reach a permanent accord with the Palestinians.
Despite its political problems, Israel is a developed country and a liberal democracy[10], and has been ranked as the most progressive in the region in such parameters as freedom of the press,[11] economic competition,[12] and overall human development.[13]
Etymology
Over the past three thousand years, the name "Israel" has meant in common and religious usage both the Land of Israel and the entire Jewish nation. The name originated from a verse in the Bible (Genesis, 32:28) where Jacob is renamed Israel (possibly ''śara'' + ''el'' or struggle with God) after successfully wrestling with an angel of God.[14] Commentators differ on the meaning of the name. Some say the name comes from the verb śarar ("to rule, be strong, have authority over"), thereby making the name mean "God rules" or "God judges".[4] Other possible meanings include "the prince of God" (from the King James Version of the Bible) or "El fights/struggles".[4] Regardless of the precise meaning of the name, the biblical nation fathered by Jacob thus became the "Children of Israel" or the "Israelites".
The first historical mention of the word "Israel" comes from the Merneptah Stele of Ancient Egypt (dated the late 13th century BC), although experts have not been able to agree on whether the term was being used to refer to a people or a homeland.[17] The modern country was named ''Medinat Yisrael'', or the State of Israel, after other proposed names, including ''Eretz Israel'', Zion, and Judea, were rejected.[18] In the early weeks of independence, the government chose the term "Israeli" to denote a citizen of Israel, with the formal announcement made by Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Sharett.[19]
History
Main articles: History of the State of Israel
Early roots
The Land of Israel, known in Hebrew as ''Eretz Yisrael'', has been sacred to the Jewish people for four thousand years, ever since the time of the biblical patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. According to the Torah, it was promised to the Jews as their homeland,[20][21] and the sites holiest to Judaism (particularly the site of the First and Second Temples of Jerusalem) are located there. Around the 11th century BCE, the first of a series of Jewish kingdoms and states established rule over the region; these Jewish kingdoms and states ruled intermittently for the following one thousand years.[22][23]
Between the time of the Jewish kingdoms and the seventh-century Muslim conquests, the Land of Israel fell under Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, Greek, Roman, Sassanian, and Byzantine rule. Jewish presence in the region dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE and the resultant large-scale expulsion of Jews. Nevertheless, a continuous Jewish presence in Palestine was maintained, although the main Jewish population shifted from the Judea region to the Galilee;[24] the Talmud, one of Judaism's most important religious texts, was composed in the region during this period.[4] The Land of Israel was captured from the Byzantine Empire around 636 CE during the initial Muslim conquests. Control of the region transferred between the Umayyads, Abbasids, Crusaders, Khwarezmians, and Mongols over the next six centuries, before falling in the hands of the Mamluk Sultanate, in 1260. In 1517, the Land of Israel became a part of the Ottoman Empire, which ruled the region until the 20th century.[26]
Zionism and the British Mandate
Main articles: Zionism, Aliyah, British Mandate of Palestine
Jews living in the Diaspora have aspired over the ages to return to the Land of Israel (or Zion); that aspiration was articulated in the Bible[27] and the Jewish prayer book. Beginning in the twelfth century, a small but steady stream of Jews left Europe to live in Israel. In particular, when the Jews of Spain were expelled in 1492, some made their way to the Land of Israel. During the 16th century, the pace stepped up, and large Jewish communities were established in Jerusalem, Hebron, Safed and Tiberias. In the second half of the 18th century, entire Hasidic communities from Poland, Galicia and Ukraine settled in the Holy Land with their rabbis.[4]
The first large wave of modern immigration, known as the First Aliyah (Hebrew: עלייה), began in 1881, as Jews fled growing persecution in Eastern Europe.[29] While Zionism already existed in theory, Theodor Herzl was credited with establishing the Zionist movement.[30] In 1896, he published ''Der Judenstaat'' (''The Jewish State''), offering his vision of a future state; the following year he presided over the first World Zionist Congress.[31]
During the period known as the Second Aliyah (1904–1914), some 40,000 Jews settled in Palestine.29 Whereas the first wave of immigration consisted mainly of Orthodox Jews, many members of the second wave were non-religious, socialist pioneers who established the ''kibbutz'' movement. During World War I, British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour issued what became known as the Balfour Declaration, which "view[ed] with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people."[32] Arab opposition to the plan led to the 1920 Palestine riots and the formation of the Jewish defense organization known as the Haganah, from which the Irgun and Lehi split off.[33] In 1922, the League of Nations granted Great Britain a mandate over Palestine for the express purpose of "placing the country under such political, administrative and economic conditions as will secure the establishment of the Jewish national home".[34]
After World War I, Jewish immigration continued: the Third Aliyah (1919-1923) and Fourth Aliyah (1924-1929) brought 100,000 Jews to Palestine.29 In the wake of Arab rioting in the early days of the Mandate, the British reined in Jewish immigration and territory slated for the Jewish state was allocated to Transjordan.[4] The rise of Nazism in the 1930s led to the Fifth Aliyah, with an influx of a quarter of a million Jews. Arab rioting intensified between 1936 and 1939. When the British imposed even stricter quotas on Jewish immigration, and countries around the world turned away Jewish refugees fleeing the Holocaust, a clandestine movement known as Aliyah Bet was organized to bring Jews to Palestine.29 By the end of World War II, Jews accounted for 33% of the population of Palestine, up from 11% in 1922.[36][37]
Independence
Main articles: 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Declaration of Independence (Israel)
In 1947, the British government withdrew from the Mandate of Palestine, stating it was unable to arrive at a solution acceptable to both Arabs and Jews.[38] The newly-created United Nations approved Resolution 181 (the Partition Plan) on November 29, 1947, allocating just over half the land for a Jewish state and most of the rest for an Arab country. Jerusalem was to be designated an international city – a ''corpus separatum'' – administered by the UN to avoid conflict over its status.[4] The Jewish community accepted the UN Partition Plan,26 but the Arab League and Arab Higher Committee rejected it.[4]
David Ben-Gurion, later the first Prime Minister of Israel, pronounces the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel on May 14, 1948 in Tel Aviv.
Regardless, the State of Israel was proclaimed on May 14, 1948, one day before the expiry of the British Mandate of Palestine.[41] Not long after, five Arab countries – Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq – attacked Israel, launching the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.41 After almost a year of fighting, a ceasefire was declared and temporary borders, known as the Green Line, were instituted. Jordan annexed what became known as the West Bank and Egypt took control of the Gaza Strip. Israel was admitted as a member of the United Nations on May 11, 1949.[38] During the course of the hostilities, 711,000 Arabs, according to UN estimates, fled from Israel.[43] Arab persecution of Jewish communities precipitated a similar Jewish exodus from Arab lands.[44]
The first fifty years, 1950s-1990s
In the early years of the state, the Labor Zionist movement led by Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion dominated Israeli politics.[4][46] These years were marked by mass immigration of Holocaust survivors and Jews fleeing Arab lands;44 the population rose from eight hundred thousand to two million between 1948 and 1958.[47] Most arrived as refugees with no possessions and were housed in temporary camps known as ''ma'abarot''. By 1952, over two hundred thousand immigrants were living in these tent cities. The need to solve the crisis led Ben-Gurion to sign a reparations agreement with West Germany that triggered mass protests by Jews angered at the idea of Israel "doing business" with Germany.[4]
During the 1950s, Israel was frequently attacked by Arab fedayeen, mainly from the (Egyptian-occupied) Gaza Strip.[4] In 1956, Israel joined a secret alliance with the Great Britain and France aimed at recapturing the Suez Canal, which the Egyptians had nationalized (see the Suez Crisis). Despite capturing the Sinai Peninsula, Israel was forced to retreat due to pressure from the United States and the Soviet Union in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the Red Sea and the Canal.[50] At the start of the following decade, Israel captured Adolf Eichmann, an implementer of the Final Solution hiding in Argentina, and brought him to trial.[51] The trial had a major impact on public awareness of the Holocaust[52] and to date Eichmann remains the only person sentenced to death by Israeli courts.[53] In 1967, Egypt, Jordan, and Syria amassed troops close to Israeli borders, expelled UN peacekeepers and blocked Israel's access to the Red Sea. Israel saw these actions as a ''casus belli'' for a pre-emptive strike that launched the Six-Day War, during which it captured the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights.[54] The 1949 Green Line became the administrative boundary between Israel and the occupied territories. East Jerusalem was later annexed as Israel's capital in the 1980 Jerusalem Law, although the validity of the law has been contested.
Between 1969 and 1970, numerous clashes erupted along Israel's border with Egypt in what became known as the War of Attrition.[55] In the early 1970s, Palestinian groups launched a wave of attacks against Israeli targets around the world, including a massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics. Israel responded with Operation Wrath of God, in which those responsible for the Munich massacre were tracked down and assassinated.[4] On October 6, 1973, Yom Kippur, the holiest day in the Jewish calendar, the Egyptian and Syrian armies launched a surprise attack against Israel. The war ended on October 26 with Israel successfully repelling Egyptian and Syrian forces but suffering great losses.[57] The 1977 Knesset elections marked a major turning point in Israeli political history as Menachem Begin's Likud party took control from the Labor Party.[58] Later that year, Egyptian President Anwar Al Sadat made a trip to Israel and spoke before the Knesset in what was the first recognition of Israel by an Arab head of state.[4] In the two years that followed, Sadat and Menachem Begin signed the Camp David Accords and the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty.[4] Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula and gave autonomy to Palestinians across the Green Line.
In 1982, Israel intervened in the Lebanese Civil War to destroy the bases from which the Palestine Liberation Organization launched terror attacks against northern Israel. That move developed into the First Lebanon War.[4] Israel withdrew from most of Lebanon in 1986, but it would maintain a borderland buffer zone until 2000. The First Intifada broke out in 1987 with waves of violence occurring in the occupied territories. Over the following six years, more than a thousand people were killed in the ensuing violence, much of which was internal Palestinian violence. During the 1991 Gulf War, the PLO and many Palestinians supported Saddam Hussein and Iraqi missile attacks against Israel.[62][4]
Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton, and Yasser Arafat after witnessing the signing of the Oslo Accords on September 13, 1993
In 1992, Yitzhak Rabin became Prime Minister following an election in which his party promoted compromise with Israel's neighbors.[4][65] The following year, Shimon Peres and Mahmoud Abbas, on behalf of Israel and the PLO, respectively, signed the Oslo Accords, which gave the Palestinian National Authority the right to self-govern parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.[66] In 1994, the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace was signed, making Jordan the second Arab country to normalize relations with Israel.[67] Public support for the Accords waned as Israel was struck by a wave of attacks from Palestinians. The November 1995 assassination of Yitzhak Rabin by a right-wing Jew, while Rabin was leaving a peace rally, came as a great shock to the country. At the end of the 1990s, Israel, under the leadership of Benjamin Netanyahu, withdrew from Hebron[4] and signed the Wye River Memorandum, giving greater control to the Palestinian National Authority.[69]
The 21st century
Ehud Barak, elected Prime Minister in 1999, began the new millennium by and conducting negotiations with U.S. President Bill Clinton at the July 2000 Camp David Summit. During the summit, Barak offered a plan for the establishment of a Palestinian state, but Yasser Arafat rejected it.[4] After the collapse of the talks, Palestinians began the al-Aqsa Intifada. Amid dismay over the failure of the Summit and the start of the Intifada, Ariel Sharon became the new prime minister in a 2001 special election. During his tenure, Sharon carried out his plan to unilaterally withdraw from the Gaza Strip and also spearheaded the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier.[71] In January 2006, after Ariel Sharon suffered a severe hemorrhagic stroke which left him in a coma, the powers of office were transferred to Ehud Olmert. That summer, the kidnappings of Israeli soldiers by Hamas and Hezbollah, and the shelling of settlements on Israel's northern border led to a five-week war, known in Israel as the Second Lebanon War. The conflict was brought to an end by a ceasefire brokered by the United Nations. After the war, Israel's Chief of Staff, Dan Halutz, resigned.[72]
Geography and climate
Sand Mountains in the Negev.
Main articles: Geography of Israel
Israel is located at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, bounded by Lebanon to the north, Syria and Jordan to the east, and Egypt to the southwest. The sovereign territory of Israel, excluding all territories captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War, is approximately 20,770 km² (8,019 mi²) in area, of which two percent is water.1 The total area under Israeli law, including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, is 22,072 km² (8,522 mi²).[73] The total area under Israeli control, including the military-controlled and Palestinian-governed territory of the West Bank, is 27,799 km² (10,733 mi²).[74]
Despite its small size, Israel is home to a variety of geographic features, with the Negev desert in the south and the mountain ranges of the Carmel and Golan in the north. The Israeli Coastal Plain on the shores of the Mediterranean is home to seventy percent of the nation's population. East of the central highlands lies the Jordan Rift Valley, which forms a small part of the 6,500-kilometer (4,040-mi.) Great Rift Valley, through which the Jordan River runs from the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea, the lowest point on the surface of the Earth.[75]
Temperatures in Israel vary widely, especially during the winter. The more mountainous regions can be windy, cold, and sometimes snowy; Mount Hermon's peak is covered with snow most of the year and Jerusalem usually receives at least one snowfall each year.[4] Meanwhile, coastal cities, such as Tel Aviv and Haifa, have a typical Mediterranean climate with cool, rainy winters and long, hot summers. From May to September, rain in Israel is rare.[77][78]
Government and politics
Main articles: Politics of Israel
.jpg)
The Knesset building, home of Israel's parliament
Israel operates under a parliamentary system as a democratic republic with universal suffrage.1 The President of Israel is the country's head of state, but serves as a largely ceremonial figurehead.[79] The President selects the leader of the majority party or ruling coalition in the Knesset as the Prime Minister, who serves as head of government and leads the Cabinet.79[80]
Israel's unicameral legislative branch is a 120-member parliament known as the Knesset. Membership in the Knesset is allocated to parties through proportional representation (i.e. based on their proportion of the vote).[81] Elections to the Knesset are normally held every four years, but the Knesset can decide to dissolve itself ahead of time by a simple majority, known as a vote of no confidence. Israel has no written constitution, although the Basic Laws of Israel, passed by the Knesset, function as an unwritten constitution. In 2003, the Knesset began to draft an official constitution based on the Basic Laws.1[4]
Israel's judicial system is comprised of a three-tier system of courts. At the lowest level are magistrate courts, situated in most cities across the country. Above them are district courts, serving both as appellate courts and as courts of first instance; they are situated in five of Israel's six districts. The third and highest court in Israel is the Supreme Court, seated in Jerusalem. It serves a dual role as both the highest court of appeals and as the High Court of Justice. In its role as the High Court of Justice, the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance, primarily in matters regarding the legality of decisions of State authorities.[83] Israel is not a member of the International Criminal Court as it fears the court would be biased due to political pressure.[84]
Israel's legal system mixes influences from English common law, civil law, and Jewish law,1 as well as the declaration of the State of Israel. As in English law, the Israeli legal system is based on the principle of ''stare decisis'' (precedent). It is an adversarial system (as opposed to an inquisitorial system) whereby parties are responsible for bringing evidence before a court. Court cases are decided by professional judges instead of juries83 in accordance with the practices of civil law. Meanwhile, religious tribunals (Jewish, Muslim, Druze, and Christian) have exclusive jurisdiction on annulment of marriages. A committee composed of Knesset members, Supreme Court Justices, and Israeli Bar members carries out the election of judges.[85]
The Israeli seeks to defend human rights and liberties. Israel is the only country in the region to be ranked "Free" by Freedom House based on the nation's level of civil and political rights, although the same organization considers the region termed "Israeli Occupied Territories/Palestinian Authority" to be "Not Free."[86] Similarly, Reporters Without Borders rated Israel 50th out of 168 countries in terms of freedom of the press, highest among Middle Eastern countries and just ahead of Japan.[87] Nevertheless, groups such as Amnesty International[88] and Human Rights Watch[89] have often disapproved of Israel's human rights record in regards to the Arab-Israeli conflict. Within Israel, its civil liberties allow for self-criticism of government policies from groups such as B'Tselem, an Israeli human rights organization highly critical of Israeli practices in the occupied territories.[90]
Administrative districts
Main articles: Districts of Israel
The State of Israel is divided into six main administrative districts, known in Hebrew as ''mehozot'' (מחוזות; singular: ''mahoz'') – Center District, Haifa District, Jerusalem District, Northern District, Southern District, and Tel Aviv District. Districts are further divided into fifteen sub-districts known as ''nafot'' (נפות; singular: ''nafa''), which are themselves partitioned into fifty natural regions.[91] The Golan sub-district, coincident with the Golan Heights, is included within the North District, although it is not recognized by the United Nations to be Israeli territory. On the other hand, Judea and Samaria Area, which includes most of the West Bank, maintains a status distinct from administrative districts because Israel has not fully applied its jurisdiction there.
For statistical purposes, the country is divided into three metropolitan areas: Tel Aviv and Gush Dan (population 3,040,400), Haifa (population 996,000), and Beersheba (population 531,600).[92] However, Israel's largest city, both in population and area,[93] is Jerusalem with 732,100 residents in an area of 126 square kilometers (49 sq mi). Tel Aviv, Haifa, and Rishon LeZion rank as Israel's next most populous cities, with populations of 384,600, 267,000, and 222,300 respectively.[94]
Foreign relations and military
Main articles: Foreign relations of Israel, Israel Defense Forces
The United States, Germany, Turkey and Iran have been at various times among Israel's closest allies. The first two countries provided arms and financial support while the latter two cooperated on regional defence concerns, though relations with both have changed significantly. Relations with India have also gained importance. Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Yemen are regarded as enemy countries[95] according to Israeli law, and Israeli citizens may not visit them without permission from the Ministry of the Interior.[96] Israel maintains diplomatic relations with 161 countries and has 94 diplomatic missions around the world.[97] Egypt, Jordan, and Mauritania are currently the only members of the Arab League to have normalized relations with Israel, having signed peace treaties in 1979, 1994, and 1999, respectively.[98] Since 1995, Israel has been a member of the Mediterranean Dialogue, which fosters cooperation between seven countries in the Mediterranean Basin and the members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.[99]
IDF soldiers of the Netzah Yehuda Battalion
The Israel Defense Forces consists of the Israeli Army, Israeli Air Force and Israeli Navy. It was founded during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and grew out of paramilitary organizations (chiefly the Haganah) that preceded the establishment of the state.[100] The involvement of the Israel Defense Forces in major wars and border conflicts has made it one of the most battle-trained armed forces in the world.[101] The IDF's main resource is the quality of its soldiers. It also relies heavily on high-tech weapons systems, some designed and manufactured in Israel, and some imported (especially from the United States).
Most Israelis, male and female, are drafted into the military at age eighteen; men are required to serve for three years, while women are required to serve for two years.[102] Following compulsory service, Israeli men become part of the reserve forces and are usually required to serve several weeks each year as reservists until their forties; women are exempt from doing reserve duty, although some volunteer. Meanwhile, Israeli Arabs and those participating in religious studies full-time remain exempt from conscription, despite surrounding controversy.[4][104] An alternative for those who receive exemptions on various grounds is "Sherut Leumi", or national service, which involves a program of service in hospitals, schools and other social welfare frameworks.[105]
Israel has not signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and maintains a policy of deliberate ambiguity toward its nuclear capabilities, though it is widely regarded as possessing nuclear weapons.[106]
Economy
Main articles: Economy of Israel
Israel is considered one of the most advanced countries in the Middle East in economic and industrial development. The country has been ranked highest in the region on the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Index[107] as well as in the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report.12 It has the second-largest number of startup companies in the world (after the United States) and the largest number of NASDAQ-listed companies outside North America.[108] Israel has the 53rd-highest gross domestic product and 37th-highest gross domestic product per capita (at purchasing power parity) at US$170.3 billion2 and US$26,800,3 respectively. In 2007, Israel was invited to join the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,[109] which promotes cooperation between countries that adhere to democratic principles and operate free-market economies.[110]
Despite limited natural resources, intensive development of the agricultural and industrial sectors over the past decades has made Israel largely self-sufficient in food production, apart from grains and beef. Other major imports to Israel, totaling US$47.8 billion in 2006, include fossil fuels, raw materials, and military equipment.1 Leading exports include fruits, vegetables, pharmaceuticals, software, chemicals, military technology, and diamonds; in 2006, Israeli exports reached US$42.86 billion.1 Israel is a global leader in water conservation and geo-thermal energy,[111] and its development of cutting-edge technologies in software, communications and the life sciences have evoked comparisons with Silicon Valley.[112][113] Intel[114] and Microsoft[115] built their first overseas research and development centers in Israel, and other high-tech multi-national corporations, such as IBM, Cisco Systems, and Motorola, have opened facilities in the country. Since its establishment, Israel has received economic aid from the United States, whose loans account for the bulk of Israel's external debt.1
Tourism, especially religious tourism, is another important industry in Israel, with the country's temperate climate, beaches, archaeological and historical sites, and unique geography also drawing tourists. Israel's security problems have taken their toll on the industry, but the number of incoming tourists is on the rebound.[116]
Science and education
Main articles: Education in Israel
Israel has the highest school life expectancy in the Greater Middle East and Southwest Asia, and is tied with Japan for second-highest school life expectancy on the entire Asian continent (after South Korea).[117] Israel similarly has the highest literacy rate in the Middle East, according to the United Nations.[118]
Education is compulsory in Israel for children between the ages of three and eighteen.[119][120] Schooling is divided into three tiers – primary school (grades 1-6), middle school (grades 7-9), and high school (grades 10-12) – culminating with ''Bagrut'' matriculation exams. Proficiency in core subjects such as mathematics, Bible, Hebrew language and literature, English, history, and civics is necessary to receive a Bagrut certificate.[121] In Arab, Christian and Druze schools, the exam on Biblical studies is replaced by an exam in Islam, Christianity or Druze heritage.[122] In 2003, over half of all Israeli twelfth graders earned a matriculation certificate.[123]
Any Israeli with a full matriculation certificate can proceed to higher education, with admission to universities and colleges based on Bagrut scores and a psychometric exam. Israel's eight public universities are subsidized by the state.[124]121 The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel's oldest university, houses the Jewish National and University Library, the world's largest repository of books on Jewish subjects.[125] In 2006, the Hebrew University was ranked 60th[126] and 119th[127] in two surveys of the world's top universities. Other major universities in the country include the Technion, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Tel Aviv University, Bar-Ilan University, the University of Haifa, and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Twenty percent of Israelis hold university degrees, putting Israel among the three highest-ranking countries by this measure.[128][129] During the 1990s, an influx of a million immigrants from the former Soviet Union (forty percent of whom were university graduates) helped boost Israel's high-tech sector.128
Since the establishment of the state, Israeli scientists have made important contributions to the sciences; Israel has produced four Nobel Prize-winning scientists[130] and publishes among the most scientific papers per capita of any country in the world.[131][132] In 2003, Ilan Ramon became Israel's first astronaut, serving as payload specialist of STS-107, the fatal mission of the Space Shuttle ''Columbia''.
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Israel
Israel's population, as of 2007, is 7.1 million.5 Of those, over 267,000 Israeli citizens lived in the West Bank[133] in Israeli cities such as Ma'ale Adumim and Ariel, and communities that predated the establishment of the State but were re-established after the Six-Day War, such as Hebron and Gush Etzion. In 2002, there were 180,000 Jews living in East Jerusalem.[134] Approximately 8,500 Israelis lived in settlements in the Gaza Strip until they were evacuated by the government as part of its 2005 disengagement plan.
Israel's two official languages are Hebrew and Arabic.1 Hebrew is the primary language of the state and spoken by the majority of the population. Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority and Jews who immigrated to Israel from Arab lands. Most Israelis can communicate reasonably well in English, as many television programs are in English and many schools begin to teach English in the early grades. As a country of immigrants, dozens of languages can be heard on the streets of Israel. A large influx of people from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia have made Russian and Amharic widely spoken in Israel. Between 1990 and 1994, the immigration of Jews from the former Soviet Union increased Israel's population by twelve percent.[135]
Religion
Main articles: Religion in Israel
The Western Wall, with the Dome of the Rock in the background
Israel was established as a homeland for the Jewish people and is often referred to as the Jewish state. The country's Law of Return grants all Jews and those of Jewish lineage the right to Israeli citizenship.[136] Just over three quarters, or 76.1%, of the population are Jews from a diversity of Jewish backgrounds. Approximately sixty-eight percent of Israeli Jews are Israeli-born, twenty-two percent are immigrants from Europe and the Americas, and ten percent are immigrants from Asia and Africa (including the Arab world).[137] The religious affiliation of Israeli Jews varies widely: eight percent define themselves as "Haredi Jews" and twenty percent consider themselves "secular Jews". The majority of Israeli Jews, fifty-five percent, say they are "traditional," The remaining seventeen percent define themselves as Orthodox Jews.[138]
Bahá'í World Centre in Haifa
Making up 16.2% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority. Israeli Arabs, who comprise 19.8% of the population, contribute significantly to that figure as over four fifths (82.6%) of them are Muslim. Of the remaining Israeli Arabs, 8.8% are Christian and 8.4% are Druze.[139] Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers.[140]
The city of Jerusalem enjoys a special place in the hearts of Jews, Muslims, and Christians as the home of sites that are pivotal to their religious beliefs, such as the Western Wall, the Temple Mount, the Dome of the Rock and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Other landmarks of great religious importance are located in the West Bank and include the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron and the birthplace of Jesus in Bethlehem. The administrative center of the Bahá'í Faith and the Shrine of the Báb are located at the Bahá'í World Centre in Haifa and the leader of the faith is buried in Acre. Apart from maintenance staff, there is no Bahá'í community in Israel, although it is a destination for pilgrimages.[141][142]
Culture
Main articles: Culture of Israel
Israel's diverse culture stems from the diversity of the population: Jews from around the world have brought their cultural and religious traditions with them, creating a melting pot of Jewish customs and beliefs.[143] Israel's large Arab minority has also left its imprint on spheres of Israeli culture, which has incorporated aspects of Arab architecture[144] and cuisine.[145]
Israeli literature is primarily poetry and prose written in Hebrew, as part of the renaissance of Hebrew as a spoken language since the mid-19th century, although a small body of literature is published in other languages, such as Arabic and English. By law, two copies of all printed matter published in Israel must be deposited in the Jewish National and University Library at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 2001, the law was amended to include audio and video recordings, and other non-print media.[146] In 2006, eighty-five percent of the eight thousand books transferred to the library were in Hebrew.[147] Hebrew Book Week is held each June and features book fairs, public readings, and appearances by Israeli authors around the country. During the week, Israel's top literary award, the Sapir Prize, is presented. In 1966, Shmuel Yosef Agnon shared the Nobel Prize in Literature with German Jewish author Nelly Sachs.[148]
Israeli music contains musical influences from all over the world; Yemenite music, Hasidic melodies, Arabic music, Greek music, jazz, and pop rock are all part of the music scene.[4][150] The nation's canonical folk songs, known as "Songs of the Land of Israel," deal with the experiences of the pioneers in building the Jewish homeland.[151] Among Israel's world-renowned[152] orchestras is the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, which has been in operation for over seventy years and today performs more than two hundred concerts each year.[153] Israel has also produced many musicians of note, some achieving international stardom. Itzhak Perlman, Pinchas Zukerman are among the internationally-acclaimed musicians born in Israel. Israel has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest nearly every year since 1973, winning the competition three times and hosting it twice.[154] Eilat has hosted its own international music festival, the Red Sea Jazz Festival, each summer since 1987.[155] Founded in 1918, Habima Theatre in Tel Aviv is Israel's oldest repertory theater company and national theater.[156]
The Israel Museum in Jerusalem is one of Israel's most important cultural institutions[157] and houses the Dead Sea Scrolls,[158] along with an extensive collection of Jewish and European art.157 Israel's national Holocaust museum, Yad Vashem, houses the world's largest library of Holocaust-related information.[159] On the campus of Tel Aviv University is Beth Hatefutsoth (the Diaspora Museum), an interactive museum devoted to the history of Jewish communities around the world.[160] Apart from the major museums in large cities, there are also small but high-quality artspaces in many towns and ''kibbutzim''.
Sports and physical fitness have not always been paramount in Jewish culture. Athletic prowess, which was prized by the Ancient Greeks, was looked down upon as an unwelcome intrusion of Hellenistic values. Maimonides, however, who was both a rabbi and a physician, emphasized the importance of physical activity and keeping the body in shape. This approach received a boost in the early 20th century, when the Chief Rabbi of Palestine, Abraham Isaac Kook, declared that "the body serves the soul, and only a healthy body can ensure a healthy soul".[161] The most popular spectator sports in Israel today are football (soccer) and basketball.[162] Ligat ha'Al is the country's premier soccer league, and Ligat Winner is the premier basketball league.[163] Israel has won the European championship in basketball five times.[164] Beersheba has become a national chess center and home to many chess champions from the former Soviet Union. The city hosted the World Team Chess Championship in 2005 and chess is even taught in the city's kindergartens.[165] To date, Israel has won six Olympic medals, including a gold medal in windsurfing at the 2004 Summer Olympics.[166]
See also
Notes and references
1. Israel
2. Rank Order - GDP (purchasing power parity)
3. Rank Order - GDP - per capita (PPP)
4.
5. Population, by religion and population group
6. Israel
7. Jerusalem is the capital city and seat of government of Israel: it is home to the President's residence, government offices, supreme court, and parliament. The Jerusalem Law states that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel" although the Palestinian Authority sees East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian State and the United Nations and most countries do not accept the Jerusalem Law, arguing that Jerusalem's final status must await future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Most countries maintain their embassies in other cities such as Tel Aviv, Ramat-Gan, and Herzliya(see the CIA Factbook and Map of Israel) See Positions on Jerusalem for more information.
8. The Palestine Mandate
9. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181
10. Global Survey 2006: Middle East Progress Amid Global Gains in Freedom
11. Israel
12. Global Competitiveness Report 2006-2007
13. Human Development Report 2006
14. From the King James Version of the Bible: "And he said, Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel: for as a prince hast thou power with God and with men, and hast prevailed." (Genesis, 32:28)
15.
16.
17. . "The Merneptah Stele... is arguably the oldest evidence outside the Bible for the existence of Israel as early as the thirteenth century BCE."
18. Popular Opinion
19. On the Move
20. From the King James Version of the Bible: "And the Lord thy God will bring thee into the land which thy fathers possessed, and thou shalt possess it; and he will do thee good, and multiply thee above thy fathers." (Deuteronomy, 30:5)
21. From the King James Version of the Bible: "But if ye turn unto me, and keep my commandments, and do them; though there were of you cast out unto the uttermost part of the heaven, yet will I gather them from thence, and will bring them unto the place that I have chosen to set my name there." (Nehemiah, 1:9)
22. History: Biblical Times
23. History: The Second Temple
24. Palestine: History
25.
26. History: Foreign Domination
27. From the King James Version of the Bible: "For out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem." (Isaiah, 2:3)
28.
29. Immigration The source provides information on the First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Aliyot in their respective articles. The White Paper leading to Aliyah Bet is discussed here.
30. . "How did Theodor Herzl, an assimilated German nationalist in the 1880s, suddenly in the 1890s become the founder of Zionism?"
31. Chapter One: The Heralders of Zionism
32. Balfour Declaration 1917
33. . "During the First and Second Aliyot, there were many Arab attacks against Jewish settlements... In 1920, Hashomer was disbanded and Haganah ("The Defense") was established."
34. League of Nations: The Mandate for Palestine, July 24, 1922
35.
36. The Population of Palestine Prior to 1948
37. Population Statistics
38.
39.
40.
41. Part 3: Partition, War and Independence
42.
43. (U.N. General Assembly Official Records, Fifth Session, Supplement No. 18, Document A/1367/Rev. 1)
44. . "And most [Oriental-Sephardic Jews] came... because of Arab persecution resulting from the very attempt to establish a Jewish state in Palestine."
45.
46. Israel (Labor Zionism)
47. Population, by Religion and Population Group
48.
49.
50. The Suez Crisis
51. Adolf Eichmann
52. . "...the Eichmann trial, which did so much to raise public awareness of the Holocaust..."
53. Justice Ministry Reply to Amnesty International Report
54. . "Nasser, the Egyptian president, decided to mass troops in the Sinai...casus belli by Israel."
55. Israel: The War of Attrition
56.
57. 1973: Arab states attack Israeli forces
58. "In hindsight we can say that 1977 was a turning point..."
59.
60.
61.
62. After 4 Years, Intifada Still Smolders Clyde Haberman
63.
64.
65. From the End of the Cold War to 2001
66. Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements
67. . "Even though Jordan in 1994 became the second country, after Egypt to sign a peace treaty with Israel..."
68.
69. The Wye River Memorandum
70.
71. West Bank barrier route disputed, Israeli missile kills 2
72. Halutz resignation spurs calls for Olmert, Peretz to quit too
73. Area of Districts, Sub-Districts, Natural Regions and Lakes
74. Israel (Geography)
75. The Living Dead Sea
76.
77. Average Weather for Tel Aviv-Yafo
78. Average Weather for Jerusalem
79. Field Listing - Executive Branch
80. For a short period in the 1990s, the Prime Minister was directly elected by the electorate. This change was not viewed a success and was abandoned.
81. The Electoral System in Israel
82.
83. The Judiciary: The Court System
84. Israel and the International Criminal Court
85. The State - Judiciary - The Court System
86. Press Freedom Rankings by Region 2007
87. Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2006
88. Israel and the Occupied Territories
89. Israel/Palestinian Authority
90. Land Grab: Israel's Settlement Policy in the West Bank
91. Introduction to the Tables: Geophysical Characteristics
92. Localities, Population, and Density
93. Press Release: Jerusalem Day
94. Population of Localities numbering above 1,000 residents and other rural population on 31/12/2006
95. Initial Periodic Report of the State of Israel Concerning the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC)
96. הוראות הדין הישראלי
97. Israel's Diplomatic Missions Abroad: Status of Relations
98. Israel Among the Nations: Middle East - North Africa
99. Week of 8-14 March 2000
100. History: 1948
101. The State: Israel Defense Forces (IDF)
102. The Israel Defense Forces
103.
104. Cool law, for wrong population Nehemia Shtrasler
105. Sherut Leumi (National Service)
106. Transcript of the Director General´s Interview with Al-Ahram News Mohamed ElBaradei
107. Economy Rankings - Middle East & North Africa
108. NASDAQ Appoints Asaf Homossany as New Director for Israel
109. Israel invited to join the OECD
110. About
111. A Hotter Holy Land Mitch Ginsburg
112. Israel keen on IT tie-ups
113. Israel: Punching above its weight
114. Intel to expand Jerusalem R&D Avi Krawitz
115. Israel R&D Center: Leadership Team
116. Tourist visits above pre-war level Nathan Burstein
117. Comparing Education Statistics Across the World
118. Human Development Indicators
119. Knesset raises school dropout age to 18 Or Kashti
120. Summary of the Principal Laws Related to Education
121. Education
122. The Israeli Matriculation Certificate
123. Pupils in Grade XII, matriculation examinees and entitled to a certificate
124. http://www.israelemb.org/highered/highed.html
125. About the Library
126. Top 500 World Universities (1-100)
127. The World's Top 200 Universities
128. Top Ten Reasons to Invest in Israel
129. Israel: IT Workforce
130. Israeli professor shares Nobel Prize in Economics for 2005
131. Globalization Of Science Rolls On Michael Heylin
132. Kicking the global oil habit Evelyn Gordon
133. Report: 12,400 new settlers in 2006 Tovah Lazaroff
134. East Jerusalem Population and Area, 2000-2002
135. The Impact of Mass Migration on the Israeli Labor Market, , Rachel M., Friedberg, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2001
136. The Law of Return
137. Jews and others, by origin, continent of birth and period of immigration
138. Religion in Israel: A Consensus for Jewish Tradition
139. Population, by religion and population group
140. National Population Estimates
141. The Bahá'í World Centre: Focal Point for a Global Community
142. Teaching the Faith in Israel
143. Immigration and Social and Cultural Diversity Among the Jewish Population
144. Encounters: The Vernacular Paradox of Israeli Architecture
145. Some Thoughts About Israeli Cuisine
146. Depositing Books to The Jewish National & University Library
147. Israeli Book Statistics for 2006
148. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1966
149.
150. Israel
151. Israeli Folk
152. Israel (country) Encarta
153. Israel Philharmonic Orchestra celebrates 70th anniversary
154. Israel
155. About Us
156. התיאטרון הלאומי הבימה
157. About the Museum
158. Shrine of the Book
159. About Yad Vashem: The Yad Vashem Library
160. Museum Information
161. Sports in Israel
162. . "The two most popular spectator sports in Israel are soccer and basketball."
163. Basketball Super League Profile
164. Israel Wins More Than Hoop Crown Daniel Bouskila
165. World Team Championship in Beer Sheva, Israel
166. Olympic Medal Winners (under Europe / Israel)
Bibliography
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External links
; Government
★ Israel Government Portal (with links to English, Arabic versions)
★ Prime Minister's Office, official site (with links to English, Arabic versions)
★ President of the State of Israel, official site (with links to English, Arabic versions)
★ The Knesset, official site of Israel's parliament
★ The Supreme Court, official site (with links to English, Arabic versions)
★ Ministry of Foreign Affairs, official site
★ Central Bureau of Statistics, official site (with links to English, Arabic versions)
★ Ministry of Tourism, official site
; General reference
★
★ Encyclopædia Britannica entry on Israel
★ BBC country profile of Israel
★ Library of Congress Country Studies entry on Israel
★ Columbia University library related to Israel
;Media
★ ''The Jerusalem Post'', Israel's most popular English-language newspaper
★ Ynet News, based on Tel Aviv
★ Israel Broadcasting Agency, state broadcasting network (with link to English version)
; Other
★
★ Israel at WikiMapia
★
★
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| |||||
| Common name | Israel | ||||
 | |||||
 | |||||
| National anthem | Hatikvah ''The Hope'' | ||||
 | |||||
| Capital | Jerusalem | ||||
| Largest city | capital | ||||
| Demonym | Israeli | ||||
| Official languages | Hebrew, Arabic | ||||
| Government type | Parliamentary democracy[1] | ||||
| Government | |||||
| President | Shimon Peres | ||||
| Prime Minister | Ehud Olmert | ||||
| Acting Prime Minister | Tzipi Livni | ||||
| Sovereignty type | Independence | ||||
| Establishment | |||||
| Declaration | 14 May 1948 (05 Iyar 5708) | ||||
| Area | |||||
| Area | 20,770 / 22,072 | ||||
| Area rank | 151st | ||||
| Area magnitude | 1 E+10 | ||||
| Percent water | ~2% | ||||
| Population | |||||
| Population estimate | 7,150,000 | ||||
| Population estimate year | 2007 | ||||
| Population estimate rank | 96th | ||||
| Population census | 5,548,523 | ||||
| Population census year | 1995 | ||||
| Population density | 324 | ||||
| Population density rank | 34th | ||||
| GDP | |||||
| GDP PPP year | 2006 | ||||
| GDP PPP | $170.3 billion[2] | ||||
| GDP PPP rank | 53rd | ||||
| GDP PPP per capita | $26,800[3] | ||||
| GDP PPP per capita rank | 37th | ||||
| HDI | |||||
| HDI year | 2006 | ||||
| HDI | 0.927 | ||||
| HDI rank | 23rd | ||||
| HDI category | high | ||||
| Currency | |||||
| Currency | New Israeli Sheqel (₪) | ||||
| Currency code | NIS | ||||
| Time zone | IST | ||||
| Utc offset | +2 | ||||
| Utc offset DST | +3 | ||||
| Internet TLD | .il | ||||
| Calling code | 972 | ||||
| Footnote1 | Excluding / Including the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem; see below. | ||||
| Footnote2 | Includes Israeli population in the West Bank. | ||||
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