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'Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker', GCSI, OM, FRS, MD (June 30, 1817 – December 10, 1911) was an English botanist and traveller.

Contents

Early life and voyage on HMS ''Erebus''

Interim

Himalayan expedition

Marriages and children

Career

References

External links

Early life and voyage on HMS ''Erebus''

Hooker was born in Halesworth, Suffolk. He was the second son of the famous botanist Sir William Jackson Hooker and Maria Sarah Turner, eldest daughter of the banker Dawson Turner and sister-in-law of Francis Palgrave. From age 7 Hooker attended his fathers lectures at Glasgow University where he was regius professor of botany, and he formed an early interest in plant distribution and the voyages of explorers like Captain James Cook.Endersby, J. 2004. Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton (1817–1911). ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press He was formally educated at the Glasgow High School and went on to study medicine at Glasgow University, graduating M.D. in 1839. After completing his studies he was qualified for employment in the Naval Medical Service, he joined Captain James Clark Ross's Antarctic expedition to the South Magnetic Pole after receiving a commission as assistant-surgeon on HMS ''Erebus''.
''Erebus''' voyage was led by renowned polar explorer James Clark Ross, the expedition consisted of two ships, HMS ''Erebus'' and HMS ''Terror'' and was the last major voyage of exploration made entirely under sail.^[1] Hooker was the youngest of the 128 man crew, he sailed on the ''Erebus'' and was assistant to Robert McCormick who in addition to being ships surgeon was to collect zoological and geological specimens.^[2] The ships sailed on September 30 1839, before journeying to Antarctica they visited Madeira, Tenerife, Santiago and Quail Island in the Cape Verde archipelago, St Paul Rocks, Trinidade east of Brazil, St Helena, and the Cape of Good Hope, Hooker made plant collections at each location and while travelling drew these and specimens of algae and sea life pulled aboard using tow nets.
From the Cape they entered the southern ocean, their first stop was the Crozet Islands where the set down on Possession Island to deliver coffee to sealers, when they left for the Kerguelen Islands where they would spend several days and Hooker identified 18 flowering plants, 35 mosses and liverworts, 25 lichens and 51 algae, including some that were not described by surgeon William Anderson when James Cook had visited the islands in 1772.^[3] The expedition spent some time in Hobart, Van Diemen's Land, and then moved on to the Auckland Islands and Campbell Island, and onto Antarctica to locate the South Magnetic Pole. After spending 5 months in the Antarctic they returned to resupply in Hobart, then went on to Sydney, and the Bay of Islands in New Zealand. They left New Zealand to return to Antarctica, after spending 138 days at sea, and a collision between the ''Erebus'' and ''Terror'' they sailed to the Falkland Islands, to Tierra del Fuego, back to the Falklands and onto their third sortie into the Antarctic. The made a landing at Cockburn Island and after leaving the Antarctic, stopped at the Cape, St Helena and Ascension Island. The ships arrived back in England on September 4, 1843; the voyage had been a success for Ross as it was the first to confirm the existence of the southern continent and chart much of its coastline.^[4]

Interim

When Hooker returned to England, his father had been appointed director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, and had become a prominent man of science. Through William Hookers scientific connections he secured an Admiralty grant of £1000 to cover the cost of the production of plates for his son's ''Botany of the Antarctic Voyage's'', and an annual stipend of £200 for Joseph while he worked on the flora. Hookers flora was also to include that collected on the voyages of Cook and Menzies held by the British Museum and collection made on the ''Beagle''. The floras were illustrated by Walter Hood Fitch who had been trained in botanical illustration by William Hooker, and would go on to become the most prolific Victorian botanical artist. Hookers collections from the voyage eventually one of two volumes published as the ''Flora Antarctica'' (1844–47). In the Flora he wrote about islands and their role in plant geography, the work made Hooker's reputation as a systemist and plant georgapher.^[5] His works on the voyage were completed with ''Flora Novae-Zelandiae'' (1851–53) and ''Flora Tasmaniae'' (1853–59).
While on the ''Erebus'', Hooker had read proofs of Charles Darwin's ''Voyage of the Beagle'' provided by Charles Lyell and had been very impressed by Darwin's skill as a naturalist. Following his return to England he was approached by Darwin who asked Hooker if he would classify the plants that he had collected in the Galápagos. Hooker agreed and the pair began a life-long correspondence, in a letter in 1844 Darwin shared with Hooker his early ideas on the transmutation of species and natural selection. He was probably the first person to hear of the theory. Their correspondence continued throughout the development of Darwin's theory and later Darwin wrote that Hooker was "the one living soul from whom I have constantly received sympathy".
Richard Freeman, in ''Charles Darwin--a Companion'', wrote: "Hooker was Charles Darwin's greatest friend and confidant". Certainly they had extensive correspondence, but they also met face-to-face (Hooker visiting Darwin). Hooker and Lyell were the two people Darwin consulted (by letter) when Wallace's famous letter arrived at Down House, enclosing his paper on natural selection. Hooker was instrumental in creating the device whereby the Wallace paper was accompanied by Darwin's notes and his letter to Asa Gray (showing his prior realization of natural selection) in a presentation to the Linnean Society. Hooker was the one who formally presented this material to the Linnean Society meeting in 1858. Hooker's conversion to Darwin's ideas was first shown in November 1859 in ''Flora Tasmaniae'', and was also present and spoke for Darwin at the famous Oxford meeting of the British Association in 1860 (when Wilberforce and Fitz-Roy spoke against). Some commentators have felt Hooker's intervention more effective than Huxley's, but verbatim records were not kept.
Failing to gain an academic position at the University of Edinburgh, and declining a chair at Glasgow University, he was employed as a botanist at the Geological Survey of Great Britain in 1846. He began work on palaeobotany which involved searching for fossil plants in the coal-beds of Wales and became engaged to Frances Henslow, but he was keen to continue to travel and gain more experience in the field. He wanted to travel to India and the Himalaya, and in 1847 his father nominated him to travel to India and collect plants for Kew.

Himalayan expedition

On November 11, 1847 Hooker left England for his 3 year long Himalayan expedition; he would be the first European to collect plants in the Himalaya. He received free passage on HMS ''Sidon'', to the Nile and then travelled overland to the Suez where he boarded a ship to India. He arrived in Calcutta on January 12, 1848 and travelled by elephant to Mirzapur, up the Ganges by boat to Siliguri and overland by pony to Darjeeling, arriving on April 16, 1848.
Hooker's expedition was based in Darjeeling where he stayed with naturalist Brian Houghton Hodgson. Through Hodgson he met British East India Company representative Archibald Campbell who negotiated Hooker's admission to Sikkim, which was finally approved in 1849. He was briefly taken prisoner by the Raja of Sikkim. In the meanwhile Hooker wrote to Darwin relaying to him the habits of animals in India, and collected plants in Bengal. He explored with local resident Charles Barnes, the travelled along the Great Runjeet river to its junction with the Tista River and Tonglo mountain in the Singalila range on the border with Nepal.

Hooker and a sizable party of local assistants departed for eastern Nepal on October 27, 1848. They travelled to Zongri, west over the spurs of Kangchenjunga, and north west along Nepal's passes into Tibet. In April 1849 he planned a longer expedition into Sikhim, leaving on May 3rd he travelled north west up the Lachen Valley to the Kongra Lama Pass and then to the Lachoong Pass. Campbell and Hooker were imprisoned by the Dewan of Sikkim when they were travelling towards the Chola Pass in Tibet.Letter number 1558: To J. D. Hooker. 10 March 1854. The Darwin Correspondence Online Database.^[6] A British team was sent to negotiate with the king of Sikkim. However, they were released without any bloodshed History of Darjeeling Darjeelingnews.net and Hooker returned to Darjeeling where he spent January and February of 1850 writing his journals, replacing specimens lost during his detention and planning a journey for his last year in India.
Reluctant to return to Sikhim, and unenthusiastic about travelling in Bhutan he choose to make his last Himalayan expedition to Sylheyt and the Khasi Hills in Assam. He was accompanied by Thomas Thompson a fellow student from Glasgow University. They left Darjeeling on May 1 1850, they sailed to the Bay of Bengal and then travelled overland by elephant to the Khasai Hills and established a headquarters for their studies in Churra where they stayed until December 9 when they began their trip back to England.
Hookers survey of hitherto unexplored regions, ''the Himalayan Journals'', dedicated to Charles Darwin, was published by the Calcutta Trigonometrical Survey Office and (The Minerva Library of Famous Books) Ward, Lock, Bowden & Co., 1891.

Marriages and children

In 1851 he married Frances Harriet Henslow (1825–1874), daughter of John Stevens Henslow. They had four sons and three daughters:

★ William Henslow Hooker (1853–1942)

★ Harriet Anne Hooker (1854–1945) married William Turner Thiselton-Dyer

★ Charles Paget Hooker (1855–1933)

★ Marie Elizabeth Hooker (1857–1863) died aged 6.

★ Brian Harvey Hodgson Hooker (1860–1932)

★ Reginald Hawthorn Hooker (1867–1944) statistician

★ Grace Ellen Hooker (1868–1873) died aged 5.
After his first wife's death in 1874, in 1876 he married Hyacinth Jardine (1842–1921), daughter of William Samuel Symonds and the widow of Sir William Jardine. They had two sons:

★ Joseph Symonds Hooker (1877–1940)

★ Richard Symonds Hooker (1885–1950)

Career

He then started the series ''Flora Indica'' in 1855, together with Thomas Thompson. Their botanical observations and the publication of the ''Rhododendrons of Sikkim-Himalaya'' (1849–51), formed the basis of elaborate works on the rhododendrons of the Sikkim Himalaya and on the flora of India. His works were illustrated with lithographs by Walter Hood Fitch.
In 1859 he published the ''Introductory Essay to the Flora Tasmaniae'', the final part of the Botany of the Antarctic Voyage. It was in this essay (which appeared just one month after the publication of Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species"), that Hooker announced his support for the theory of evolution by natural selection, thus becoming the first recognised man of science to publicly back Darwin.
Among other journeys undertaken by Hooker were those to Palestine (1860), Morocco (1871), and the United States (1877), all yielding valuable scientific information.
In the midst of all this travelling in foreign countries he quickly built up for himself a high scientific reputation at home.
In 1855 he was appointed assistant-director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and in 1865 he succeeded his father as full director, holding the post for twenty years. Under the directorship of father and son Hooker, the Royal Botanical gardens of Kew rose to world renown.
At the early age of thirty he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1873 he was chosen its president (till 1877). He received three of its medals: the Royal Medal in 1854, the Copley in 1887 and the Darwin Medal in 1892.
His greatest botanical work was the ''Flora of British India'', published in seven volumes between 1872 and 1897.
He acted as president of the British Association at its Norwich meeting of 1868, when his address was remarkable for its championship of Darwinian theories. Of Darwin, indeed, he was an early friend and supporter: it was he who, with Charles Lyell, first induced Darwin to make his views public, and the author of ''The Origin of Species'' recorded his indebtedness to Hooker's wide knowledge and balanced judgment.
He was the author of numerous scientific papers and monographs, and his larger books included, in addition to those already mentioned, a standard ''Students Flora of the British Isles'' and a monumental work, the ''Genera plantarum'' (1860–83), based on the collections at Kew, in which he had the assistance of George Bentham.
On the publication of the last part of his ''Flora of British India'' in 1897 he was awarded the GCSI, of which order he had been made a Knight Commander twenty years before. Ten years later, on attaining the age of ninety in 1907, he was awarded the Order of Merit.
In 1904, at the age of 87, he published ''A sketch of the Vegetation of the Indian Empire''.
Joseph Hooker died in his sleep at midnight at home on 10 December 1911 after a short and apparently minor illness. The Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey offered a grave near Darwin's in the nave but also insisted that Hooker be cremated before. His widow, Hyacinth, declined the proposal and eventually Hooker's body was buried, as he wished to be, alongside his father in the churchyard of St Anne’s on Kew Green, within short distance of Kew Gardens.
Hooker Oak in Chico, California is named after him.

References

1. Ward, P. 2001. Antarctic expedition, 1839-1843, James Clark Ross
2. Desmond, R. 1999. ''Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker: Traveller and Plant Collector''. Antique Collectors' Club and The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew ISBN 1-85149-305-0 p 18
3. Desmond. 1999. p 36-42
4. Desmond. 1999. p 85
5. Desmond. 1999. p 91
6. Sanyal, R. B. (1896) Hours with Nature. S. K. Lahiri and Co. Page 34


★ Allen, Mea 1967. ''The Hookers of Kew 1785-1911''.

★ Huxley, Leonard 1918. ''Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker OM GCSI''. London, Murray.

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External links

★ Joseph Hooker & Charles Darwin

★ Joseph Dalton Hooker Joseph Dalton Hooker's work on orchids

★ A website dedicated to J D Hooker

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★ Gutenberg e-text of Hooker's Himalayan Journals

★ Several scanned books at http://gallica.bnf.fr