JAMES RANDI

'James Randi' (born August 7, 1928), stage name 'The Amazing Randi', is a stage magician and scientific skeptic best known as a challenger of paranormal claims and pseudoscience. Born 'Randall James Hamilton Zwinge', in Toronto, Canada, Randi is the founder of the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF).
The JREF provides the famous million dollar challenge offering a prize of US $1,000,000 to anyone who can demonstrate evidence of any paranormal, supernatural or occult power or event, under test conditions agreed to by both parties. He was a regular guest on the ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'', and is occasionally featured on the television program ''.

Early and personal life

Randi's 1989 book ''The Magic World of the Amazing Randi''.

Randi is oldest of three children born to a Bell Canada employee.^[1] He took up magic after reading magic books while spending 13 months in a body cast due to injuries received in a bicycle accident.¹ The doctors never expected he would walk again, but Randi did.¹
Randi subsequently witnessed many tricks that were presented as being supernatural. One of his earliest reported experiences is that of seeing an evangelist using the "one-ahead"^[2] routine to convince churchgoers of his divine powers.^[3]
Randi for many years has been an amateur astronomer, influenced by his friend Carl Sagan. In 1981 asteroid 3163 Randi was named after Randi.¹
In 1987, Randi became a naturalized citizen of the United States.^[4] Randi said that one reason for becoming an American citizen was due to a Canadian police search while on tour with Alice Cooper.^[5]
In February of 2006, Randi underwent coronary artery bypass surgery.^[6] In early February 2006, he was declared to be "in stable condition" and "receiving excellent care" with his recovery "proceeding well". The weekly commentary updates to his website were made by guests while he was hospitalized.^[7] Randi is doing well since his surgery, and was well enough to help organize and attend the 2007 Amazing Meeting in Las Vegas, NV (an annual convention of scientists, magicians, skeptics, atheists, and other freethinkers).^[8]

Background

Randi began his career as a magician, but then became a debunker of the paranormal. Then he expanded into writing about the paranormal, skepticism, the history of magic, biographer of Houdini, and even wrote a children's book.

Career as a magician

Randi has worked as a professional stage magician and escapologist since 1946, initially under his birth name, Randall Zwinge. Early in his career, Randi was part of numerous stunts involving his escape from jail cells and safes. On February 7 1956, he appeared live on ''The Today Show'' and remained in a sealed metal coffin submerged in a hotel swimming pool for 104 minutes, breaking what was said to be Houdini's record of 93 minutes.^[9]^[10]
Randi was the host of ''The Amazing Randi Show'' on New York radio station WOR-Radio in the mid-1960s.^[11] He also hosted numerous television specials and went on several world tours. Then Randi appeared as "The Amazing Randi" on a television show entitled ''Wonderama'' from 1967 to 1972.^[12] In the February 2, 1974 issue of ''Abracadabra'' (a British conjuring magazine), Randi defined the magic community saying, "I know of no calling which depends so much upon mutual trust and faith as does ours." In the December 2003 issue of the ''The Linking Ring'', the monthly publication of The International Brotherhood of Magicians, ''Points to Ponder: Another Matter of Ethics,'' p. 97, it is stated, "Perhaps Randi's ethics are what make him Amazing" and "The Amazing Randi not only talks the talk, he walks the walk."
During Alice Cooper's 1974 tour, Randi performed as the dentist and executioner on stage.^[13] Also, Randi had designed and built several of the stage props, including the guillotine.^[14]^[15] An incident where the Royal Canadian Mounted Police searched the band's lockers during a performance has been cited by Randi as leading him to apply for American citizenship.^[5] Shortly after, in February 1975, Randi escaped from a straitjacket while suspended upside-down over Niagara Falls in the winter on the Canadian TV program ''World of Wizards''.^[17]
Early in his career, Randi was sent a contract for a tour in Florida. His friends in New York mentioned to him that he’d certainly be working before audiences segregated by race, so before he signed the agreement, he wrote in a clause specifying that the promoters could not deny tickets to blacks or segregate the audiences in any way. Upon arriving on scene, he found that the concert promoter had ignored this stipulation in his contract. He discovered that blacks were forced to watch the show from the balcony, and he immediately walked away from the tour. Appealing to the American Guild of Variety Artists (AGVA), he was paid in full for the balance of the tour.

Author

Randi is author of ''Conjuring'' (1992), a biographical history of noted magicians. The book is subtitled: ''Being a Definitive History of the Venerable Arts of Sorcery, Prestidigitation, Wizardry, Deception, & Chicanery and of the Mountebanks & Scoundrels Who have Perpetrated these Subterfuges on a Bewildered Public, in short, MAGIC!''. The book selects the most influential magicians, and explains their history in the context of strange deaths and career on the road. This work expanded on his 1976 book ''Houdini, His Life and Art'', which focused on Houdini and his cohorts. Randi also wrote a children's book in 1989 titled ''The Magic World of the Amazing Randi'' introducing children to magic tricks.
In addition to his magic books, he has written several educational works about the paranormal and pseudoscientific. These include biographies of Uri Geller and Nostradamus as well as reference material on other major paranormal figures. He is currently working on ''A Magician in the Laboratory'', which recounts his application of skepticism to science.[2]

Career as a skeptic

James Randi's 1982 The Truth About Uri Geller.

Randi entered the international spotlight in 1972 when he publicly challenged the claims of Uri Geller. Randi accused Geller of being nothing more than a charlatan and a fraud using standard "magic" tricks to accomplish his allegedly paranormal feats, and he backed up his claims in the book ''The Magic of Uri Geller''.^[18]^[19] Geller later sued Randi for 15 million dollars^[20]. Eventually Geller's suit against CSICOP was thrown out in 1995, and he had to pay $120,000 for filing a "frivolous" lawsuit.^[21]
Randi was a founding fellow and prominent member of CSICOP, the Committee for Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal.^[22] Randi later resigned from CSICOP during the period when Geller was filing numerous civil suits against him. CSICOP's leadership, wanting to avoid becoming a target of Geller's litigation, requested that Randi refrain from commenting on Geller. Randi refused and resigned. He still maintains a respectful relationship with the group and frequently writes articles for its magazine.
Randi has gone on to write several books criticizing beliefs and claims regarding the paranormal. He has also been instrumental in exposing frauds and charlatans who exploit this field for personal gain. In one example, his Project Alpha hoax, Randi revealed that he had been able to orchestrate a three year-long compromise of a privately-funded psychic research experiment.^[23] The hoax became a scandal and demonstrated the shortcomings of many paranormal research projects at the university level. Some said that the hoax was unethical, while others claimed his actions were a legitimate exercise in exposing poor research techniques.^[24]
Randi has also appeared on numerous other programs sometimes to directly debunk the claimed abilities of fellow guests. In a 1981 appearance on a show called That's My Line, Randi appeared opposite psychic James Hydrick, who claimed that he could move things with his mind, and demonstrated this ability on live television by apparently turning a page in a telephone book without touching it.^[25] Randi, having determined that the trick was most likely based on Hydrick surreptitiously blowing, arranged packaging peanuts on the table in front of the telephone book for the demonstration, preventing Hydrick from demonstrating his abilities without also giving away the secret that bursts of air were passing over the pages.[3] Many years later, Hydrick admitted his fraud.^[26]
Randi was awarded a MacArthur Foundation "Genius" award in 1986, drawing upon his conjuring skills to write and educate the public on superstition and pseudoscientific matters.¹ The money was used for Randi's comprehensive exposé of faith healers including Peter Popoff, W. V. Grant and Ernest Angley.¹ During the course of the investigation Randi was "healed" by these ministers.¹ When Popoff was exposed, he was forced to declare bankruptcy within the year.^[27]

James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF)

Main articles: James Randi Educational Foundation

In 1996, Randi established the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF). Randi updates the JREF's website on Fridays with a written commentary titled ''Swift: Online Newsletter of the JREF''. Randi also contributes a regular column, titled "'Twas Brillig", to The Skeptics Society's Skeptic Magazine.
He has regularly featured on many podcasts that can be found online, including The Skeptics Society's official podcast Skepticality ^[28] and the Center for Inquiry's official podcast Point of Inquiry ^[29]. From September 2006, he contributed to The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe podcast with a column entitled "Randi Speaks".^[30]

The $1 million challenge

:''Main article: The One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge''
The James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF) currently offers a prize of one million U.S. dollars to anyone who can demonstrate a supernatural ability under agreed-upon scientific testing criteria. Similar to the paranormal challenges of John Nevil Maskelyne and Houdini, in 1964, Randi put up $1,000 of his own money payable to the first person who could provide objective proof of the paranormal. Since then, the prize money has grown to the current $1,000,000, and the rules that surround claiming the prize are official and legal. No one has progressed past the preliminary test which is set up with parameters agreed to by both Randi and the applicant. He also refuses to accept any challengers who might suffer serious injury or death as a result of the testing they intend to undergo.

Randi's 1995 Paranormal Encyclopedia.

On ''Larry King Live'' March 6, 2001 Larry King asked Sylvia Browne if she would take the challenge and she agreed.^[31] Then Randi appeared with Browne on Larry King Live on September 3, 2001 and she again accepted the challenge.^[32] However, she has refused to be tested and Randi keeps a clock on his website recording the number of weeks that have passed since Sylvia accepted the challenge without following through.
During Larry King Live on June 5, 2001 Randi challenged Rosemary Altea to undergo testing for the million dollars. However Altea would not even address the question.^[33] Instead Altea, in part, replied "I agree with what he says, that there are many, many people who claim to be spiritual mediums, they claim to talk to the dead. There are many, people, we all know this. There are cheats and charlatans everywhere."³³ Then on January 26, 2007 Altea and Randi again appeared on Larry King Live. Once again, she refused to answer whether or not she would take the One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge.^[34]
Randi has recently challenged David R. Hawkins to win the prize with Hawkins' "arm-pressing technique" (applied kinesiology), suggesting it would only take thirty minutes of easy work, but believing that Hawkins would not even attempt to apply for the challenge for "obvious" reasons.^[35]
Starting on April 1, 2007 only those with an already existing media profile and the backing of a reputable academic would be allowed to apply for the challenge.^[36] The resources freed up by not having to test obscure and possibly mentally ill claimants will then be used to more aggressively challenge notorious high-profile alleged psychics and mediums such as Sylvia Browne and John Edward with a campaign in the media.
Critics say that Randi has set up the system so that the million-dollar challenge cannot be passed, despite the fact that contestants are required to participate in establishing the conditions for success and failure. Randi himself states that "What if someone wins the million dollars? ... I think it's very highly unlikely", but bases this on the unlikelihood of the paranormal.^[37] For details of the disputes, see James Randi Educational Foundation. So far, no one has passed even the preliminary testing procedures, let alone been awarded the prize money.
JREF maintains a log of past participants for the "Million Dollar Challenge" for public access.^[38]

Randi's caustic style

Randi uses a harsh, uncompromising style of writing and presentation. His supporters say that there are other organizations of skeptics that have similar standing offers to prove the existence of paranormal abilities, and anyone claiming to be an expert in their field of the paranormal can apply for any of these other prizes, avoiding Randi altogether. In his weekly commentary, Randi often gives examples of what he feels is the nonsense that he deals with every day to explain his lack of patience.^[39]
In the book ''The Faith Healers'', Randi explains his anger and relentlessness as arising out of compassion for the helpless victims of frauds. Randi has also been critical of João de Deus, also known as John of God, a self-proclaimed psychic surgeon who has received international attention.^[40] Randi observed, referring to psychic surgery, "To any experienced conjuror, the methods by which these seeming miracles are produced are very obvious".^[41]
Also, in his weekly commentary, which he publishes every Friday, Randi often expresses dismay that he has to frequently expose various frauds because few others do so.

Criticisms of Randi

Michael Prescott, a novelist, wrote an article on Randi in 2003, accusing Randi of "flim-flam", which led to an exchange of viewpoints with Randi.^[42]
In an ironic twist, Randi was once accused of actually using 'psychic powers' to perform acts such as spoon bending. James Alcock relates this incident which occurred at a meeting where Randi was duplicating the performances of Uri Geller: A professor from the State University of New York at Buffalo shouted out that Randi was a fraud. Randi said "Yes indeed, I'm a trickster, I'm a cheat, I'm a charlatan, that's what I do for a living. Everything I've done here was by trickery." The professor shouted back: "That's not what I mean. You're a fraud because you're pretending to do these things through trickery, but you're actually using psychic powers and misleading us by not admitting it." The famous author and believer in spiritualism Arthur Conan Doyle had years earlier made a similar accusation against the magician Harry Houdini.^[43]

Legal disputes

Randi has been involved in a variety of legal disputes, but, in his own words, "never paid even one dollar or even one cent to anyone who ever sued me".^[44]

Lawsuits brought by Geller

In an interview with ''Twilight Zone Magazine'', Randi accused Uri Geller and Eldon Byrd of being the ringleaders in a criminal blackmail plot aimed at destroying Randi.^[45] Byrd sued Randi; the jury found that Randi's claim regarding Byrd was defamatory, but awarded Byrd $0 in damages (thus preventing further appeals by Byrd).^[46]
In an interview with a Japanese newspaper, Randi was presented as saying that Uri Geller had driven a close friend to "shoot himself in the head", which Randi afterwards claimed was a metaphor lost in translation.^[47] However, Randi made a similar statement ("The scientist shot himself after I showed him how the key bending trick was done") in the August 23, 1986 ''Toronto Star'' that seemed to validate Geller's charge.¹ Since the referenced suicide victim died of natural causes the judge changed the charge from "libel" to "insult". Randi could not participate in the trial, but Geller dropped the charge to protect himself in another case and Randi states "I never paid even one dollar or even one cent to anyone who ever sued me, and certainly not to Geller."^[48]
Randi commented that Uri Geller's public performances were of the same quality as those found on the backs of cereal boxes. Geller sued both Randi and CSICOP. CSICOP disavowed Randi because of this, claiming that the organization was not responsible for Randi's statements. The court agreed that including CSICOP was frivolous and dropped them from the action. Geller was ordered to pay substantial damages to CSICOP.^[49]^[50]
By the mid-1990s, Randi and Geller had both run up legal bills amounting to hundreds of thousands of U.S. dollars. In a private meeting they achieved an out-of-court settlement, the details of which have been kept private. This case, as noted above, was directly responsible for the decision of Randi to part company with CSICOP.

Other

Allison DuBois, on whose life the television series ''Medium'' was based, threatened Randi with legal action for using a photo of her from her website in his December 17, 2004 commentary without her permission.^[51] Randi removed the photo, and now uses a caricature of DuBois when mentioning her on his site, beginning with his December 23, 2005 commentary.^[52]
Late in 1996 Randi launched a libel suit against a Toronto-area psychic/self-published author/entry-level web developer named Earl Gordon Curley.^[53] Curley had made a number of objectionable comments about Randi on Usenet. Despite constantly prodding Randi via Usenet to sue (Curley's implication being if Randi didn't sue then his allegations must be true), Curley seemed entirely surprised when Randi actually retained Toronto's largest law firm and initiated legal proceedings. The suit was eventually dropped in 1998 when Earl Curley died at the age of 51, allegedly drinking himself to death.^[54]

Awards

★ MacArthur Foundation Fellowship 1986

★ Richard Dawkins Award 2003

★ Philip J. Klass Award 2007^[55]

World records

:The following are Guinness records

★ Was in a sealed casket for an hour and 44 minutes, which broke Harry Houdini's record of one hour and 31 minutes set on Aug. 5, 1926.¹

★ Being frozen in a block of ice for 55 minutes.¹

Bibliography

★ ''A Magician in the Laboratory''. (Forthcoming[7])

★ ''An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural'', 1995, St. Martin's Press ISBN 0-312-15119-5 (Online Version)

★ ''Conjuring'', 1992 St. Martin's Press ISBN 0312097719

★ ''Flim-Flam! Psychics, ESP, Unicorns, and Other Delusions'', 1982, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-198-3

★ ''Houdini, His Life and Art''. Putnam Pub Group (November 1976) ISBN 0448125528

★ ''James Randi: Psychic Investigator'', 1991, ISBN 1-85283-144-8

★ ''Test Your ESP Potential''. Dover Publications Inc. (31 Dec 1982) ISBN 0486242692

★ ''The Faith Healers'', 1987, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-369-2. (ISBN 0-87975-535-0 1989 edition) (Foreword by Carl Sagan)

★ ''The Magic of Uri Geller'', 1982, ISBN 0-345-24796-5 (later renamed ''The Truth About Uri Geller'' ISBN 0-87975-199-1)

★ ''The Magic World of the Amazing Randi''. Adams Media Corporation (September 1989) ISBN 1558509828

★ '', 1990, Charles Scribner's Sons ISBN 0-684-19056-7 or ISBN 0-87975-830-9.

★ ''Wrong!'' (Forthcoming[8])

TV and film

Actor

★ ''Beyond Desire'' (1994) as the Coroner

★ ''Penn & Teller Get Killed'' (1989) .... 3rd Rope Holder ... aka Dead Funny

★ ''Penn & Teller's Invisible Thread'' (1987) (TV)

★ ''Happy Days'' - "The Magic Show" (1978) as the Amazing Randi

★ ''Good to See You Again'', Alice Cooper (1974) as the Dentist/Executioner

★ ''Wonderama'' (1955) (TV) as The Amazing Randi

★ ''Ragtime'' (1981) (stunt coordinator: Houdini)

Himself

Randi's 1993 TV show ''Secrets of the Psychics''.

★ ''Anderson Cooper 360'', CNN (January 19, 2007 and January 30, 2007)

★ ''Exploring Psychic Powers Live'' (June 7 1989) (Hosted by Bill Bixby)

★ ''Fornemmelse for snyd'' (2003) TV Series (also archive footage)

★ ''Horizon'' - Homeopathy: The Test (2002) TV Episode

★ ''Inside Edition''- (20 January 2006 and 27 February 2007) TV

★ ''James Randi: Psychic Investigator'' (1991) (ITV)

★ Larry King Live of CNN (June 5, 2001, September 3, 2001, and January 26, 2007)

★ ''Magic'' (2004) (mini) TV Series

★ ''Magic or Miracle'' (1983)

★ ''Mitä ihmettä?'' (2003) TV Series

★ ''NOVA'': Secrets of the Psychics (1993)

★ ''

★
★ - Signs from Heaven (2005) TV Episode

★
★ - ESP (2003) TV Episode

★
★ - End of the World (2003) TV Episode

★ ''Scams, Schemes, and Scoundrels'' (A&E Special) (March 30, 1997)

★ ''Spotlight on James Randi'' (2002) (TV)

★ ''That's My Line'' (1980) (Appeared with James Hydrick)

★ ''The Art of Magic'' (1998) (TV)

★ ''The Don Lane Show'' (1988)

★ ''The Power of Belief (October 6, 1998) (ABC News Special) (TV)

★ The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (32 appearances^[2])

★ ''The Ultimate Psychic Challenge (Discovery Channel/Channel 4) (2003)

★ ''The View'' ABC TV (1999)

★ ''20/20'' ABC TV (May 11, 2007)^[57]

References

Footnotes

1. The Amazing Randi Patricia Orwen
2. Fighting Against Flimflam Leon Jaroff
3. Philip B. Taft Jr., "A Charlatan in Pursuit of Truth," The New York Times, July 5, 1981
4. Commentary: Etc.
5. On the Soap Box
6. Randi Update
7. introductory paragraph
8. In Conclusion...
9. Sinclair, Gordon, "Television & radio column," ''Toronto Star'', February 7 1956.
10. Bryant, George, "Handcuffs no problem Toronto-born magician laughs at locksmiths," ''Toronto Star'', June 21 1956.
11. James Randi Biography
12. "Wonderama!" "Sonny Fox hosted another 'Wonderama Thanksgiving Day Party' on Thursday afternoon, November 23, 1961 with guests ventriloquist and cartoon voice-over performer Paul Winchell, magician/escape artist and magic historian The Amazing James Randi and folk singer Pat Woodell." [1]
13. "Good To See You Again, Alice Cooper," Live 1973 (DVD 2005), "Billion Dollar Babies Tour"
14. Alice Cooper Emily Pettigrew
15. The Amazing Randi
16. On the Soap Box
17. Hilarious Name-Dropping James Randi
18. BOYCE RENSBERGER, "Magicians Term Israeli 'Psychic' a Fraud", ''[New York Times]]'', December 13, 1975, Page 29.
19. PHILIP B. TAFT Jr., "A CHARLATAN IN PURSUIT OF TRUTH" The New York Times, July 5, 1981
20. Charles Petit, "Bay Magicians Back Uri Geller's Critic," ''[The San Francisco Chronicle]]'', May 23, 1991, Pg. A27
21. MICHAEL LEVY, "GROUP GETS $ 40,000 FROM 'PSYCHIC'; GELLER STARTS PAYING DEBUNKERS $ 120,000," Buffalo News (New York)
March 13, 1995
22. Michael Kernan, "God's Chariot! Science Looks at the New Occult," The Washington Post, June 11, 1978
23. Philip J. Hilts, "Magicians Score a Hit On Scientific Researchers," Washington Post March 1, 1983 First Section; A1
24. WILLIAM J. BROAD, "MAGICIAN'S EFFORT TO DEBUNK SCIENTISTS RAISES ETHICAL ISSUES," ''The New York Times'', February 15, 1983, Page 3, Column 1
25. A Look at the Past
26. Korem, Dan (1983). ''Psychic Confession.'' (also transcript)
27. A Profitable Prophet
28. Skepticality
29. Point of Inquiry
30. The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe
31. Are Psychics for Real? appeared with John Edward March 6, 2001 on Larry King Live CNN
32. Are Psychics Real? Larry King
33. Spiritual Medium Versus Paranormal Skeptic (Rosemary Altea verses Randi) on Larry King Live June 5, 2001
34. Altea and James Randi
35. James Randi. Quoted at New England Institute of Religious Research "Quotes of Experts Regarding Hawkins and 'AK'" [4]
36. Skeptic Revamps M Psychic Prize Kevin Poulsen
37. The One Million Dollar Challenge and Those Who Try for It James Randi
38. "Challenge Applications"
39. Fakers and Innocents, , James, Randi, Skeptical Inquirer, 2005
40. The ABC-TV Infomercial for John of God James Randi
41. An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and oaxes of the Occult and Supernatural: Psychic surgery James Randi
42. Original article at [5]. Exchange of viewpoints with Randi at [6]. No information on whether any of these was published in regular media.
43. Arthur Conan Doyle (1930) ''The Edge of the Unknown'', Putnam's
44. More Geller Woo-Woo
45. Letter to Eldon Byrd
46. "Magician defamed scientist, jury rules"
47. Cuckoos and Cocoa Puffs, , Carol, Krol, Skeptical Eye, 1995
48. More Geller Woo-Woo James Randi
49. "Uri Geller Libel Suit Dismissed"
50. "Lawsuit Against CSICOP Dismissed" (CSICOP press release)
51. "Another Medium Well Done"
52. "Medium Well Done"
53. "Action initiated . . ."
54. "Curley Confirmation + Sony Corp. and ESP, More on Theremin"
55. In Closing James Randi
56. Fighting Against Flimflam Leon Jaroff
57. Selling Salvation? Jim Avila

Books

★ Skeptical Odysseys: Personal accounts by the world's leading paranormal inquirers, Paul Kurtz (editor), , , Prometheus Books, 2001, ISBN 1-57392-884-4

External links

'Official'

★ James Randi Educational Foundation – Official website

★ James Randi MySpace – Officially approved MySpace tribute
'Supportive'

★ James Randi in the Skeptic's Dictionary

★ Project Alpha in the Skeptic's Dictionary

★ How Randi and fake psychic Carlos fooled millions

★
'Media'

★ Randi, the quack hunter Jeanne Malmgren

★ Homeopathy: The Test - webchat with James Randi

★ "20 Major Aspects of Liars, Cheats, and Frauds" by James Randi"

★ The Power of Belief (Video clip) from ABC News

★ Randi's Internet Audio Show from the James Randi Educational Foundation

★ Skepticality Internet Radio
'Transcripts'

★ Official transcript: Psychic Powers Debunked in Shawn Hornbeck Case (Sylvia Browne and Randi)

★ Official transcript: Psychic Psychic Reality Check (Sylvia Browne's manager and Randi)

★ Official transcript: Have Psychics Gone Too Far? (Altea and James Randi)

★ Official transcript: Spiritual Medium Versus Paranormal Skeptic (Rosemary Altea and Randi)

★ Official transcript: Are Psychics Real? (Sylvia Browne and Randi)
'Criticism'

★ James Randi's response to criticism, ''James Randi Educational Foundation''

★ Benveniste, Jacques, and Peter Jurgens. On the Role of Stage Magicians in Biological Research ''The Anomalist'' 1998

★ Thalbourne, Michael A, “Science versus showmanship: A history of the Randi hoax,” ''American Society for Psychical Research'' 89 (4) OCT 1995

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