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EspañolJAYHAWKER
'Jayhawkers' were guerrilla fighters during the American Civil War in Kansas who often clashed with States' Rights and pro-slavery partisans, as well as Missouri militia units.
While the term originated during the Bleeding Kansas Affair, Civil War jayhawkers are to be distinguished from Free State Jayhawkers who fought during Bleeding Kansas, which occurred in the decade leading up to the Civil War. Some Civil War jayhawkers had in fact supported Kansas' admission to the union as a slave state, and had fought on the opposite side from the Free-Staters during the earlier conflict. Rather than anti-slavery sentiment, which motivated the Free-Staters, jayhawker bands organized to prevent and repel possible invasions of Kansas by Missouri bushwhackers. Some of their organizers, such as James H. Lane (R), were nonetheless prominent abolitionist politicians. As is often the case in insurgencies, the conflict between bushwhackers and jayhawkers rapidly escalated into a succession of atrocities committed by both sides.
Well-known jayhawkers include Lane and Charles "Doc" Jennison. Jennison's vicious raids into Missouri were thorough and indiscriminate, and left five counties in western Missouri wasted, save for the standing brick chimneys of the two-storey period houses, which are still called "Jennison Monuments" in the areas. Lane and his band of militants wore red gaiters, earning them the nickname "Redlegs", or "Redleggers". This moniker was often used interchagably with the term "jayhawkers," although it was sometimes used to refer specifically to jayhawkers who refused to join units officially sanctioned by the U.S. Army. Guerrillas on both sides of the Missouri-Kansas border achieved some measure of legitimacy through sanction from the Federal and Confederate governments, and the bands who scorned such sanction were typically even more vicious and indiscriminate in their methods than their bureaucratically recognized counterparts. Even within Kansas, the jayhawkers were not always popular because, in the absence of federal support, they supplied themselves by stealing horses and supplies from farmers.
Jayhawker bands waged numerous invasions of Missouri and also committed some of the most notorious atrocities of the Civil War, including the Lane-led massacre at Osceola, Missouri, in which the entire town was set aflame and at least 9 of the male residents killed. The sacking of Osceola inspired the 1976 film ''The Outlaw Josey Wales'', directed by and starring Clint Eastwood. Jayhawkers also were accused of engineering the collapse of a jail in Kansas City in which female relatives of bushwhackers were incarcerated by Union sympathizers because of their connection to pro-Confederate guerrillas. These two incidents were prior to the Lawrence Massacre in Lawrence, Kansas, led by William Quantrill and his band of bushwhackers. Quantrill's Raiders retaliated for these and other deliberate Unionist atrocities against southern civilians by setting the town on fire and killing an estimated 200 male residents.
★ The sports teams at the University of Kansas in Lawrence are known as the Jayhawks. The Jayhawk is a mythical bird, a cross between a blue jay and a sparrow hawk.
★ A cattle-drive being held up by Jayhawkers is depicted in The Tall Men.
★ A minor character in the movie Glory was referred to as a "real Jayhawker from Kansas."
★ Abolitionists were referred to as "Jayhawkers" or "Red Legs" and both are still used as terms of derision towards those from Kansas.
★ Items stolen in raids into Missouri were frequently referred to as having been "Jayhawked."
★ Castel, Albert (1997). ''Civil War in Kansas: Reaping the Whirlwind.'' (ISBN 0-7006-0872-9)
★ Kerrihard, Bo. "America's Civil War: Missouri and Kansas." TheHistoryNet.
★ Starr, Steven J (1974). ''Jennison's Jayhawkers: A Civil War Cavalry Regiment and its Commander.'' (ISBN 0-8071-0218-0)
★ Wellman, Paul. (1962) ''A Dynasty of Western Outlaws'' (details the origins of the James-Younger and other outlaw gangs in the Kansas-Missouri border war).
★ Border Ruffian
★ Quantrill's Raiders
★ Jayhawk
| Contents |
| Description |
| Cultural influence |
| References |
| See also |
Description
While the term originated during the Bleeding Kansas Affair, Civil War jayhawkers are to be distinguished from Free State Jayhawkers who fought during Bleeding Kansas, which occurred in the decade leading up to the Civil War. Some Civil War jayhawkers had in fact supported Kansas' admission to the union as a slave state, and had fought on the opposite side from the Free-Staters during the earlier conflict. Rather than anti-slavery sentiment, which motivated the Free-Staters, jayhawker bands organized to prevent and repel possible invasions of Kansas by Missouri bushwhackers. Some of their organizers, such as James H. Lane (R), were nonetheless prominent abolitionist politicians. As is often the case in insurgencies, the conflict between bushwhackers and jayhawkers rapidly escalated into a succession of atrocities committed by both sides.
Well-known jayhawkers include Lane and Charles "Doc" Jennison. Jennison's vicious raids into Missouri were thorough and indiscriminate, and left five counties in western Missouri wasted, save for the standing brick chimneys of the two-storey period houses, which are still called "Jennison Monuments" in the areas. Lane and his band of militants wore red gaiters, earning them the nickname "Redlegs", or "Redleggers". This moniker was often used interchagably with the term "jayhawkers," although it was sometimes used to refer specifically to jayhawkers who refused to join units officially sanctioned by the U.S. Army. Guerrillas on both sides of the Missouri-Kansas border achieved some measure of legitimacy through sanction from the Federal and Confederate governments, and the bands who scorned such sanction were typically even more vicious and indiscriminate in their methods than their bureaucratically recognized counterparts. Even within Kansas, the jayhawkers were not always popular because, in the absence of federal support, they supplied themselves by stealing horses and supplies from farmers.
Jayhawker bands waged numerous invasions of Missouri and also committed some of the most notorious atrocities of the Civil War, including the Lane-led massacre at Osceola, Missouri, in which the entire town was set aflame and at least 9 of the male residents killed. The sacking of Osceola inspired the 1976 film ''The Outlaw Josey Wales'', directed by and starring Clint Eastwood. Jayhawkers also were accused of engineering the collapse of a jail in Kansas City in which female relatives of bushwhackers were incarcerated by Union sympathizers because of their connection to pro-Confederate guerrillas. These two incidents were prior to the Lawrence Massacre in Lawrence, Kansas, led by William Quantrill and his band of bushwhackers. Quantrill's Raiders retaliated for these and other deliberate Unionist atrocities against southern civilians by setting the town on fire and killing an estimated 200 male residents.
Cultural influence
★ The sports teams at the University of Kansas in Lawrence are known as the Jayhawks. The Jayhawk is a mythical bird, a cross between a blue jay and a sparrow hawk.
★ A cattle-drive being held up by Jayhawkers is depicted in The Tall Men.
★ A minor character in the movie Glory was referred to as a "real Jayhawker from Kansas."
★ Abolitionists were referred to as "Jayhawkers" or "Red Legs" and both are still used as terms of derision towards those from Kansas.
★ Items stolen in raids into Missouri were frequently referred to as having been "Jayhawked."
References
★ Castel, Albert (1997). ''Civil War in Kansas: Reaping the Whirlwind.'' (ISBN 0-7006-0872-9)
★ Kerrihard, Bo. "America's Civil War: Missouri and Kansas." TheHistoryNet.
★ Starr, Steven J (1974). ''Jennison's Jayhawkers: A Civil War Cavalry Regiment and its Commander.'' (ISBN 0-8071-0218-0)
★ Wellman, Paul. (1962) ''A Dynasty of Western Outlaws'' (details the origins of the James-Younger and other outlaw gangs in the Kansas-Missouri border war).
See also
★ Border Ruffian
★ Quantrill's Raiders
★ Jayhawk
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