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'John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset' (c. 1373 – March 16, 1410) was the first of the four illegitimate children of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and his mistress Katherine Swynford, later his wife. Beaufort was born in about 1371 and his surname probably reflects his father's lordship of Beaufort in Champagne, France.^[1]
The family emblem was the portcullis which is shown on the reverse of a modern British 1p coin. John of Gaunt had his nephew Richard II of England declare the Beaufort children legitimate in 1390,^[2] Gaunt married their mother in January 1396. Despite being the grandchildren of Edward III of England, and next in the line of succession after the Lancasters, their father's legitimate children, by agreement they were barred from the succession to the throne.^[3]

Contents

In the reign of Richard II

In the reign of Henry IV

Offspring

Notes

References

External links

In the reign of Richard II

In 1396, after his parent's marriage, John and his siblings were legitimated (in the eyes of the Church) by a papal bull. Early the next year, his legitimation was recognized by an act of Parliament, and then, a few days later, he was created Earl of Somerset ( February 10, 1397).^[4]
That summer the new earl was one the noblemen who helped Richard II free himself from the power of the Lords Appellant. As reward on September 29 he was created 'Marquess of Dorset', and sometime later that year he was made a Knight of the Garter and appointed lieutenant of Ireland. In addition, two days before his elevation as a marquess he married the king's niece, Margaret Holland, brother of the 3rd earl of Kent, another of the counter-appellants. ^[4]
He remained in the king's favor even after his half-brother Henry (later Henry IV) was banished. In February 1397 he was appointed admiral of the Irish fleet, as well as constable of Dover and warden of the Cinque Ports. In May his admiralty was extended to include the northern fleet.

In the reign of Henry IV

After Richard II was deposed by Henry IV in 1399, the new king rescinded the titles that had been given to the counter-appellants, and thus John Beaufort became merely Earl of Somerset again. Nevertheless, he proved loyal to his half-brother's reign, serving in various military commands and on some important diplomatic missions.
His marquessate was rescinded in 1399 after the accession of his elder half-brother Henry IV, and afterwards he was merely Earl of Somerset. In 1404 he was Constable of England.

Offspring

He and his wife had six children; his grand-daughter Lady Margaret Beaufort married a descendant of Catherine of Valois by Owen Tudor, creating a powerful branch of the Lancastrian family and enabling Henry VII to claim the throne in spite of the agreement barring the Beaufort family from the succession.
Somerset died on 16 March 1410 in the Hospital of St. Katherine-by-the-Tower. He was buried in St. Michael's chapel in Canterbury Cathedral.
His children included:

★ Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset (c. 1401 – November 25, 1418).

★ John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset (baptized March 25, 1404 – May 27, 1444).

★ Thomas Beaufort, Earl of Perche (c. 1405–1432).

★ Joan Beaufort (c. 1404 – July 15 1445), who married James I of Scotland.

★ Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset (c. 1406 – May 22, 1455).

★ Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Devon (c. 1409–1449). Married Thomas de Courtenay, 13th Earl of Devon.

Notes

1. Armitage-Smith 196-199
2. It is thought that this may have been a "private" act (that is, not entered in the public records), because, in January 1397, the Duke had Parliament issue a similar declaration, with the same proviso.
3. This prohibition was not in the original act of 1397, but appears in a 1407 confirmation by Henry IV (Pollard 158), making the ultimate legallity of the addition uncertain. While this legal wrangling ultimately caused an enormous amount of bloodshed and destruction, it did result in one of the Beaufort descendants ascending the throne as Henry VII.
4. Pollard 158
5. Pollard 158

References

★ Armitage-Smith, Sydney. ''John of Gaunt, King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Lancaster, &c.''. Constable, 1904.

★ Jones, Michael K, and Malcolm G. Underwood, ''The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby''. Cambridge University Press, 1992. see especially pp. 17-22

★ A. F. Pollard, "John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset", Dictionary of National Biography, Supplement vol. 1, 1901. http://www.thepeerage.com/e272.htm

External links

★ The Beaufort Family

★ The Courtenay Family

★ John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset at thePeerage.com