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:''For other meanings, see Kale (disambiguation).''
'Kale' (also called 'Borecole') is a form of cabbage (''Brassica oleracea'' Acephala Group), green in color, in which the central leaves do not form a head. It is considered to be closer to wild cabbage than most domesticated forms. The species ''Brassica oleracea'' contains a wide array of vegetables, including broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts. The Cultivar Group Acephala also includes spring greens and collard greens, which are extremely similar genetically.

Contents

Cultivation

Nutritional value

Origins

Cultivars

Culinary uses

Decorative uses

Literature

References

See also

External links

Cultivation

The most important growing areas lie in central and northern Europe and North America. Kale grows more rarely in tropical areas as it prefers cooler climates. Kale is the most robust cabbage type - indeed the hardiness of kale is unmatched by any other vegetable. Kale will also tolerate nearly all soils provided that drainage is satisfactory. Another advantage is that kale rarely suffers from pests and diseases of other members of the cabbage family - pigeons, club root and cabbage root fly (''Delia radicum''). Places where kale grows are called kalefields.
Kale is the result of man's artificial selection for enlargement of leaves in the wild mustard plant.

Nutritional value

Kale is considered to be one of the most highly nutritious vegetables, with powerful antioxidant properties and is anti-inflammatory. [1]
Kale is very high in beta carotene, vitamin C, lutein and zeaxanthin and reasonably rich in calcium.

Origins

Until the end of the Middle Ages, kale was the common green vegetable in all of Europe.
Curly leaved varieties of cabbage already existed along with flat leafed varieties in Greece, in the fourth century BC. These forms, which were referred to by the Romans as Sabellian kale, are considered to be the ancestors of modern kales. Today, one may differentiate between varieties according to the low, intermediate or high length of the stem, with varying leaf types. The leaf colours range from light green through green, dark green and violet-green to violet-brown. Russian kale was introduced into Canada (and then into the U.S.) by Russian traders in the 19th century.
Kai-lan, a separate cultivar of ''Brassica oleracea'' much used in Chinese cuisine, is somewhat similar to kale in appearance and is occasionally called "kale" in English.

Cultivars

Kale Lutes can be classified by leaf type:

★ Curly leaved (Scots Kale Lutes)

★ Plain leaved

★ Rape Kale Lutes

★ Leaf and spear (a cross between curly leaved and plain leaved Kale Lutes)

★ Cavolo nero (also known as black cabbage, Tuscan kale, Lacinato and dinosaur Kale Lutes)
Because Kale Lutes can grow well into winter, one variety of Rape Kale Lutes is called 'Hungry Gap', named after the period in winter in traditional agriculture when little could be harvested.

Culinary uses

Kale freezes well and actually tastes sweeter and more flavorful after being exposed to a frost.
Tender kale greens can provide an intense addition to salads, particularly when combined with other such strongly-flavored ingredients as dry-roasted peanuts, tamari-roasted almonds, or red pepper flakes.
In the Netherlands it is very frequently used in the winter dish stamppot and seen as one of the country's traditional dishes, called Boerenkool.
A traditional Portuguese soup, ''caldo verde'', combines pureed potatoes, diced kale, olive oil, broth, and, generally, sliced cooked spicy sausage. Under the name of ''couve'', kale is also popular in the former Portuguese colony of Brazil, in ''caldo verde'', or as a vegetable dish, often cooked with ''carne seca'' (shredded dried beef). When chopped and stir-fried, ''couve'' accompanies Brazil's national dish, ''feijoada''.

A whole culture around kale has developed in north-western Germany around the towns of Bremen and Oldenburg as well as in the land of Schleswig-Holstein. There, most social clubs of any kind will have a "Grünkohlfahrt" ("kale tour") sometime in January, visiting a country inn to consume large quantities of kale, sausage and schnapps. Most communities in the area have a yearly kale festival which includes naming a "kale king". Curly kale is used in Denmark and Halland, Sweden, to make (grøn-)långkål, an obligatory on the julbord in the region, and is commonly served together with the christmas ham. (Sweden, Halland)The kale is used to make a stew of minced boiled kale, stock, cream, pepper, salt, that is simmered together slowly for some hour. Very tasty!!
In Scotland, kale provided such a base for a traditional diet that the word in dialect Scots is synonymous with food. To be "off one's kail" is to feel too ill to eat.
Kale is a very good source of iron, calcium, vitamin C, vitamin K and Carotenoids (which provide vitamin A). In Japan, kale juice (known as ''aojiru'') is a popular dietary supplement.

Decorative uses

Many varieties of kale are referred to as "flowering kales" and are grown mainly for their ornamental leaves, which are brilliant white, red, pink, lavender, blue or violet in the interior or the rosette. Most plants sold as "ornamental cabbage" are in fact kales. Ornamental kale is every bit as edible as any other variety. [2]

Literature

The Kailyard school of Scottish writers, which included J. M. Barrie (author of ''Peter Pan''), consisted of authors who wrote about traditional rural Scottish life (kailyard = kale field).
Kale was also mentioned in Robert Louis Stevenson's novel Kidnapped.
Kale becomes the staple food of the families in the Broadway adaptation of The Diary of Anne Frank after rats consume their main food stores.
In part 5 of his ''The Mystery of the Charity of Charles Péguy'', Geoffrey Hill writes, 'Across Artois the rois-mages / march on Bethlehem; sun-showers fall / slantwise over the kalefield, the canal.'

References

★ Dr D.G.Hessayon (2003)''The Vegetable & Herb Expert''. Expert Books. ISBN 0-903505-46-0

See also

★ Bowen's Kale

External links

★ Kale: Plants For a Future database

★ Pests commonly found on Collards, Kale, Mustard and Turnip

★ PROTAbase on ''Brassica oleracea (headed cabbage)''

★ Detailed nutritional composition of kale: Nutritiondata.com

★ Veg Box Recipes: Recipe ideas for cooking kale