KAMA SUTRA

'''Kamasutram''', generally known to the Western world as '''Kama Sutra''', is an ancient Indian text widely considered to be the standard work on love in Sanskrit literature. This is authored by Mallanaga Vatsyayana. A portion of the work deals with human sexual behavior.^[1]
The Kama Sutra is most notable of a group of texts known generically as ''Kama Shastra'' (Sanskrit: ).^[2] Traditionally, the first transmission of ''Kama Shastra'' or "Discipline of Kama" is attributed to Nandi the sacred bull, Shiva's doorkeeper, who was moved to sacred utterance by overhearing the lovemaking of the god and his wife Parvati and later recorded his utterances for the benefit of mankind.^[3]
Historian John Keay says that the Kama Sutra is a ''compendium'' that was collected into its present form in the second century CE.^[4]

Contents

Etymology

Content

Pleasure and the spiritual life

Translations

See also

Notes

References

External links

Etymology

'Kama' (काम '') is a Sanskrit word that has the general meanings of "wish", "desire", and "intention" in addition to the specific meanings of "pleasure" and "(sexual) love".^[5] Used as a proper name it refers to Kama, the Hindu god of Love. The following definition of Kama is given in chapter two of the Kama Sutra, as translated by Richard Burton:

"Kama is the enjoyment of appropriate objects by the five senses of hearing, feeling, seeing, tasting and smelling, assisted by the mind together with the soul. The ingredient in this is a peculiar contact between the organ of sense and its object, and the consciousness of pleasure which arises from that contact is called Kama."^[6]

'Sutra' (सूत्र '') signifies a ''thread'', or discourse threaded on a series of aphorisms or concise rules.^[7] By definition a sutra is a brief, aphoristic statement.^[8] ''Sutra'' was a standard term for a technical text, thus also the ''Yoga Sutras'' of Patanjali. Ludo Rocher categorizes the ''Kama Sutra'' as a typical example of a work written in sutra style.^[9]

Content

The Kama Sutra has 36 chapters, organized into 7 parts^[10]. Both according to Burton and Doniger^[11] translations, the contents of the book are structured into 7 parts like the following:
:;1. Introductory: Chapters on contents of the book, three aims and priorities of life, the acquisition of knowledge, conduct of the well-bred townsman, reflections on intermediaries who assist the lover in his enterprises (5 chapters).
:;2. On sexual union: Chapters on stimulation of desire, embraces types, caressing and kisses, marking with nails, biting and marking with teeth, on copulation (positions), slapping by hand and corresponding moaning, virile behavior in women, superior coition and oral sex, preludes and conclusions to the game of love. It describes 64 types of sexual acts (10 chapters).
:;3. About the acquisition of a wife: Chapters on forms of marriage, relaxing the girl, obtaining the girl, managing alone, union by marriage (5 chapters).
:;4. About a wife: Chapters on conduct of the only wife and conduct of the chief wife and other wives (2 chapters).
:;5. About the wives of other people: Chapters on behavior of woman and man, encounters to get acquainted, examination of sentiments, the task of go-between, the king's pleasures, behavior in the gynoecium (6 chapters).
:;6. About courtesans: Chapters on advice of the assistants on the choice of lovers, looking for a steady lover, ways of making money, renewing friendship with a former lover, occasional profits, profits and losses (6 chapters).
:;7. On the means of attracting others to one's self: Chapters on improving physical attractions, arousing a weakened sexual power (2 chapters).

Pleasure and the spiritual life

Indian tradition includes following the "four main goals of life",^[12][13] known as the ''purusharthas'':^[14]
1). Dharma: Virtuous living.
2). Artha: Material prosperity.
3). Kama: Aesthetic and erotic pleasure.^[15][16]
4). Moksha: Liberation.
Dharma, Artha and Kama are aims of everyday life, while Moksha is release from the cycle of death and rebirth. The Kama Sutra (Burton translation) says:

"Dharma is better than Artha, and Artha is better than Kama. But Artha should always be first practised by the king for the livelihood of men is to be obtained from it only. Again, Kama being the occupation of public women, they should prefer it to the other two, and these are exceptions to the general rule." (Kama Sutra 1.2.14)^[17]

Of the first three, virtue is the highest goal, a secure life the second and pleasure the least important. When motives conflict, the higher ideal is to be followed. Thus, in making money virtue must not be compromised, but earning a living should take precedence over pleasure, but there are exceptions.
In childhood, Vatsyayana says, a person should learn how to make a living, youth is the time for pleasure, as years pass one should concentrate on living virtuously and hope to escape the cycle of rebirth.^[18]
The Kama Sutra is sometimes wrongly thought of as a manual for tantric sex. While sexual practices do exist within the very wide tradition of Hindu tantra, the Kama Sutra is not a tantric text, and does not touch upon any of the sexual rites associated with some forms of tantric practice.

Translations

The most widely known English translation of the Kama Sutra was made by the famous traveler and author Sir Richard Francis Burton and compiled by his colleague Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot in 1883. Historian Burjor Avari has criticized Burton's translation as "inadequate," having had the result that the book gained a reputation in the West of being a pornographic work.^[19]
A recent translation is that of Indra Sinha, published in 1980. In the early 1990s its chapter on lovemaking positions began circulating on the internet as an independent text and today is often assumed to be the whole of the Kama Sutra.^[20]
Alain Daniélou contributed a translation called ''The Complete Kama Sutra'' in 1994. This translation featured the original text attributed to Vatsayana, along with a medieval and modern commentary.
It was translated again in 2002 by Wendy Doniger, the professor of the history of religions at the University of Chicago, and Sudhir Kakar, the Indian psychoanalyst and senior fellow at Center for Study of World Religions at Harvard University. Their translation provides a psychoanalytic interpretation of the text.^[19]

See also

★ ''Ananga Ranga''

★ ''Lazzat Un Nisa''

★ History of sex in India

★ Kamashastra

Notes

1. Common misconceptions about Kama Sutra. “The Kama Sutra is neither a sex-manual nor, as also commonly believed, a sacred or religious work. It is certainly not a tantric text. In opening with a discussion of the three aims of ancient Hindu life – dharma, artha and kama – Vatsyayana's purpose is to set kama, or enjoyment of the senses, in context. Thus dharma or virtuous living is the highest aim, artha, the amassing of wealth is next, and kama is the least of the three.” —Indra Sinha.
2. For Kama Sutra as the most notable of the kāma śāstra literature see: Flood (1996), p. 65.
3. For Nandi reporting the utterance see: p. 3. Daniélou, Alain. ''The Complete Kama Sutra: The First Unabridged Modern Translation of the Classic Indian Text''. Inner Traditions: 1993. ISBN 0-89281-525-6.
4. For the Kama Sutra as a compilation, and dating to second century CE, see: Keay, pp. 81, 103.
5. Arthur Anthony Macdonell. ''A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary''. p. 66.
6. Quotation from the translation by Richard Burton taken from [1]. Text accessed 28 April 2007.
7. Arthur Anthony Macdonell. ''A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary''. p. 357.
8. For definition of sutra as a brief, aphoristic statement see: Rocher, Ludo. "The Dharmaśāstras", in: Flood (2003), p. 104.
9. Rocher, Ludo. "The Dharmaśāstras", in: Flood (2003), p. 104.
10. book, see index pages by Wendy Doniger, also translation by Burton
11. Date checked: 29 March 2007 Burton and Doniger
12. For the ''Dharma Śāstras'' as discussing the "four main goals of life" (dharma, artha, , and moksha) see: Hopkins, p. 78.
13. For dharma, artha, and kama as "brahmanic householder values" see: Flood (1996), p. 17.
14. For definition of the term पुरुष-अर्थ () as "any of the four principal objects of human life, i.e. धर्म, अर्थ, काम, and मोक्ष" see: Apte, p. 626, middle column, compound #1.
15. For '' as one of the four goals of life ('') see: Flood (1996), p. 65.
16. For definition of '' as "erotic and aesthetic pleasure" see: Flood (1996), p. 17.
17. Quotation from the translation by Richard Burton taken from [2]. Text accessed 3 April 2007.
18. Book I, Chapter ii, Lines 2-4 ''Vatsyayana Kamasutram'' Electronic Sanskrit edition: Titus Texts, University of Frankfurt''
19. Avari (2007), p. 171.
20. Sinha, p. 33.
21. Avari (2007), p. 171.

References

★ The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary, , Vaman Shivram, Apte, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1965, (fourth revised & enlarged edition).

★ India: The Ancient Past, , Burjor, Avari, Routledge, 2007,

★ .

★ Sudhir Kakar and .

★ An Introduction to Hinduism, , Gavin, Flood, Cambridge University Press, 1996,

★ The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism, , Gavin (Editor), Flood, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2003,

★ The Hindu Religious Tradition, , Thomas J., Hopkins, Dickenson Publishing Company, Inc., 1971,

★ India: A History, , John, Keay, Grove Press, 2000,

★ The Cybergypsies, , Indra, Sinha, Viking, 1999,

External links

;Original and translations

★ Sir Richard Burton's English translation of Kama Sutra, pdf version

★ The Kama Sutra in the original Sanskrit provided by the TITUS project