'' 'See Main Articles' '' :
Kambojas,
Kamboja Kingdom
'Kamboj' (, ,
Urdu: Ú©Ù…Ø¨ÙˆÛ ) is frequently used as a surname or last name by many Kambojs, currently living in
India. Their
Muslim counterparts living in
Pakistan mostly use
Kamboh instead. The Kambojs/Kambohs (''and the Kamojis of
Kafirstan'' in north-east Afghanistan) are the modern representatives of ancient
Kambojas, a well-known
Kshatriya tribe of the
Indo-Aryans terminology, said to have had both
Indian as well as
Iranian affinities
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7].
Kambojas: A Kshatriya Clan
In India, the Kambojas obviously belonged to the
Kshatriya caste of Indo-Aryan society.
The earliest and most powerful reference endorsing the Kshatriya-hood of the Kambojas is
Panini's fifth century BCE ''
Ashtadhyayi''. Panini refers to the Kamboja
Janapada, and mentions it as "one of the fifteen powerful Kshatriya Janapadas" of his times, inhabited and ruled by Kamboja Kshatriyas.
[8]
'See':
Kambojas of Panini
The ''
Harivamsa'' attests that the clans of Kambojas, Sakas, Yavanas, Pahlavas etc. were "formerly noble Kshatriyas". It was king Sagara who had deprived the Kambojas, and other allied tribes, of their Kshatiya-hood
[9] and forbade them from performing ''Svadhyayas'' and ''Vasatkaras''.
[10]
The ''Harivamsa'' calls this group of Sakas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Pahlavas and Paradas as "''Kśatriya-pungavah''", i.e., foremost among the Kśatriyas.
Vayu Purana calls them as ''"Kśatriya ganah"'' (
Kshatriya hordes).
[11] [12] [13].
The ''
Manusmriti'' attests that the Kambojas, Sakas, Yavanas etc were originally "noble Kshatriyas", but were gradually degraded to the status of
Sudras, on account of their neglect of sacred rites and non-entertainment of the Brahmanas in their countries.
[14]
The ''
Mahabharata'' likewise, also notes that the Kambojas, Sakas, Yavanas, Pahlavas, et al. were originally "noble Kshatriyas", who later got degraded to barbaric status due to the wrath of the Brahmanas.
[15]
The ''
Arthashastra'' of
Kautiliya[16] attests the ''Kshatriya Shrenis'' (Corporations of
Warriors) of the Kambojas,
Surashtras, and some other nations, and mentions them as living by agriculture, trade and warfare.
The
legend of ''
Daivi Khadga'' or
Divine Sword detailed in ''Shantiparva'' of ''Mahabharata''
[17] also powerfully endorses the Kshatriya-hood of the Kambojas. The sword as the "symbol of Kshatriya-hood" was wrested by the
warrior king
Kamboja from the
Kosala king
Kuvalashava alias Dhundhumara, from whom it went to another warrior king called
Muchukunda.
[18]
'See':
Mahabharata Sword
''
Bhagavata Purana''
[19] references a king of the Kambojas, and calls him a "powerfully armed mighty warrior" (''samiti-salina atta-capah Kamboja'').
''
Kalika Purana''
[20] refers to a war between the
Buddhist king Kali (
Maurya Brihadratha) and the
Brahmanical king Kalika (
Pusyamitra Sunga), where the Kambojas came as military supporters to Brihadratha, (187-180) BCE. The ''Purana'' notes the Kamboja warriors as ''Kambojai...bhimavikramaih'', i.e. the Kambojas of terrific military prowess", again confirming the Kshatriya-hood of the Kambojas.
Brahmanda Purana talks of 21 battles waged by
Brahmin sage ''Parsurama'' against the ancient Kashatriya clans of the Indian subcontinent. The list of Kshatriyas whom sage Parsurama fought with includes the Kambojas as well.
[21] This ancient evidence again verifies that Kambojas were a Kshatriya clan.
There are numerous similar references in the
Puranas, ''Mahabharata'', ''
Ramayana'' and other ancient
Sanskrit and
Pali literature, that further document the Kshatriya-hood of the Kambojas.
Passages in
Mahabharata,
Puranas and other ancient texts indicate that the Kambojas were a '' 'valiant warriors' ''
[22]; particularly '' 'hard to fight with' ''
[23]; ''invincible''
[24]; expert in the use of '' 'diverse weapons' ''
[25]; '' 'wrathful, ferocious and shaved-headed warriors' ''
[26]; 'expert cavalarymen'
[27] [28]; '' 'deadly like cobras' ''
[29];'' 'strikers of fierce force' ''
[30]; '' 'Death-personified' ''
[31]; '' 'of fearful bearing like Yama' '' (the god of death)
[32]; and '' 'war-loving Kambojas' ''
[33] etc etc.
'Also see link': SOME KSHATRYA TRIBES OF ANCIENT INDIA, Dr. B. C. LAW :
[1]
Ancient Kamboj also practiced Brahmanism
''Chudakarma Samskaara'' of ''Paraskara Grhya-Sutram''
[34], ''Vamsa Brahmana''
[35] of the
Sama Veda[2], the Epic
Ramayana as well as
Mahabharata and some other ancient references profusely attest that a section of the ancient Kambojas also practiced '
Brahmanism' i.e they had adopted the profession of learning and teaching. Thus we see that the ancient Kambojas are known to have been great scholars and teachers. Undoubtedly, they were intimately connected with ancient famous University of
Taxila in
Gandhara.
In Paraskara Gryya-sutram (verse 2.1.2), the Kambojas have been listed at par with the
Vasishthas--the cultural heroes of ancient India. Their social customs are stated to be identical.
Rsi Upamanyu, the composer of
Rigvedic Hymn (1. 102. 9); and his son/descendent
Kamboja Aupamanyava-- a hallowed sage and teacher mentioned in Vamsa Brahmana of the
Sama Veda-- are some of the very distinguished ancient philosophers/scholars and teachers born of the Kamboja lineage.
Benjamin Walker observes:
''"Kambojas were not only famous for their furs and woolen blankets embroidered with threads of gold, their wonderful horses and their beautiful women, 'but by
epic period, they had become especially renowned as
Vedic teachers and their homeland as a seat of Brahmanical learning" ' ''
[36].
Dr A. D. Pusalkar observes:
''“The speech of Kambojas is referred to by
Yaska as differing from that of other
Aryans and Grierson sees in this reference the
Iranian affinities of the Kambojas, 'but the fact that the Kambojas teachers were reputed for their Vedic learning' shows them to have been Vedic Aryans, so that the Kamboja was an Aryan settlemenâ€''
[37]
Viveka Nanda and Lokesh Chander write:
'"The teachers of Kamboja were known for their Vedic learning. Culturally, Afghanistan then formed part of India...."'
[38].
'See also' :
Brahmanism of Ancient Kambojas.
Overlap with Jat, Kshatriya and Brahmin clan names
The modern Kamboj are said to be divided into two divisions of 52 and 84 clans names (''the actual number is however somewhat higher than these figures''). Dr J. L. Kamboj observes that more than 15 of the Kamboj clan names overlap with that of the
Brahmins and over 80 overlap with other
Kshatriya and
Rajput clans of northern India. But according to S Kirpal Singh, the respective figures are over 25 overlapping with Brahmins and over 100 overlapping with other Kshatriyas and Rajputs.
[39] In his well known book ''Glossary of Tribes and Castes of Punjab and North-west Frontier Province''
[40], British ethnographer and ethnologist, H. A. Rose, had also observed in early 20th century that there is seen an overlap of the Kamboj clan names with that of the
Brahmins and other
Kshatriyas. Rose also admitted that the reason of this overlap was not clear to him
[41]. But, today with all the information provided in the articles in Wikipedia about the Kambojas, it would seem clear as to why there is such an overlap.
List of Kamboj Gotras (clans)
'For more expanded list of Kamboj clans visit':
[3]
'52 Gotras': Abdal, Ajpal/Ajapal, Angiarey, Asoi, Bahujad, Bage, Ban/Bhaun/ Bhawan, Barar, Batti/Bhatti, Basra, Chak, Chandi, Chandna/Chandne/Chand, Chatrath, Daberah, Dhanju, Dhot/Dhat/Dhudi, Dote, Dulai, Handa/Handey, Jaiya/Jie/Joiye, Jammu, Jaspal/Jakhpal, Jatmal, Josan/Jossan, Jaura/Jaure, Judge/Juj, Kadi or Karhi, Khere, Kosle/Kausle, Karanpal, Kaura/Kaure, Kayar, Khinda/Khinde/Khande, Kirgil, Lori/Laure, Mardak, Mehrok/Mehroke/Mirok/Marok, Momi, Mutti/Moti, Nadha/Nandha/Nandhey, Nagpal, Nagri/Nagra, Nandan, Nibber/Nibher, Padhu/Pandhu, Patanroy/Patanrai, Pran, Ratanpal, Sama/Samey, Sandha/Sandhey, Sandher, Sandheyer/Sandheer, Sawan, Soi/Sohi, Shahi, Suner, Tandne, Tarikha/Trikhe,
Thind, Tume, Turne/Turna, Vinayak, Pathan, Unmal
'84 Gotras' : Aglawe, Ambri/Ambrey, Angotre, Bagwan/Bagyan/Bagban, Bahia, Bala, Bangwaye, Bangar/Bangare, Banjahal/Bhunjal, Banur, Barham, Barhgotey, Bassi/Basi, Bastorh, Beeharh/Beharh, Bhujang, Brahman/Behman, Chamri/Chimre, Chaupal/Chaufal, Cherta/Churta/Churawat, Chhanan/Chhiyanwe, Chhichhoti/Chhichhote/Chhachhate/Chhachha, Chichare/Chachare, Chimne/Chimni/Chimna, Chine/Chini/China, Churiye/Chirwey/Chidey/Charway, Dange, Datane/Dotane/Datana/Dutane, Dehar/Dehal, Dehgal/Duggal, Dhare, Dheel/Dhillan, Dhehte, Dode, Doliyan, Fukni, Gadre or Gadra, Gagre/Gagra, Gande/Gandi, Gandheyor/Gandhare/Gandhi, Gaure/Gore/Rai Gore/Gori, Geelawe, Ghasitey, Gogan/Gugan, Gosiley, Gal/Gayile, Ghangra, Harse, Jade/Jarhe, Jagman, Judge Jande/Jandu, Jangle/Jangli, Jhamb/Jham, Jhand/Jhandu, Kalra/Kalre/Kalar, Kalsia/Kalsi/Kalas, Camari/Kamari/Kamare, Khokhar, Kokar/Kakar/Kakra, Kukri/Kukar, Lahere/Lehri, Lakhi, Lahndey, Late/Lata, Lahange/Lahinga/Lahinde, Lall, Machhliye/Machhle, Magu/Mage, Makore/Makkar, Mall, Momsarang, Sarang, Mandey/Mande, Melle/Meliye/Malle, Multani, Nagambr/Nigambar, Nehriye/Nehre/Ner/Naru/Nehru/Nauhriye, Nepal/Nipal/Naipal, Nuri, Pandey/Pandhey, Padhasi, Rindi, Sainik, Sandle, Sathand, Senpati/Senapati, Sapre Or Sapra/Sawre, Sarnote/Sarkude, Satte, Sauki/Soki, Soni, Suhagi/Suhage, Sunehre, Silahre/Sulahre/Sulare/Sulehre, Sulhiro, Tande, Tagal/Tugal, Taparhiye, Thathai/Thathaiya/Thathe, Thingrey/Thengrey, Topchi
Roots of Kamboj in Remote Antiquity
The ''Siah-posh'' ''
Kafirs of the Hindukush'' ranges, who till recently were ''collectively known as Kamoges or Kamojis''
[42] (
Sanskrit 'Kambojis or
Kambojas') are stated to have been a remain of a considerable ancient people among whom were original
Kashmerians and a greater part of
Badakshan and
Kabol as far as Deggan
tribes...and on the southern face of the higher ridges of
Himalaya extending to an unknown distance...Though whole of their pristine population being subjected to
Muslim conquerors in the middle ages, and having mixed with them, they have now lost their pristine individuality of national character but still among the ''Kabulis'', in particular, it is still not unfrequent to observe heads and figures ''that might serve for models to the sculptors who would portray a
Jupiter or a
Mars according to the refined idealism of the ancient
Greeks''. The Kafirs have oval faces, their brows are well-arched and the nose and mouth even more refined than the Greeks. They are still fairer, generally, with lighter hair and gray eyes
[43]. Blending with the nearest black-haired tribes, the ancestors of the Kamoges are believed to have given rise to ancient
Persians and with the faired-haired on the north, they are said to have produced the handsome tribes of the
Goths [44] [45]. The name ''Kamoges'' or ''Kamojis'' apparently reminds one of the ancient
Kambojas
[46] living in
Hindukush,
Pamirs as well as in
Badakshan. ('See':
Kamboja Location). The modern Kamboj or Kamboh people of northern India are stated to have descended from the ancient Kambojas and are believed to belong to the same ancient stock as the Kamoges or Kamojis of Hindukush
[47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60][61] [62].
Kambysene/Cambysene & Kamboja connection?
Historians believe that, there was a movement of the Eurasian nomads in
Iran in the early centuries of first millennium BCE, in which the Cimmerians and Yautiya figured prominently. Driven by Medes, these
Eurasian nomads bifurcated into two wings, the right one pushing north-westwards upto Transcaspiana and the left one wheeling towards the south-east and penertrating into
Afghanistan and
Punjab. Closely allied to the Iranian Yautiya were the
Kurus, Kambojas and some other clans of the
Scythians, which in later centuries, had sided with
Achaemenid Teispes (Cispi), and contributed to the formation of
Achaemenian empire in Iran (Dr Buddha Prakash, Dr C. Chakravarty, Qamarud Din Ahmed etc). Soon these early
Scythians merged with sedentary population of Iranians and became an integral part of them thus losing all traces of this ancient incursion except for some place-names, noted by a grammarian, interested in linguistics or some faint traditions lost in the multitudinous amalgam of legendary lore. According to Dr Buddha Prakash, the
Indian epic Mahabharata, in reality, is a record of Scytho-Iranian invasion of India of the 9th c BCE.
[63][64] Mahabharata abundantly attests that the Kambojas and their kindered migrating Scythian
tribes like the
Sakas,
Tusharas etc had played a very prominent role in the
Kurukshetra war where they had fought under the supreme command of
Sudakshina Kamboja.
According to Dr Chandra Chakravarty, the nomadic invaders who had invaded Iran several centuries prior to
Christian era were
Scythian tribes of the Kambysene from west of
Caspian region i.e. ancient
Armenia. Name Kambysene has been attested anciently by
Strabo which he specifies as a region bordering on
Caucasus mountains.
[65] It comprised a rugged region through which a road connecting
Albania and
Iberia passed.
[66] The
Greek form of the name is believed to have been derived in the
Hellenistic period from an indigenous name, corresponding to
Armenian ''Kamboean''. In
Georgian, it is written ''Kambeovani'', in
Arabic, ''Qambzan''. In
Sanskrit, it was spoken as ''
Kamboja''. Though not attested prior to Strabo, the region Kambysene is believed to have born this name since remote antiquity. The tribal people living around this region were also called by the same name. Strabo also attests two rivers viz: Cyrus (modern Kura) and Cambysene (modern Jori),
[67] the latter was a tributary of the former. According to Ernst Herzfeld, the names of Cyrus and Cambyses rivers, as well as the
Achaemenid names
Kurush and
Kambujiya, were derived from two
ethnics.
[68] Obviously these two ethnics were none else than the ancient
Kurus and Kambojas of the
Sanskrit traditions.
According to Dr Chandra Chakravarty, the name Kambysene of the Greeks translates into
Kamboja and the
Cyrus into
Kuru of the
Sanskrit texts.
[69] Dr Chakravarty also states that the hordes, who had participated in the earlier invasion of Iran along with Yautiyas were the
Nordic Scythians who were living around the Kambysene region, near Mt Caucasus in ancient Armenia. They were the Kuru-Kambojas of the Sanskrit texts.
[70] These Nordic Kuru-Kambojas, later mixed with the Alpine base "Parsa-Xsayatia" (''Purush-Khattis'') Iranians
[71] and gave birth to the famous
Achaemenian dynastic line of
Persia. This might explain as to why the Achemenians chose to name their famous kings as Kambujia (Cambyses) and Kurush (Cyrus). Dr Chakravarty further states that the
Kambohs of NW Punjab are the modern representatives of these
Scythian Kambysene, whom he calls Scythian Kambojas.
[72] Dr Chakravarty further writes that a branch of these Scythian Kambysene had also settled in the north-west India giving name to ancient Kamboja (Afghanistan); and yet another branch reached
Tibetan
plateau where they mixed with the locals; and some Tibetans are still called Kambojas.
[73] And through Tibet, they went further to
Mekong valley where they were called
Kambujas (
Cambodians), now represented by the
Chams, still a tall, fair, dolichocephelic people with bilided eyes, of the Mon-Khmers.
[74]
References
1. See: Vedic index of names & subjects by Dr. Arthur Anthony Macdonnel, Dr Arthur. B Keath, I.84, p 138.
2. Ethnology of Ancient BhÄrata, 1970, p 107, Dr Ram Chandra Jain.
3. The Journal of Asian Studies, 1956, p 384, Association for Asian Studies, Far Eastern Association (U.S.).
4. BalocistÄn: siyÄsÄ« kashmakash, muz̤mirÄt va rujḥÄnÄt, 1989, p 2, MunÄ«r Aḥmad MarrÄ«.
5. India as Known to PÄṇini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashá¹ÄdhyÄyÄ«, 1953, p 49, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala.
6. Afghanistan, p 58, W. K. Fraser, M. C. Gillet.
7. Afghanistan, its People, its Society, its Culture, Donal N. Wilber, 1962, p 80, 311 etc.
8. Ashtadhyayi, 4.1.168-175
9. Harivamsa 14.19
10. Harivamsa, 14.17
11. Vayu Purana: v 88.127-43.
12. Cultural History from Vayu Purana, 1973, p 27, fn 185, Reprint of 1946 Edition, published by Deccan College Post Graduate Research Institute, Poona
13. Foreign Elements in Ancient Indian Society, 2nd Century BC to 7th Century AD - 1979, p 125, Uma Prasad Thapliyal.
14. Manusmriti verses X.43-44
15. MBH 13.33.31-32
16. Arthashastra 11.1.04
17. MBH 12.166.1-81
18.
:Sanskrit:
:Dhundhumarachcha Kambojo Muchukundastato.alabhat
:MuchukundanMaruttashcha Maruttadapi Raivatah
::(MBH 12.166.77-78)
19. BHagavata Purana 2.7.35
20. Kalika Puranna 20/40
21. Brahmanda Purana, 3.41.36; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 19, Dr J. L. Kamboj; Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 15, S. Kirpal Singh
22. ete Durvarana nama Kambojah (=Kamboja warriors, difficult to be resisted like wild elephants), Mahabharata 7.112.43; The Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 124.
23. Journal of the American Oriental Society - P 295, American Oriental Society.
24. ''Kambojasainyan vidravya durjayam yudhi bharata''.
25. Ibid.; The Social and Military Position of the Ruling Caste in Ancient India, as Represented by the Sanskrit Epic, Edward W. Hopkins, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 13, 1889 (1889), pp. 57-376.
26. ibid.; Mahabharata 7.112.43-45; ''mundanetan ....Kambojan.eva''... MBH 7.119.23.
27. Ashva.yuddha.kushalah: Mahabharata 7.7.14; Vishnudharmotra Purana, Part II, Chapter 118; Post Gupta Polity (AD 500-700): A Study of the Growth of Feudal Elements and Rural Administration 1972, p 136, Ganesh Prasad Sinha; Wisdom in the Puranas 1969, p 64, Prof Sen Sarma etc.
28. Vishnudharmotra Purana attests: ''"The soldiers of Deccan (Daksinatya) are knowledgeable or efficient in Khadga fight, the people of Vankala are expert in archery, the hill people are at-ease in stone or sling fight (pasana-yudha), the people of Anga, Vanga and Kalinga are expert in fighting from elephants, the Kambojas, Gandharas are expert in fighting from horse (as cavalrymen)...â€'' (Vishnudharmotri Purana, Kh. II, Chapter 118)
29. ''tikshnai.rashivishopamah'': Mahabharata 7.112.48-49.
30. ''tigmavega.praharinam''.
31. ''samana.mrityavo''.
32. ''Kambojah Yama vaishravan.opamah'': MBH 7,23.40-42.
33. ''damshitah krurakarmanah Kamboja yuddhadurmadah'' i.e lip-biting, hardy and war-intoxicated Kambojas: Mahabarata 7.119.26-28; Traditional History of India: A Digest – 1960, p 136, Govinda Krishna Pillai.
34. Paraskara Gryya-sutram verse 2.1.2; Commentary: Pt Harihar.
35. Vamsa Brahmana verse 1.18-19.
36. ''Hindu World'', 'Vol I', Benjamin Walker, p. 520.
37. History & Culture of Indian People, The Vedic Age, Dr A. D. Pusalkar, Dr R. C. Majumdar, Dr K. D. Munshi, 1952, pp 259-260; cf: Location of Kamboja, Purana, Vol VI No1, Jan 1964 pp 212-213; Problems of Ancient India, 2000, p 224, K. D. Sethna.
38. India's Contribution to World and Culture, 1970, p 216, Veveka Nanda, Lokesh Chandra.
39. The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 27, 431.
40. Based on 1880 census of India
41. Glossary of Tribes and Castes of Punjab and North-West Frontier Province, 1915, Vol II, p 444-445 fns, H. A. Rose
42. Ref: Nature - p 222, by Nature Publishing Group
43. These physical characteristics of the Kafir Kamoges wonderfully remind us of the physical charactersitcs of the ancient Kambojs who have especially been described as exceedingly handsome race (Mahabharata 7.23.43). Ancient Kamboj princes have also been noted as tall like towers, exceedingly handsome and of ''gaura varna'' (See: Mahabharata 8.56.113-114; Mahabharata ; MBH 7.92.72-76), having faces illustrious like the full moon (Mahabharata 8/56/111), lotus eyed (Mahabharata 8/56/110-114), handsome like the lord-moon among the stars (Mahabharata 1/67/31). Even Ramayana calls the Kambojas as ''ravisanibha'' i.e with faces illustrious like the Sun ( Ramayana 1/55/2). Besides, there are also ancient references, Buddhist as well as Brahmanical, which speak very high of the beauty of the Kamboj women. 'See link': [4]
44. ref: The Natural History of the Human Species: Its Typical Forms, Primaeval Distribution, Filiations,...pp 403-405, Charles Hamilton Smith
45. 'See link': [5]. 'IMPORTANT': It may be noted that in this link, the author Charles Hamilton Smith has mistakenly written 'Mamoges' for the 'Kamoges' or 'Kamojis'. The Kamoges Kafirs have been referred to as Caumogee or Caumoze by M. Elphinstone (See: An account of the kingdom of Caubol) and 'Kamoz', 'Kam' and 'Kamtoz' by Sir George Robertson Scott (See: The Kafirs of Hindukush, 1896, pp 76-77); See also: The Kom (Kam) by Richard F. Strand: ''Nuristan, Hidden Land of the Hindu-Kush'' [6]
46. Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 133, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee; The Sun and the Serpent: A Contribution to the History of Serpent-worship, 1905, p 127/128, Charles Frederick Oldham; cf: ''A trace of Kambojas, in their original seat, seems to remain in the Kaumojas of the Hindukush'': See foot note 5 [7] etc.
47. See refs: M. Elphinstone, An account of the kingdom of Caubol, fn p 619; Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1843, p 140; Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1874, p 260 fn; Die altpersischen Keilinschriften: Im Grundtexte mit Uebersetzung, Grammatik und Glossar, 1881, p 86, Friedrich Spiegel; Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 133, fn, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Banerjee; The Achaemenids and India, 1974, p 13, Dr S Chattopadhyaya .
48. Cf:''There is an apparent trace of their(Kambojas') name in the Caumogees of Kaferistan, who may have retreated to the mountains before the advance of the Turk tribes'' (Dr H. H. Wilson). 'See fn 374:15': [8] .
49. Cf: ''"The geographical title of Kamboja is retained to present days in the Kamoj of Cafferstan"'' (See: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1990, p 97, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland).
50. Cf: "Kambojas must have inhabited the Hindukush mountain and the adjoining country, as its Kafirs, says Elphinstone, still call them Kamoj" (Peter weiss: Von existentialistischen Drama zum marxistischen Welttheater, eine kritische Bilanz, 1971, Otto F. Best).
51. KÄmarÅ«paÅ›ÄsanÄvalÄ«, 1981, p 137, Dimbeswar Sarma, Premadhar Chowdhury, Rajani Kanta Deva Sarma.
52. Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa, 1991, p 114, M. R. (Moreshvar Ramchandra) Kale, KÄlidÄsa, MallinÄtha.
53. Cf: ''"Thus traces of the old Kamboja tribe exist at the present day in the Badakshan and the Pamirs regions. In the west, the tribe (Kamboja), in the ancient days, seems to have extended as far as the eastern part of Afghanistan, for here we find peoples who call themselves Kamoja and in which we can trace probably the survival of the name Kambojaâ€'' (See: The Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 192 ).
54. Cf: ''Die Kafirs werden Kamoze oder Kamboja genannt (nach Elphinstone)'' (Adolf Bastian) (See: Die Voelker des Oestlichen Asien Studien und Reisen, Band I. Die Geschichte der Indochinesen, p 456: 'See link': [9]) .
55. Cf: ''"A trace of Kambojas, in their original seat, seems to remain in the Kaumojas of the Hindukush" ('See foot note 4': [10]).
56. Cf: ''" The tribe (Kambojas), who most likely occupied Paropamisan mountains and the plains to the northward, which are still famous for their breed of horses, may have perhaps subsequently extended to east, as we find traces of the name in the Hindukush, as a part of the Kafirs bearing the appellation of Kaumojees, which we can scarcely doubt to represent the ancient denomination Kambojas"'' (See Ref: Art. XV, Notes on Sabhaparva of Mahabharata, illustrative of some Ancient Usages and Articles of Traffic of Hindus, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1843, p 140, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland).
57. Cf: ''"The Kambojas were probably represented by the Kafir tribe of Kamoj. And it seems not unlikely that a remnant of the Kambojas may have been driven into the mountains by some of the invaders of the country. Popular tradition says, in fact, that the Kamoj were driven out of the country of Candahar (Gandhara) "'' (Ref: The Sun and the Serpent: p 127-128, Charles Fredrick Oldham: 'See link': [11].
58. See also: Die altpersischen Keilinschriften: Im Grundtexte mit Uebersetzung, Grammatik und Glossar – 1881, Page 86, Fr. (Friedrich) Spiegel): 'See link': [12].
59. Cf: ''"The Kamoz tribe of the Kafirs are fairly supposed to be the surviving representatives of the Kambojas of primeval Indian literature, a name with which scholars have connected that of Cambyses..."'' (See ref: The Quarterly Review, 1873, p 537, William Gifford, George Walter Prothero, John Gibson Lockhart, John Murray, Whitwell Elwin, John Taylor Coleridge, Rowland Edmund Prothero Ernle, William Macpherson, William Smith - 1873).
60. Cf: ''“The Shia-posh tribe which now resides on the Hindukush Mountain is said to have descended from Kambojasâ€'' (See: The Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 513; See also: Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval India, p 87).
61. Revue d'ethnographie also notes that ''the Kamoze, Hilar, Silar and Kamoje were the former clans of the Siaposh Kaffirs and they are linked to the Kambojas of Mahabharata'' (See: Revue d'ethnographie, 225. 'See link': [13]).
62. See: Mid-Decade World Conference on Women: Bengaladesh Perspective, 1980, (Published in 1981), Women Developement Unit, Bhanudatta Misra, Dimbeswara Sarma.
63. See: Political and Social Movements in Ancient Panjab (from the Vedic Age Upto [sic] the Maurya Period) – 1964, p 125-128, Dr Buddha Prakash
64. Paradise of Gods – 1966, p 323-24, Qamarud Din Ahmed.
65. Strabo Geog., 11.14.4
66. Strabo Geog., 11.4.5; cf. 11.3.5; see also Fabricius, pp. 146, 160, and map; Trever, p. 113 and map
67. A. Herrmann, in Pauly-Wissowa, X/2, col. 1810, s.v. Kambysene.
68. The Persian Empire' Studies in Geography and Ethnography of the Ancient Near East, Ernst Herzfeld, ed. G. Walser, Wiesbaden, 1968, esp. pp. 344-46); [14]
69. Literary History of Ancient India in Relation to Its Racial and Linguistic Affiliations – 1950, p 149, 165, Chandra Chakraberty.
70. op cit, pp 37, 149, Dr C. Chakravarty.
71. op cit, pp 32-33, Dr C. Chakravarty; The Racial History of India, 1944, p 225, Chandra Chakraberty: e.g: "The Achaemenids were Kamboja-Kuru Scythian people on the base of Parsa ('Khatti-Puru') tribe. It was a marvelous racial blend and their culture was a similar good synthesis...."; See also: Paradise of Gods – 1966, p 330, Qamarud Din Ahmed: e.g: “It seems therefore, that the Achaemenidae were mixed with Saka Kuru-Kamboja with the Alpine base Khatti-Purus" (i.e. Parsa-Xsayatia).
72. op cit, pp 37, 149, 165, Dr C. Chakravarty.
73. op cit, p 165, Dr C. Chakravarty.
74. op cit, p 165, Dr C. Chakravarty; Cf also: History of Origin of Some Clans in India, with Special Reference to Jats, 1992, p 153, Mangal Sen Jindal.
Source of Kamboj Gotras (clans)
★ The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, pp 423-432, S Kirpal Singh ji
★ Glossary of Tribes and Castes of Punajb and north-west Frontier Provinces, Vol III, p 524, H. A. Rose
★ Kamboja Itihaas, 1972, pp 42-43, S H. S. Thind
★ Jatt Tribes and Zira, 1992, pp 141-42, H. S. Shergill
★ Vishal Kamboj, Monthly
★ http://kambojsociety.com/subcastes.asp
See also
★
Kambojas
★
Kamboja
★
Kamboh
★
Kamma
External links
★
A website for the Kamboj community
العربية
ä¸å›½
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिनà¥à¤¦à¥€
Italiano
日本語
Português
РуÑÑкий
Español
