KHEDIVE

(Redirected from Khedive of Egypt)

:''For the 'HMS ''Khedive''', see'' ''USS'' Cordova.

'Khedive' (from Persian for "lord"; Arabic: ' خديوي ') was a title first used by Muhammad Ali Pasha as Ottoman Governor (also known as Viceroy) and later tributary Monarch of Egypt and Sudan, and subsequently by his dynastic successors.

Contents

Etymology

Egyptian history

See also

Sources and references

Etymology

This title, known for its use by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty of Egypt and Sudan, is recorded in English since 1867, derived via the French ''khédive'' from Turkish ''khidiv'', from Persian ''khidiw'' "prince," derivative of ''khuda'' "master, prince," from Old Persian ''khvadata-'' "lord," from the compound ''khvat-data-,'' literally "created from oneself," from ''khvat-'' (from the Proto-IndoEuropean root ''swe-tos'' "from oneself," ablative of base ''s(w)e-''; see idiom) + ''data-'' "created."

Egyptian history

Following the French invasion of Egypt in 1798, and Napoleon's defeat of the Ottoman Empire dispatched Albanian troops under the command of Muhammad Ali to restore the Empire's authority in what had hitherto been an Ottoman province. However, upon the French defeat and departure, Muhammad Ali seized control of the country and declared himself ruler of Egypt, quickly consolidating an independent local powerbase. After repeated failed attempts to remove and kill him, in 1805, the Porte officially recognized Muhammad Ali as Pasha and Wali (Governor) of Egypt and in 1840 his dynasty was given hereditary governorship, and he was succeeded by his sons Ibrahim Pasha, Abbas I and Sa'id I.
The title Khedive was granted by Ottoman Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz for the use of Muhammad Ali Dynastyin 1867 in exhange for a doubling of the annual tribute due to the Porte from Egypt during the reign of of Ismail Pasha, son of Ibrahim Pasha. Moreover, the Porte accepted Ismail's alteration of the royal line of succession to go from father to son, rather than brother to brother as was the tradition in the Arab World and the Ottoman Empire. In 1879, the Great Powers forced the abdication and exile of Ismail in favor of his son Tewfik who succeeded him as Khedive.
After the nationalist Urabi Revolt of 1882, Britain invaded Egypt in support of Tewfik, and would continue to occupy and dominate the country for decades. During this period, the Muhammad Ali Dynasty under Tewfik and his son Abbas II continued to rule Egypt and Sudan using the title Khedive, whilst still nominally under Ottoman sovereignty. With the outbreak of the First World War, Abbas sided with the Ottoman Empire, which had joined the war on the side of the Central Powers, and was subsequently deposed by the British, who declared Egypt a protectorate. Abbas was replaced by his uncle Husayn who took the sovereign title Sultan, thereby ending the use of the title Khedive.

See also

★ Wali

★ Muhammad Ali of Egypt

★ Ismail Pasha

★ Muhammad Ali Dynasty

★ Egypt under Muhammad Ali and his successors

★ Rulers and heads of state of Egypt

Sources and references

(incomplete)

★ EtymologyOnLine

★ RoyalArk- Egypt