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The 'Khyber Pass', also referred to as 'The Khyber' (also spelt the 'Khaiber Pass' or 'Khaybar Pass') (Urdu: درہ خیبر) (altitude:  m -  ft) is a very famous mountain pass that links Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Throughout history it has been an important trade route between Central Asia and South Asia and a strategic military location. The summit of the Khyber Pass is 5 km inside Pakistan at Landi Kotal and it cuts through the northeastern part of the Safed Koh mountains which themselves are a far southeastern extension of the Hindu Kush range.

Contents

Geography

History

Notes

Bibliography

Trivia

See also

Geography

As with many passes, the start and finish are ill-defined. Many definitions state that the Khyber Pass starts from near Jamrud, Pakistan ( m -  ft), 15 km west of Peshawar and ends west of Torkham, Afghanistan, a winding road of 48 km which passes Fort Maude and Ali Masjid to reach a narrowest point of just 15 metre wide between canyon walls. The summit at Landi Kotal at is followed by a steep decline to Michni Kandao, Landi Khana and the Afghan border at Torkham. Here the gradient becomes easier as the pass exits at Haft Chah opening onto the Dakka plain. The road/highway was built by the British in 1879 and the railway from Jamrud to Landi Khana was built over six years by Victor Bayley and completed in 1925.
From Dakka, the Kabul River flows to Peshawar through the Loe Shilman Gorge, a less direct and more difficult route to travel, chosen by Alexander the Great when he crossed into South Asia in 326 BC in an attempt to conquer the Indus Valley.

History

In some versions of the Aryan migration theory, the Indo-Aryans migrated to India via the Khyber Pass. Recorded invasions through the Khyber begin with the conquests of Alexander the Great and also include later Muslim invasions of South Asia, culminating with the establishment of the Mughul Empire from 1526. From India, the British invaded Afghanistan and fought three Afghan Wars in 1839-42, 1878-80, and 1919.
To the north of the Khyber Pass lies the country of the Mullagoris. To the south is Afridi Tirah, while the inhabitants of villages in the Pass itself are Afridi clansmen. Throughout the centuries the Pashtun clans, particularly the Afridis and the Afghan Shinwaris, have regarded the Pass as their own preserve and have levied a toll on travellers for safe conduct. Since this form of extortion has always been their main source of income, they are naturally disturbed when anyone comes along to interfere with it. Hence their dislike of invading armies and penetrations, and other exercises of authority, even though some armies have been prepared to pay the blackmail, in the form of allowances. Resistance from the local tribesmen has always been fierce.
George Molesworth, a member of the British force of 1919, summarised it well. "Every stone in the Khyber has been soaked in blood." And Rudyard Kipling called it "a sword cut through the mountains."
It became widely known to thousands of Westerners and Japanese who traveled it in the days of the Hippie trail, taking a public or private bus or car from Kabul or the Afghan border, on the Pakistani side. People were advised not to wander away from the road, a quick daylight passage was then made. Monuments left by British Army units, as well as hillside forts, could be viewed from the highway.
The area of the Khyber Pass has been connected with a counterfeit arms industry, making AK-47s and Martini-Henry rifles, among others including pistols and sub machine guns using local steel and blacksmiths' forges.
Torkham Gate is a major trade route between Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Notes

1. Wise's maps

Bibliography

★ Molesworth, Lt-Gen. G.N., ''Afghanistan 1919'' (Asia Publishing House, 1962). Describes in detail the author's passage through the Khyber Pass, when he was Adjutant of the 2/Somerset Light Infantry.

★ Victor Bayley CIE CBE. "Permanent Way through the Khyber", Jarrolds 1934. Illustrated with photos, the author describes the construction of the railway. "Adventures through the Khyber", Gyan Publishing House, India. This was an unauthorised publication in 1998, which used the same text and illustrations as the first mentioned.

Trivia

★ The Khyber Pass was the alleged setting of the 1968 comedy film ''Carry On up the Khyber''. The Khyber Pass scenes were actually shot in Snowdonia, Wales.

★ In the movie, "The Man Who Would Be King", directed by John Huston and starring Sean Connery and Michael Caine, the protagonists make a journey through the Khyber Pass in which they must fool a British military guard who knows them.

★ It is the nickname of a narrow passage in London's King's Cross St. Pancras tube station and a steep, narrow close (lane) in Stromness, Orkney goes by the same name.

★ There is a Pink Floyd song called Up the Khyber on the album More and there is a Ministry song called 'Khyber Pass' on the album Rio Grande Blood.
★ Khyber Pass is referenced in the song "Life is a Highway" by Tom Cochrane.

★ Khyber Pass" is Cockney rhyming slang for "arse" e.g. "Taking a fall right on your Khyber!".

★ It is also a major road in central Auckland, New Zealand. ^[1]

★ Until recently, it was a instance dungeon inside the MMORPG .

★ There is a small pass close to Broughton, Hampshire, UK called the "Khyber Pass"

See also

★ Peshawar

★ North West Frontier Province

★ Khyber Agency

★ Federally Administered Tribal Areas

★ Pakistan

★ Afghanistan