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(Redirected from Kickapoo Indians)
The 'Kickapoos' are one of the Algonquian speaking Native American tribes. According to the Anishinaabeg, the name "Kickapoo" (''Giiwigaabaw'' in the Anishinaabe language) means "Stands Here and there" and refers to the tribes migratory patterns. This interpretation is contested.
There are three recognized Kickapoo tribes remaining in the United States: the Kickapoo of Kansas, the Kickapoo of Oklahoma, and the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas. There is another band in the Mexican state of Coahuila. There is also a large group in Arizona. Thus far the former two groups have been politically lumped with the Texas band. Additionally, Kickapoos live in small groups throughout the western United States. Around 3,000 people claim to be tribal members.
The tribe coalesced from the Proto-Algonkian family units in the Michigan area of the Great Lakes and shares a common origin with the Sauk and Fox tribes. The primary Clan of the tribe, as recorded by the French, was the "Outitchakouk" or the "Cranes"; however, this is more likely a reflection of one group of Kickapoos rather than the entire tribe. Many of the former clans, including the crane, are no longer represented among the Kickapoos.
Conflict between Kickapoos and Iroquois from the 1640s forced the tribe west into Wisconsin. By 1770, they had resettled in the Wabash Valley and the general area of central Illinois. There, they dominated neighboring tribes, and with French support nearly eradicated their former allies the Fox. Under pressure from Euro-American colonists, the tribe splintered into three major factions.
★ Some Kickapoo gradually migrated to the Southwest and later Mexico
★ Others resisted white encrouchment but were forcefully removed to Missouri in 1820 and 1834
★ Another group, led by Kennekuk the Kickapoo prophet, peacefully resisted encroachment but eventually ceded their eastern lands for tracts in Kansas. This Kickapoo band eventually absorbed many Potawatomi Indians.
Those Kickapoos who relocated to Missouri frequently conflicted with Osage and other tribes. Many grew discontented and the band further divided, some moving to Oklahoma, others joining the southwest band in Mexican Texas, virtually abandoning Missouri. After the Mexican-American War, the Texas Kickapoos splintered yet again; some migrated to Coahuila; others remained in Eagle Pass, Texas. Circa 1850, heavy migrations from Oklahoma and Kansas traveled to Coahuila. More Kickapoos followed them into Mexico in 1857 and 1863. In the late 1870s, border raids from Mexico led the United States to pursue a policy of repatriation, first peacefully but later by force. Ultimately, the Kickapoos remain a highly splintered tribe residing in Coahuila, Eagle Pass, Arizona, Oklahoma and Kansas.
The Traditional Tribe of Texas was not recognized until 1983, having previously been ignored as a fragment of Coahuila band. Today, the Texas band owns and operates The Lucky Eagle casino near Eagle Pass, Texas.
After 250 years of European physical and social conflict, the Kickapoos remain resilient today. Many consider the Oklahoma and Coahuila bands to be among the most conservative and "traditional" surviving Indian nations. The Kickapoos' survival is a testament to their character.
The Kickapoo speak an Algonquian language closely related to that of the Sauk and Fox.
There are three Kickapoo reservations, one in Kansas, on in Texas, and the other in Oklahoma.
The Kickapoo Indian Reservation is located in the northeastern part of the state in parts of Brown, Jackson, and Atchison, counties. It has a land area of 612.203 km² (236.373 sq mi) and a resident population of 4,419 as of the 2000 census. The largest community on the reservation is the city of Horton.
The 'Kickapoo Indian Reservation' of Texas is located on the Rio Grande River on the U.S.-Mexico border in western Maverick County, just south of the city of Eagle Pass, as part of the community of Rosita South. It has a land area of 0.4799 km² (118.6 acres) and a 2000 census population of 420 persons.
★ Horton
★ Muscotah
★ Netawaka (most of the city, with all of the population)
★ Powhattan
★ Whiting
★ Willis
★ Kickapoo Reservation, Kansas and Kickapoo Reservation, Texas United States Census Bureau
★ First nations - Kickapoo from Lee Sultzman
★ The Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas
★ Kickapoo State Park
The 'Kickapoos' are one of the Algonquian speaking Native American tribes. According to the Anishinaabeg, the name "Kickapoo" (''Giiwigaabaw'' in the Anishinaabe language) means "Stands Here and there" and refers to the tribes migratory patterns. This interpretation is contested.
There are three recognized Kickapoo tribes remaining in the United States: the Kickapoo of Kansas, the Kickapoo of Oklahoma, and the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas. There is another band in the Mexican state of Coahuila. There is also a large group in Arizona. Thus far the former two groups have been politically lumped with the Texas band. Additionally, Kickapoos live in small groups throughout the western United States. Around 3,000 people claim to be tribal members.
| Contents |
| History |
| Language |
| Reservations |
| Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Kansas |
| Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Texas |
| Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Oklahoma |
| Communities |
| References |
| External links |
History
The tribe coalesced from the Proto-Algonkian family units in the Michigan area of the Great Lakes and shares a common origin with the Sauk and Fox tribes. The primary Clan of the tribe, as recorded by the French, was the "Outitchakouk" or the "Cranes"; however, this is more likely a reflection of one group of Kickapoos rather than the entire tribe. Many of the former clans, including the crane, are no longer represented among the Kickapoos.
Conflict between Kickapoos and Iroquois from the 1640s forced the tribe west into Wisconsin. By 1770, they had resettled in the Wabash Valley and the general area of central Illinois. There, they dominated neighboring tribes, and with French support nearly eradicated their former allies the Fox. Under pressure from Euro-American colonists, the tribe splintered into three major factions.
★ Some Kickapoo gradually migrated to the Southwest and later Mexico
★ Others resisted white encrouchment but were forcefully removed to Missouri in 1820 and 1834
★ Another group, led by Kennekuk the Kickapoo prophet, peacefully resisted encroachment but eventually ceded their eastern lands for tracts in Kansas. This Kickapoo band eventually absorbed many Potawatomi Indians.
Those Kickapoos who relocated to Missouri frequently conflicted with Osage and other tribes. Many grew discontented and the band further divided, some moving to Oklahoma, others joining the southwest band in Mexican Texas, virtually abandoning Missouri. After the Mexican-American War, the Texas Kickapoos splintered yet again; some migrated to Coahuila; others remained in Eagle Pass, Texas. Circa 1850, heavy migrations from Oklahoma and Kansas traveled to Coahuila. More Kickapoos followed them into Mexico in 1857 and 1863. In the late 1870s, border raids from Mexico led the United States to pursue a policy of repatriation, first peacefully but later by force. Ultimately, the Kickapoos remain a highly splintered tribe residing in Coahuila, Eagle Pass, Arizona, Oklahoma and Kansas.
The Traditional Tribe of Texas was not recognized until 1983, having previously been ignored as a fragment of Coahuila band. Today, the Texas band owns and operates The Lucky Eagle casino near Eagle Pass, Texas.
Kickapoo wickiup on the Sac and Fox Reservation, about 1880
Language
The Kickapoo speak an Algonquian language closely related to that of the Sauk and Fox.
Reservations
There are three Kickapoo reservations, one in Kansas, on in Texas, and the other in Oklahoma.
Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Kansas
The Kickapoo Indian Reservation is located in the northeastern part of the state in parts of Brown, Jackson, and Atchison, counties. It has a land area of 612.203 km² (236.373 sq mi) and a resident population of 4,419 as of the 2000 census. The largest community on the reservation is the city of Horton.
Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Texas
The 'Kickapoo Indian Reservation' of Texas is located on the Rio Grande River on the U.S.-Mexico border in western Maverick County, just south of the city of Eagle Pass, as part of the community of Rosita South. It has a land area of 0.4799 km² (118.6 acres) and a 2000 census population of 420 persons.
Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Oklahoma
Communities
★ Horton
★ Muscotah
★ Netawaka (most of the city, with all of the population)
★ Powhattan
★ Whiting
★ Willis
References
★ Kickapoo Reservation, Kansas and Kickapoo Reservation, Texas United States Census Bureau
External links
★ First nations - Kickapoo from Lee Sultzman
★ The Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas
★ Kickapoo State Park
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