KIM (NOVEL)

'''Kim''' is a novel by Rudyard Kipling. It was first published serially in ''McClure's Magazine'' from December 1900 to October 1901 as well as in ''Cassell's Magazine'' from January to November 1901, and first published in book form by MacMillan & Co. Ltd in October 1901. The story is set against the backdrop of The Great Game, the political conflict between Russia and Britain in Central Asia.

Contents

Plot summary

Characters in "Kim"

Literary significance and criticism

Allusions/references from other works

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations

Trivia

References

External links

Plot summary

Kim (Kimball O'Hara) is the orphaned son of a British soldier (Sahib). He earns his living by begging and running small errands on the streets of Lahore. He occasionally works for his friend, Mahbub Ali, a horse trader who is one of the native operatives of the British secret service.
One day, he befriends a Tibetan Lama who is on a quest to free himself from the Wheel of Life. Kim becomes his ''chela'', or disciple, and accompanies him on his journey. On the way, Kim accidentally learns about parts of the Great Game and is recruited by the British to carry a message to the British commander in Amballa. Kim's trip with the Lama along the Grand Trunk Road is the first great adventure in the novel.
By chance, Kim's father's regimental chaplain identifies him by his Masonic certificate, which he wears around his neck and Kim is sent to a top English school in Lucknow, but he keeps in touch with both the Lama and his secret service connections. He is trained in espionage; the game of looking at a tray full of mixed objects and noting which have been added or taken away is still used for training spies and is still called "Kim's Game".
After three years of schooling, Kim is given a government appointment so that he can begin his role in the Great Game. Before this appointment begins, however, he is granted time to take a much-deserved break. Kim rejoins the Lama and, at the behest of Kim's superior the Babu, they make a trip to the Himalayas. Here the espionage and spiritual threads of the story collide, with the Lama unwittingly falling into conflict with Russian intelligence agents. Kim obtains maps, papers, and other important items from the Russians--who were working to undermine British control of the region. Babu befriends the Russians under cover, acting as a guide and thus ensuring that they do not recover the lost items. Kim, porters, and villagers all come to the aid of the Lama.
The Lama realizes that he has gone astray. His search for the River of the Arrow should be taking place in the plains, not the mountains, and he orders the porters to take them back. Here Kim and the Lama are nursed to health, Kim delivers the Russian intel documents to Babu, a concerned Mahbub Ali comes to check on Kim, and the Lama finds his river and achieves Enlightenment. The reader is left to decide whether Kim will henceforth follow the materialistic road of the Great Game, the spiritual way of Tibetan Buddhism, or a combination thereof. Kim himself has this to say: "I am not a Sahib. I am thy chela."

Characters in "Kim"

★ Kimball "Kim" O'Hara – is an orphan son of an Irish soldier, protagonist. "A poor white, the poorest of the poor."

★ Mahbub Ali – a famous Pashtun horse trader and devout Muslim

★ Teshoo Lama – a Tibetan Lama. The abbot of a great monastery. Rich and powerful in his own country, but content to be a lowly beggar while in India.

★ Lurgan Sahib – a gem trader and master spy.

★ Hurree Chunder Mookherjee (Hurree Babu) – a Bengali intelligence operative working for the British; Kim's direct superior

★ Abdullah

★ The Kulu woman (the Sahiba)

★ The Woman of Shamlegh (Lispeth)

★ The Amritzar girl; a courtesan

★ The Arain Farmer

★ The Babu: See Hurree Chunder Mookerjee

★ Reverend Arthur Bennett

★ Colonel Creighton; British Army officer and spy

Literary significance and criticism

Considered by many to be Kipling's masterpiece, opinion appears varied about its consideration as children's literature or not.^[1][2] That it has been treated as suitable literature for children by some parts of academia does not establish Kipling's intention.

Allusions/references from other works

Two novels by John Eyton, ''Kullu and the Carts'' and ''Kullu and the Elephant'' (c. 1929), are clearly derivative of ''Kim''; likewise, Eyton's ''Jungle-born'' (1925) appears to borrow elements from the ''Jungle Books''.
Much science fiction, especially the planetary romances of Leigh Brackett and its descendants like the early Darkover novels of Marion Zimmer Bradley, shows a deep influence from ''Kim'' in its exoticism, its multifarious civilizations, secretive and sometimes hidden, and the relations between the Earthmen (stand-ins for the British) and the native inhabitants.
Robert A. Heinlein's novel ''Citizen of the Galaxy'' was influenced by ''Kim'' (and possibly its science fictional successors) in the exotic settings, the espionage backdrop, and in details such as the memorization technique.
A novel by John Masters, The Lotus and the Wind, is also set in the Great Game, and one of its main protagonists is a character seeking some form of spiritual enlightenment.
The British double agent, Kim Philby is said to have derived his nickname from the novel.
Quotes and concepts from the novel shape significant parts of Tim Powers' novel ''Declare'', which also incorporates the life and career of Kim Philby as part of the extensively-researched background.
Laurie R. King published a novel in 2004 wherein her characters (Arthur Conan Doyle's detective Sherlock Holmes and Laurie R. King's creation Mary Russell) are sent to India to rescue a now mature Kim, who in this story met Holmes in his youth. The book is set in 1924, and the story depends on the fact that Holmes travelled to Tibet shortly after his apparent demise at Reichenbach Falls in Conan Doyle's "The Adventure of the Final Problem".
In "The English Patient" the character Kip, an Indian sapper in the British army who is a native of Lahore and knows personally many of the locations mentioned in the book including "The gun Zamzama", several times quotes "Kim" - which he considers as representing the colonialist occupiers of his city and his country. (These references were omitted from the film made on the basis of the book.)
T.N. Murari wrote two novels, The Imperial Agent (1987) and The Last Victory (1988), following Kim as an adult. These books focus on Kim's struggle to reconcile his Indian roots (and India's early struggle for independence) with his loyalty to the British.
Antal Szerb mentions Kipling's Kim in his book The Pendragon Legend briefly, when a person sitting next to the protagonist in the library seems not to know what to read and doesn't know how to request a book. When questioned what he is interested in, he says rock climbing. Then he is ordered Kim.

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations

:''For the main article about the film, see Kim (film)''

★ An MGM film adaptation of the novel, directed by Victor Saville and produced by Leon Gordon, was released in 1950. It was adapted by Helen Deutsch and Leon Gordon, and starred Errol Flynn, Dean Stockwell, Paul Lukas, Robert Douglas, Thomas Gomez and Cecil Kellaway. It featured a music score by André Previn.

★ A London Films television film version ''Kim'' was made in 1984. It was directed by John Howard Davies and starred Peter O'Toole, Bryan Brown, John Rhys-Davies, Julian Glover and Ravi Sheth as Kim. It has been released on DVD.

Trivia

★ Kipling inserted a cameo appearance of his father John Lockwood Kipling who was the curator of the Lahore Museum into the scene where Kim meets the Lama.

★ The 'Kim's gun Zamzama' in front of the Lahore Museum is called so as Kim's character sits on top of this gun in the novel when talking to the Tibetan Lama.

★ Kim dreams of a "Red bull in a green field" which he recognises when he sees a military formation sign of a bull on a green background. The formation sign is still used by a military formation in Ambala Cantonment in India. Even in the book the formation sign belonged to an establishment in Ambala.

References

1. Landmarks in the History of Children's Literature Roger Blackwell Bailey, Ph.D.
2. Teaching American Children's Literature Laura Laffrado


★ ''Quest for Kim: In Search of Kipling's Great Game'' by Peter Hopkirk (1997) ISBN 0-472-08634-0 — the author visits the locations of the novel and discusses the real-life personages that may have possibly inspired its characters

External links

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