COMPANIONS OF SAINT NICHOLAS
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(Redirected from Krampus)
The 'Companions of Saint Nicholas' (or Father Christmas) are a group of closely related figures who accompany St. Nicholas in many European traditions. The tradition is particularly strong amongst the Germanic peoples, with some regional expression in America (largely from European ethnic groups).
The most recognized companion, especially outside of Europe, is ''Knecht Ruprecht'', which translates as ''Farmhand Ruprecht'' or ''Servant Ruprecht''. Other companions include ''Krampus'' (Austria, Bavaria, Croatia, Slovenia, Hungary [spelled ''Krampusz'']), ''Klaubauf'' (Bavaria), ''Bartel'' (Styria), ''Pelzebock'', ''Pelznickel'', ''Belzeniggl'', ''Belsnickel'' (Pennsylvania), ''Schmutzli'' (Switzerland), ''Rumpelklas'', ''Bellzebub'', ''Hans Muff'', ''Drapp'' or ''Buzebergt'' (Augsburg), ''Hanstrapp'' (Alsace, East of France) and ''Le Pere Fouettard'' (Northern France). In the Czech Republic, St. Nicholas or ''Svatý Mikuláš'' is accompanied by the ''Čert'' and ''Anděl'' (Angel). These servants are often associated with, but are distinct from Saint Nicholas' helpers in the Netherlands and Flanders (called ''Zwarte Piet'' or ''Zwarte Peter'', meaning ''Black Pete(r)'' in English).
Often the subject of winter poems and tales, the Companions travel with St. Nicholas or his various equivalents (Father Christmas, Santa Claus), carrying with them a rod (sometimes a stick, bundle of switches or a whip, and in modern times often a broom) and a sack. They are sometimes dressed in black rags, bearing a black face and unruly black hair. In many contemporary portrayals the companions look like dark, sinister, or rustic versions of Nicholas himself, with a similar costume but with a darker color scheme.
Some of the companions take on more monstrous forms, namely in Austria, Bavaria, or Hungary. Krampus and Klaubauf are variously depicted as horned, shaggy, bestial, or demonic. In many depictions the Krampus looks like popular images of the Devil, complete with red skin, cloven hooves, and short horns. They whip everyone that comes on their path.
It is unclear whether the various companions of St. Nicholas are all expressions of a single tradition (likely Knecht Ruprecht), or a conflation of multiple traditions. Various texts, especially those outside the tradition, often treat the companions as variations on a single Knecht Ruprecht tradition.
Traditionally, Knecht Ruprecht would sometimes be portrayed as being Black African, like Zwarte Piet in the Benelux. However, over recent decades this became regarded as offensive by some as Zwarte Piet is the silly helper of Sinterklaas. So, the black on his face is sometimes explained as soot collected as he descends into chimneys.
Knecht Ruprecht is commonly cited as a servant and helper, and is sometimes associated with Saint Rupert. According to some stories, Ruprecht began as a farmhand; in others, he is a wild foundling whom St. Nicholas raises from childhood. Ruprecht sometimes walks with a limp, because of a childhood injury. Often, his black clothes and dirty face are attributed to the soot he collects as he goes down chimneys.
The companion of the French St. Nicholas, Père Fouettard, is said to be the butcher of three children. St. Nicholas discovered the murder and resurrected the three children. He also shamed Père Fouettard, who, in repentance, became a servant of St. Nicholas. Fouettard travels with the saint and punishes naughty children by whipping them. In modern times he distributes small whips, instead of thrashings, or gifts.
In some of the Ruprecht traditions the children would be summoned to the door to perform tricks, such as a dance or singing a song to impress upon Santa and Ruprecht that they were indeed good children. Those who performed badly would be beaten soundly by Servant Ruprecht, and those who performed well were given a gift or some treats. Those who performed badly enough or had committed other misdeeds throughout the year were put into Ruprecht's sack and taken away, variously to Ruprecht’s home in the Black Forest, or to be tossed into a river. In other versions the children must be asleep, and would either awake to find their shoes filled with sweets, coal, or in some cases a stick. Over time, other customs developed: parents giving kids who misbehaved a stick instead of treats and saying that it was a warning from Nikolaus that "unless you improve by Christmas day, Nikolaus' black servant Ruprecht will come and beat you with the stick and you won't get any Christmas gifts." Often there would be variations idiosyncratic to individual families.
In parts of Austria, 'Krampusse', who by local tradition were typically children of poor families, roamed the streets and sledding hills during the festival. They wore black rags and masks, dragging chains behind them, and occasionally hurling them towards children in their way. These ''Krampusumzüge'' (Krampus runs) still exist, although perhaps less violent than in the past.
Today, Schladming, a town in Styria, over 1200 "Krampus" gather from all over Austria wearing goat-hair costumes and carved masks, carrying bundles of sticks used as switches, and swinging cowbells to warn of their approach. They are typically young men in their teens and early twenties and are generally intoxicated. They roam the streets of this typically quiet town and hit people with their switches.
In parts of the United States in the 19th century, "Pelznickel" traditions were maintained for a time among immigrants at least as far west as the US state of Indiana. In this branch of the tradition, the father or other older male relative was often "busy working outside" or had to see to some matter elsewhere in the house when Pelznickel arrived. Today, remnants of this tradition remain, known as the ''Belsnickel'', especially in Pennsylvania.
A first-hand 19th Century account of the "Beltznickle" tradition in Allegany County, Maryland, can be found in ''Brown's Miscellaneous Writings'', a collection of essays by Jacob Brown (born 1824). Apparently writing of the 1820s/1830s period, Brown says, "we did not hear of" Santa Claus. Instead, the tradition called for an actual visit by a different character altogether. According to Brown, "[h]e was known as Kriskinkle, Beltznickle and sometimes as the Xmas woman. Children then not only saw the mysterious person, but felt him or rather his stripes upon their backs with his switch. The annual visitor would make his appearance some hours after dark, thoroughly disguised, especially the face, which would sometimes be covered with a hideously ugly phiz - generally wore a female garb - hence the name Christmas woman - sometimes it would be a veritable woman but with masculine force and action. He or she would be equipped with an ample sack about the shoulders filled with cakes, nuts, and fruits, and a long hazel switch which was supposed to have some kind of a charm in it as well as a sting. One would scatter the goodies upon the floor, and then the scramble would begin by the delighted children, and the other hand would ply the switch upon the backs of the excited youngsters - who would not show a wince, but had it been parental discipline there would have been screams to reach a long distance."[1]
In many parts of Croatia, Krampus is described as a devil, wearing chains around his neck, ankles and wrists, and wearing a cloth sack around his waist. As a part of a tradition, when a child receives a gift from St. Nicolas he is given a golden branch to represent his/hers good deeds throughout the year; however, if the child has misbehaved, Krampus will take the gifts for himself and leave only a silver branch to represent the child's bad acts. Children are commonly scared into sleeping during the time St. Nicolas brings gifts by being told that if they are awake, Krampus will think they have been bad, and will take them away in his sack.
Christmas Eve (''Heiliger Abend'', "Holy Evening") thus became known as the time when children were best behaved, and the tales of Ruprecht gave a balance to the winter festivals which might seem disquieting to some, but which were not especially grim or atypical of customs of times past. The story is still popular throughout the German-speaking world.
The Krampus was also featured on the television cartoon series ''The Venture Bros.'' In a short Christmas episode, the Krampus is accidentally released from a book of ancient occult magic and wreaks havoc on Dr. Venture's Christmas party, attempting to sodomize the Doctor before getting into a rather violent brawl with Brock Samson. The demon is soothed by the coming of Christmas at the stroke of midnight, but unwittingly detonates a bomb hidden under a small nativity scene set while exiting. At the end of the episode this is all revealed to have been an hallucination by Dr. Venture, brought on by a head injury incurred when the Venture jet crashed - in Bethlehem.
In the arcade game CarnEvil, the boss for the "Rickety Town" level is named Krampus. He resembles a large, horned, clawed, demonic Santa Claus clad in green, and attacks by hurling flaming coals and swinging his bag at the player.
The Krampus is mentioned in the webcomic Something Positive by Randy Milholland
A Character in the graphic novel, Chickenhare named Banjo is a Krampus.
The Christmas episode of the scifi series, Supernatural's, upcoming third season will feature the Krampus as a demonic 'anti-Santa', who comes at night to punish children who have been naughty.
:''"Do you have the Sack with you?"''
:''I spoke: "the Sack, that is here;''
:''because apples, nut and almond core''
:''eat pious children gladly."''
:''"Do you have the rod also with you?"''
:''I spoke: "the rod, it is here;''
:''but for the children, only the bad,''
:''those it meets them right, upon their part."''
(Translated excerpt of 'Farmhand Ruprecht' by Theodor Storm. Noted by some critics as one of the poorest attempts at translation in recorded history.)
★ Müller, Felix / Müller, Ulrich: Percht und Krampus, Kramperl und Schiach-Perchten. In: Müller, Ulrich / Wunderlich, Werner (Hrsg.): Mittelalter-Mythen 2. Dämonen-Monster-Fabelwesen. St. Gallen 1999, S. 449 - 460.
★ Laity, K. A.: When Little Joe the Krampus Met. Wombat's World Publishing, 2003.
★ Paganism in the Eastern Alps
★ Zwarte Piet
★ Hardrock, Coco and Joe
★ Mr. Bingle
★ Santa Claus' reindeer
1. Jacob Brown, ''Brown's Miscellaneous Writings'', Printed by J.J. Miller (Cumberland, Maryland 1896), page 41.
★ Felix und Ulrich Müller - Percht und Krampus, Kramperl und Schiach-Perchten: ''Scientific text on the tradition of Krampus in the region of Salzburg - includes a lively description of the fascination of being a Krampus - text written in 1997 and published in 1999''
★ http://www.luckymojo.com/esoteric/religion/satanism/teuffel.txt
★ http://www.kienitz.de/html/body_ged-01.htm.htm
★ http://www.serve.com/shea/germusa/nikohelp.htm
★ http://www.rotten.com/library/occult/deviltry/krampus/
★ Dutch-language web site devoted to all things Zwarte Piet. Even for the non Dutch speaker, the photos may be of interest.
★ http://www.allaboutkrampus.com
The 'Companions of Saint Nicholas' (or Father Christmas) are a group of closely related figures who accompany St. Nicholas in many European traditions. The tradition is particularly strong amongst the Germanic peoples, with some regional expression in America (largely from European ethnic groups).
The most recognized companion, especially outside of Europe, is ''Knecht Ruprecht'', which translates as ''Farmhand Ruprecht'' or ''Servant Ruprecht''. Other companions include ''Krampus'' (Austria, Bavaria, Croatia, Slovenia, Hungary [spelled ''Krampusz'']), ''Klaubauf'' (Bavaria), ''Bartel'' (Styria), ''Pelzebock'', ''Pelznickel'', ''Belzeniggl'', ''Belsnickel'' (Pennsylvania), ''Schmutzli'' (Switzerland), ''Rumpelklas'', ''Bellzebub'', ''Hans Muff'', ''Drapp'' or ''Buzebergt'' (Augsburg), ''Hanstrapp'' (Alsace, East of France) and ''Le Pere Fouettard'' (Northern France). In the Czech Republic, St. Nicholas or ''Svatý Mikuláš'' is accompanied by the ''Čert'' and ''Anděl'' (Angel). These servants are often associated with, but are distinct from Saint Nicholas' helpers in the Netherlands and Flanders (called ''Zwarte Piet'' or ''Zwarte Peter'', meaning ''Black Pete(r)'' in English).
| Contents |
| Appearance |
| Tales |
| Traditions |
| Modern perspective |
| Popular culture |
| References |
| Literature |
| See also |
| Notes |
| External links |
Appearance
Often the subject of winter poems and tales, the Companions travel with St. Nicholas or his various equivalents (Father Christmas, Santa Claus), carrying with them a rod (sometimes a stick, bundle of switches or a whip, and in modern times often a broom) and a sack. They are sometimes dressed in black rags, bearing a black face and unruly black hair. In many contemporary portrayals the companions look like dark, sinister, or rustic versions of Nicholas himself, with a similar costume but with a darker color scheme.
Some of the companions take on more monstrous forms, namely in Austria, Bavaria, or Hungary. Krampus and Klaubauf are variously depicted as horned, shaggy, bestial, or demonic. In many depictions the Krampus looks like popular images of the Devil, complete with red skin, cloven hooves, and short horns. They whip everyone that comes on their path.
It is unclear whether the various companions of St. Nicholas are all expressions of a single tradition (likely Knecht Ruprecht), or a conflation of multiple traditions. Various texts, especially those outside the tradition, often treat the companions as variations on a single Knecht Ruprecht tradition.
Traditionally, Knecht Ruprecht would sometimes be portrayed as being Black African, like Zwarte Piet in the Benelux. However, over recent decades this became regarded as offensive by some as Zwarte Piet is the silly helper of Sinterklaas. So, the black on his face is sometimes explained as soot collected as he descends into chimneys.
Tales
Knecht Ruprecht is commonly cited as a servant and helper, and is sometimes associated with Saint Rupert. According to some stories, Ruprecht began as a farmhand; in others, he is a wild foundling whom St. Nicholas raises from childhood. Ruprecht sometimes walks with a limp, because of a childhood injury. Often, his black clothes and dirty face are attributed to the soot he collects as he goes down chimneys.
The companion of the French St. Nicholas, Père Fouettard, is said to be the butcher of three children. St. Nicholas discovered the murder and resurrected the three children. He also shamed Père Fouettard, who, in repentance, became a servant of St. Nicholas. Fouettard travels with the saint and punishes naughty children by whipping them. In modern times he distributes small whips, instead of thrashings, or gifts.
Traditions
In some of the Ruprecht traditions the children would be summoned to the door to perform tricks, such as a dance or singing a song to impress upon Santa and Ruprecht that they were indeed good children. Those who performed badly would be beaten soundly by Servant Ruprecht, and those who performed well were given a gift or some treats. Those who performed badly enough or had committed other misdeeds throughout the year were put into Ruprecht's sack and taken away, variously to Ruprecht’s home in the Black Forest, or to be tossed into a river. In other versions the children must be asleep, and would either awake to find their shoes filled with sweets, coal, or in some cases a stick. Over time, other customs developed: parents giving kids who misbehaved a stick instead of treats and saying that it was a warning from Nikolaus that "unless you improve by Christmas day, Nikolaus' black servant Ruprecht will come and beat you with the stick and you won't get any Christmas gifts." Often there would be variations idiosyncratic to individual families.
In parts of Austria, 'Krampusse', who by local tradition were typically children of poor families, roamed the streets and sledding hills during the festival. They wore black rags and masks, dragging chains behind them, and occasionally hurling them towards children in their way. These ''Krampusumzüge'' (Krampus runs) still exist, although perhaps less violent than in the past.
Today, Schladming, a town in Styria, over 1200 "Krampus" gather from all over Austria wearing goat-hair costumes and carved masks, carrying bundles of sticks used as switches, and swinging cowbells to warn of their approach. They are typically young men in their teens and early twenties and are generally intoxicated. They roam the streets of this typically quiet town and hit people with their switches.
In parts of the United States in the 19th century, "Pelznickel" traditions were maintained for a time among immigrants at least as far west as the US state of Indiana. In this branch of the tradition, the father or other older male relative was often "busy working outside" or had to see to some matter elsewhere in the house when Pelznickel arrived. Today, remnants of this tradition remain, known as the ''Belsnickel'', especially in Pennsylvania.
A first-hand 19th Century account of the "Beltznickle" tradition in Allegany County, Maryland, can be found in ''Brown's Miscellaneous Writings'', a collection of essays by Jacob Brown (born 1824). Apparently writing of the 1820s/1830s period, Brown says, "we did not hear of" Santa Claus. Instead, the tradition called for an actual visit by a different character altogether. According to Brown, "[h]e was known as Kriskinkle, Beltznickle and sometimes as the Xmas woman. Children then not only saw the mysterious person, but felt him or rather his stripes upon their backs with his switch. The annual visitor would make his appearance some hours after dark, thoroughly disguised, especially the face, which would sometimes be covered with a hideously ugly phiz - generally wore a female garb - hence the name Christmas woman - sometimes it would be a veritable woman but with masculine force and action. He or she would be equipped with an ample sack about the shoulders filled with cakes, nuts, and fruits, and a long hazel switch which was supposed to have some kind of a charm in it as well as a sting. One would scatter the goodies upon the floor, and then the scramble would begin by the delighted children, and the other hand would ply the switch upon the backs of the excited youngsters - who would not show a wince, but had it been parental discipline there would have been screams to reach a long distance."[1]
In many parts of Croatia, Krampus is described as a devil, wearing chains around his neck, ankles and wrists, and wearing a cloth sack around his waist. As a part of a tradition, when a child receives a gift from St. Nicolas he is given a golden branch to represent his/hers good deeds throughout the year; however, if the child has misbehaved, Krampus will take the gifts for himself and leave only a silver branch to represent the child's bad acts. Children are commonly scared into sleeping during the time St. Nicolas brings gifts by being told that if they are awake, Krampus will think they have been bad, and will take them away in his sack.
Modern perspective
Christmas Eve (''Heiliger Abend'', "Holy Evening") thus became known as the time when children were best behaved, and the tales of Ruprecht gave a balance to the winter festivals which might seem disquieting to some, but which were not especially grim or atypical of customs of times past. The story is still popular throughout the German-speaking world.
Popular culture
The Krampus was also featured on the television cartoon series ''The Venture Bros.'' In a short Christmas episode, the Krampus is accidentally released from a book of ancient occult magic and wreaks havoc on Dr. Venture's Christmas party, attempting to sodomize the Doctor before getting into a rather violent brawl with Brock Samson. The demon is soothed by the coming of Christmas at the stroke of midnight, but unwittingly detonates a bomb hidden under a small nativity scene set while exiting. At the end of the episode this is all revealed to have been an hallucination by Dr. Venture, brought on by a head injury incurred when the Venture jet crashed - in Bethlehem.
In the arcade game CarnEvil, the boss for the "Rickety Town" level is named Krampus. He resembles a large, horned, clawed, demonic Santa Claus clad in green, and attacks by hurling flaming coals and swinging his bag at the player.
The Krampus is mentioned in the webcomic Something Positive by Randy Milholland
A Character in the graphic novel, Chickenhare named Banjo is a Krampus.
The Christmas episode of the scifi series, Supernatural's, upcoming third season will feature the Krampus as a demonic 'anti-Santa', who comes at night to punish children who have been naughty.
References
:''"Do you have the Sack with you?"''
:''I spoke: "the Sack, that is here;''
:''because apples, nut and almond core''
:''eat pious children gladly."''
:''"Do you have the rod also with you?"''
:''I spoke: "the rod, it is here;''
:''but for the children, only the bad,''
:''those it meets them right, upon their part."''
(Translated excerpt of 'Farmhand Ruprecht' by Theodor Storm. Noted by some critics as one of the poorest attempts at translation in recorded history.)
Literature
★ Müller, Felix / Müller, Ulrich: Percht und Krampus, Kramperl und Schiach-Perchten. In: Müller, Ulrich / Wunderlich, Werner (Hrsg.): Mittelalter-Mythen 2. Dämonen-Monster-Fabelwesen. St. Gallen 1999, S. 449 - 460.
★ Laity, K. A.: When Little Joe the Krampus Met. Wombat's World Publishing, 2003.
See also
★ Paganism in the Eastern Alps
★ Zwarte Piet
★ Hardrock, Coco and Joe
★ Mr. Bingle
★ Santa Claus' reindeer
Notes
1. Jacob Brown, ''Brown's Miscellaneous Writings'', Printed by J.J. Miller (Cumberland, Maryland 1896), page 41.
External links
★ Felix und Ulrich Müller - Percht und Krampus, Kramperl und Schiach-Perchten: ''Scientific text on the tradition of Krampus in the region of Salzburg - includes a lively description of the fascination of being a Krampus - text written in 1997 and published in 1999''
★ http://www.luckymojo.com/esoteric/religion/satanism/teuffel.txt
★ http://www.kienitz.de/html/body_ged-01.htm.htm
★ http://www.serve.com/shea/germusa/nikohelp.htm
★ http://www.rotten.com/library/occult/deviltry/krampus/
★ Dutch-language web site devoted to all things Zwarte Piet. Even for the non Dutch speaker, the photos may be of interest.
★ http://www.allaboutkrampus.com
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