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A 'lamprey' (sometimes also called 'lamprey eel') is a jawless fish with a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth. While lampreys are well known for those species which bore into the flesh of other fish to suck their blood, these species make up the minority. In zoology, lampreys are often not considered to be true fish because of their vastly different morphology and physiology.

Contents

Physical description

Fossil lampreys

Taxonomy

Relation to humans

Lampreys in literature

Vedius Pollio

Philip Larkin

A Song of Ice and Fire

Notes

References

External links

Physical description

Lampreys live mostly in coastal and fresh waters, although at least one species, ''Geotria australis'', probably travels significant distances in the open ocean, as is evidenced by the lack of reproductive isolation between Australian and New Zealand populations, and the capture of a specimen in the Southern Ocean between Australia and Antarctica. They are found in most temperate regions except Africa. Their larvae have a low tolerance for high water temperatures, which is probably why they are not found in the tropics. Outwardly resembling eels, in that they have no scales, an adult lamprey can range anywhere from 13 to 100 centimetres (5 to 40 inches) long. Lampreys have no paired fins, large eyes, one nostril on the top of the head, and seven gills on each side. The unique morphological characteristics of lampreys, such as their cartilaginous skeleton, means that they are the sister taxon (see cladistics) of all living jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) and are not classified within the Vertebrata itself. This is disputed by some, who place lampreys within Vertebrata.^[1] (The hagfish, which superficially resembles the lamprey, is the sister taxon of the lampreys and gnathostomes (a clade termed the Craniata).


Lampreys begin life as burrowing freshwater larvae (ammocoetes). At this stage, they are toothless, have rudimentary eyes, and feed on microorganisms. This larval stage can last five to seven years and hence was originally thought to be an independent organism. After these five to seven years, they transform into adults in a metamorphosis which is at least as radical as that seen in amphibians, and which involves a radical rearrangement of internal organs, development of eyes and transformation from a mud-dwelling filter feeder into an efficient swimming predator, which typically moves into the sea to begin a predatory/parasitic life, attaching their mouth to a fish, secreting an anticoagulant to the host, and feeding on the blood and tissues of the host. In most species this phase lasts about 18 months.
Not all lampreys can be found in the sea. Some lampreys are landlocked and remain in fresh water, and some of these stop feeding altogether as soon as they have left the larval stage. The landlocked species are usually rather small.
To reproduce, lampreys return to fresh water (if they left it), build a nest, then spawn, that is, lay their eggs or excrete their semen, and then invariably die. In ''Geotria australis'', the time between ceasing to feed at sea and spawning can be up to 18 months.
Studies reported in ''Nature'' suggest that lampreys have evolved a unique type of immune system with parts that are unrelated to the antibodies found in mammals. They also have a very high tolerance to iron overload, and have evolved biochemical defenses to detoxify this metal.

Fossil lampreys

Lamprey fossils are rare; cartilage does not fossilize as readily as bone. Until 2006, the oldest known fossil lampreys were from Early Carboniferous limestones,^[2] laid down in marine sediments in North America: ''Mayomyzon pieckoensis'' and ''Hardistiella montanensis''. In the 22 June 2006 issue of ''Nature'', Mee-mann Chang and colleagues reported on a fossil lamprey from the same Early Cretaceous lagerstätten that have yielded feathered dinosaurs, in the Yixian Formation of Inner Mongolia. The new species, morphologically similar to Carboniferous and modern forms, was given the name ''Mesomyzon mengae'' ("Middle lamprey"). The exceedingly well-preserved fossil showed a well-developed sucking oral disk, a relatively long branchial apparatus showing branchial basket, seven gill pouches, gill arches and even the impressions of gill filaments, as well as about 80 myomeres of its musculature.
A few months later, in the 27 October issue of ''Nature'', an even older fossil lamprey, dated 360 million years ago, was reported from Witteberg Group rocks near Grahamstown, in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. This species, dubbed ''Priscomyzon riniensis'' still strongly resembled modern lampreys despite its Devonian age[1].

Taxonomy

The taxonomy presented here is that given by Fisher, 1994. This work classifies lampreys as the sole living members of the class Cephalaspidomorphi.^[3] The lampreys entail the single order 'Petromyzontiformes' and family 'Petromyzontidae'.^[4]
Within this family, there are 40 recorded species in nine genera and three subfamilies:

★ Subfamily Geotriinae

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★ Genus ''Geotria''

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★ Pouched lamprey, ''Geotria australis'' (Gray,1851)

★ Subfamily Mordaciinae

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★ Genus ''Mordacia''

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★ ''Mordacia lapicida'' (Gray, 1851)

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★ ''Mordacia mordax'' (Richardson, 1846)

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★ ''Mordacia praecox'' (Potter, 1968)

★ Subfamily Petromyzontinae

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★ Genus ''Caspiomyzon''

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★ ''Caspiomyzon wagneri'' (Kessler, 1870)

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★ Genus ''Eudontomyzon''

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★ ''Eudontomyzon danfordi'' (Regan, 1911)

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★ ''Eudontomyzon hellenicus'' (Vladykov, Renaud, Kott and Economidis, 1982)

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★ ''Eudontomyzon mariae'' (Berg, 1931)

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★ ''Eudontomyzon morii'' (Berg, 1931)

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★ ''Eudontomyzon stankokaramani'' (Karaman, 1974)

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★ ''Eudontomyzon vladykovi'' (Oliva and Zanandrea, 1959)

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★ Genus ''Ichthyomyzon''

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★ ''Ichthyomyzon bdellium'' (Jordan, 1885) - Ohio lamprey

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★ ''Ichthyomyzon castaneus'' Girard, 1858 - chestnut lamprey

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★ ''Ichthyomyzon fossor'' (Reighard and Cummins, 1916) - northern brook lamprey

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★ ''Ichthyomyzon gagei'' (Hubbs and Trautman, 1937) - southern brook lamprey

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★ ''Ichthyomyzon greeleyi'' (Hubbs and Trautman, 1937) - mountain brook lamprey

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★ ''Ichthyomyzon unicuspis'' (Hubbs and Trautman, 1937) - silver lamprey

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★ Genus ''Lampetra''

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★ ''Lampetra aepyptera'' (Abbott, 1860) - least brook lamprey

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★ ''Lampetra alaskensis'' (Vladykov and Kott, 1978)

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★ ''Lampetra appendix'' (DeKay, 1842) - American brook lamprey

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★ ''Lampetra ayresii'' (Günther, 1870)

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★ ''Lampetra fluviatilis'' (Linnaeus, 1758)

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★ ''Lampetra hubbsi'' (Vladykov and Kott, 1976) - Kern brook lamprey

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★ ''Lampetra lamottei'' (Lesueur, 1827)

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★ ''Lampetra lanceolata'' (Kux and Steiner, 1972)

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★ ''Lampetra lethophaga'' (Hubbs, 1971) - Pit-Klamath brook lamprey

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★ ''Lampetra macrostoma'' (Beamish, 1982) - Vancouver lamprey

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★ ''Lampetra minima'' (Bond and Kan, 1973) - Miller Lake lamprey

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★ ''Lampetra planeri'' (Bloch, 1784)

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★ ''Lampetra richardsoni'' (Vladykov and Follett, 1965) - western brook lamprey

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★ ''Lampetra similis'' (Vladykov and Kott, 1979) - Klamath lamprey

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★ ''Lampetra tridentata'' (Richardson, 1836) - Pacific lamprey

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★ Genus ''Lethenteron''

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★ ''Lethenteron camtschaticum'' (Tilesius, 1811)

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★ ''Lethenteron japonicum'' (Martens, 1868)

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★ ''Lethenteron kessleri'' (Anikin, 1905)

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★ ''Lethenteron matsubarai'' (Vladykov and Kott, 1978)

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★ ''Lethenteron reissneri'' (Dybowski, 1869)

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★ ''Lethenteron zanandreai'' (Vladykov, 1955)

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★ Genus ''Petromyzon''

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★ ''Petromyzon marinus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) - sea lamprey

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★ Genus ''Tetrapleurodon''

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★ ''Tetrapleurodon geminis'' (Alvarez, 1964)

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★ ''Tetrapleurodon spadiceus'' (Bean, 1887)

Relation to humans

Lampreys have long been used as food for humans. During the Middle Ages, they were widely eaten by the upper classes throughout Europe, especially during fasting periods, since their taste is much meatier than that of most true fish. King Henry I of England is said to have died from eating "a surfeit of lampreys" [2].
Especially in Southwestern Europe (Portugal, Spain, France) they are still a highly prized delicacy. Overfishing has reduced their number in those parts. Lampreys are also consumed in Sweden, Finland, the Baltic countries, and South Korea.

On the other hand, sea lampreys have become a major plague in the North American Great Lakes after artificial canals allowed their entry during the early 20th century. They are considered an invasive species, have no natural enemies in the lakes and prey on many species of commercial value, such as lake trout. Since the majority of North American consumers, unlike Europeans, refuse to accept lampreys as food fish, the Great Lakes fishery has been very adversely affected by their invasion. They are now fought mostly in the streams that feed the lakes, with special barriers and poisons called lampricides, which are harmless to most other aquatic species. However those programs are complicated and expensive, and they do not eradicate the lampreys from the lakes but merely keep them in check. New programs are being developed including the use of sterilization of male lamprey by trapping of prespawn adults. Research is currently under way on the use of pheromones and how they may be used to disrupt the life cycle (Sorensen, ''et al.'', 2005). Control of sea lampreys in the Great Lakes is conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans. The work is coordinated by the Great Lakes Fishery Commission.
Lake Champlain, bordered by New York, Vermont, and Quebec, and New York's Finger Lakes are also home to populations of sea lampreys whose high populations have also warranted control. Lake Champlain's lamprey control program is managed by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, the Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. New York's Finger Lakes sea lamprey control program is managed solely by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.

Lampreys in literature

Vedius Pollio

Vedius Pollio was punished by Augustus for attempting to feed a clumsy slave to the lampreys in his fishpond.
:...one of his slaves had broken a crystal cup. Vedius ordered him to be seized and to be put to death in an unusual way. He ordered him to be thrown to the huge lampreys which he had in his fish pond. Who would not think he did this for display? Yet it was out of cruelty. The boy slipped from the captor’s hands and fled to Caesar’s feet asking nothing else other than a different way to die—he did not want to be eaten. Caesar was moved by the novelty of the cruelty and ordered him to be released, all the crystal cups to be broken before his eyes, and the fish pond to be filled in... – Seneca,'' On Anger'', III, 40 [3]

Philip Larkin

Christopher Warner, a character in Philip Larkin's early novel ''Jill'' is said to have attended a fictional minor public school called Lamprey College.

A Song of Ice and Fire

Lamprey pies are an appreciated dish often referred in George R.R. Martin's popular fantasy series ''A Song of Ice and Fire''.

Notes

1. Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates, , Karel F., Liem, Thomson: Brooks/Cole, ,
2. From the Mississippian Mazon Creek lagerstätte and the Bear Gulch Limestone sequence.
3. 'Cephalaspidomorpha' is sometimes given as a subclass of the Cephalaspidomorphi.
4. 'Petromyzoniformes' and 'Petromyzonidae' are sometimes used as alternative spellings for Petromyzontiformes and Petromyzontidae respectively.

References

★ A lamprey from the Cretaceous Jehol biota of China, Mee-mann Chang et al., , , Nature, 2006

★ Mixture of new sulfated steroids functions as a migratory pheromone in the sea lamprey, Sorensen, P; Fine, J; Dvornikovs, V; Jeffrey, C; Shao, F; Wang, J; Vrieze, L; Anderson, K; Hoye, T., , , Nature Chemical Biology, 2005

★ Fishes of the World, Third Edition, Fisher, , , John Wiley and Sons, 1994, ISBN 0-471-54713-1

★ A lamprey from the Devonian period of South Africa, Gess, Robert W.; Coates, Michael I.; Rubidge, Bruce S., , , Nature, 2006

External links

★ ITIS report on the lampreys

★ "Lamprey conservation"

★ Lampreys as food, including recipes

★ Lamprey skeletons

★ "Scientists from South Africa discover world's oldest fish fossil" News report on 27 October 2006 ''Nature'' article.

★ Alok Jha, Perfect lampreys show little change in 125m years ''The Guardian'' (22 June 2006)

★ Scientists find lamprey a 'living fossil'