'Lancashire' is a
non-metropolitan county of
historic origin in the
North West of
England, bounded to the west by the
Irish Sea. It takes its name from the city of
Lancaster and is sometimes known as the 'County of Lancaster'.
[Vision of Britain - Lancashire] Its
county council is based in
Preston, the county's administrative capital.
Lancaster however is still considered to be the
county town. Commonly, Lancashire is referred to by the abbreviation 'Lancs', originally used by the
Royal Mail. People from the county are known as 'Lancastrians'. The county was subject to a significant boundary change in 1974,
[George, D., ''Lancashire'', (1991)] which removed
Liverpool and
Manchester with most of their surrounding conurbations to form part of the
metropolitan counties of
Merseyside and
Greater Manchester.
[Local Government Act 1972. 1972, c. 70] The
Duchy of Lancaster exercises the right of the Crown in the area known as the '
County Palatine of Lancaster'.
Divisions and environs
The area under the control of the county council, or
shire county, is divided into a number of local government districts. They are
Burnley,
Chorley,
Fylde,
Hyndburn,
Lancaster,
Pendle,
Preston, the
Ribble Valley,
Rossendale,
South Ribble,
West Lancashire, and
Wyre.
[Vision of Britain - Divisions of Lancashire][1]
Blackpool and
Blackburn with Darwen are
unitary authorities which form part of the county for various functions such as
Lord Lieutenant but do not come under county council control.
[2] The
Lancashire Constabulary covers the two unitary authorities.
[3] The ceremonial county, the area including the unitary authorities, borders
Cumbria,
North Yorkshire,
West Yorkshire, and the metropolitan counties of
Greater Manchester, and
Merseyside and forms part of the
North West England region.
[4]
Lancashire County Council
Main articles: Lancashire County Council
Logo
The county council, serving the shire county, is based in County Hall in
Preston, built as a home for the Lancashire county administration (including the
Quarter Sessions and
Lancashire Constabulary) and opened on
September 14,
1882.
[5]
Local elections for 84 councillors from 84 divisions are held every four years. The council is currently
Labour Party controlled.
[6]
Physical geography
County top
The highest point of the ceremonial county is
Gragareth, near
Whernside, which reaches a height of 627 m (2,057 ft).
[7] However,
Green Hill near to Gragareth has also been cited as the
county top.
[8] The highest point within the historic boundaries is
Coniston Old Man in the
Lake District at 803 m (2,634 ft).
[9]
Rivers and lakes
Lancashire drains west from the
Pennines into the Irish Sea. The major rivers which discharge into the sea are the
Mersey (which forms the historic border with
Cheshire and is now located entirely outside the ceremonial county),
Ribble,
Wyre and
Lune. Now within Cumbria are the
Leven and
Duddon (which forms the historic border with
Cumberland). Major tributaries of these rivers include the
Calder,
Crake,
Darwen,
Douglas,
Hodder,
Irwell,
Roch,
Tame and
Yarrow.
Within the historic boundaries are the lakes of
Windermere,
Coniston Water and
Esthwaite Water in the Lake District, which now form part of Cumbria.
[10][11] Windermere forms the traditional border with
Westmorland, as does the
River Brathay which feeds the lake at its northern end and the
River Winster and flows into the
Kent estuary to the south-east.
History
:''Main article:
History of Lancashire''
The historic county boundaries
The county was established in 1182
and later than many other counties. In the
Domesday Book, its lands between the
Ribble and the Mersey were known as "Inter Ripam et Mersham"
[ Sylvester (1980). p. 14.] and were included in the returns for
Cheshire.
[12] Although some have taken this to mean that south Lancashire was, at that time, part of Cheshire
[13], it cannot be said clearly to have been part of Cheshire.
[14][15][16] It is also claimed that he territory to the north formed, at that time, part of the
West Riding of Yorkshire.
[13] It bordered on
Cumberland,
Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire.
The county was divided into the six
hundreds of
Amounderness,
Blackburn,
Leyland,
Lonsdale,
Salford and
West Derby.
[Vision of Britain - Lancashire ancient county divisions] Lonsdale was further partitioned into Lonsdale North, which was the detached part north of
Morecambe Bay (also known as
Furness), and Lonsdale South.
The
Red Rose of Lancaster is the traditional symbol for the
House of Lancaster, immortalized in the verse "In the battle for England's head/
York was white, Lancaster red" (referring to the 15th century
War of the Roses).
Lancashire is now much smaller than its historic extent due to a local government reform.
[Berrington, E., ''Change in British Politics'', (1984)] In 1889 an
administrative county of Lancashire was created, covering the historic county except for
county boroughs such as
Liverpool and
Manchester.
[Vision of Britain - Lancashire ancient county boundaries] The area covered by the Lord-Lieutenant (termed now a
ceremonial county) continued to cover the entirety of the administrative county along with the county boroughs, and thus was expanded slightly whenever boroughs annexed areas in other neighbouring counties. Examples of this include
Wythenshawe (an area of
Manchester south of the
River Mersey and historically in
Cheshire), and southern
Warrington. This area also did not cover the western part of
Todmorden, where the traditional border between Lancashire and
Yorkshire runs through the middle of the town.
During the
20th century the county became increasingly urbanised, particularly the southern part. To the existing county boroughs of
Barrow-in-Furness,
Blackburn,
Bolton,
Bootle,
Burnley,
Bury,
Liverpool,
Manchester,
Oldham,
Preston,
Rochdale,
Salford,
St Helens and
Wigan were added
Blackpool (1904),
Southport (1905), and
Warrington (1900). The county boroughs also had many boundary extensions. The borders around the Manchester area were particularly complicated, with narrow protrusions of the administrative county between the county boroughs -
Lees urban district formed a detached part of the administrative county, between Oldham county borough and the West Riding of Yorkshire.
[Lord Redcliffe-Maud and Bruce Wood. English Local Government Reformed. (1974)]
By the
census of 1971 the population of Lancashire (including all its associated county boroughs) had reached 5,129,416, making it then the most populous geographic county in the UK. The administrative county of Lancashire was also the most populous of its type outside of London, with a population of 2,280,359 in 1961.
On
1 April 1974, under the
Local Government Act 1972, the administrative county of Lancashire was abolished, as were the county boroughs. The urbanised southern part largely became part of two new
metropolitan counties. The south-western part became part of
Merseyside, the south-eastern part was incorporated into
Greater Manchester.
[Jones, B. et al, ''Politics UK'', (2004)] The new county of
Cumbria took the Furness exclave.
The boroughs of
Liverpool,
Knowsley,
St Helens and
Sefton were entirely from Lancashire. In Greater Manchester the successor boroughs were
Bury,
Bolton,
Manchester,
Oldham (part),
Rochdale,
Salford,
Tameside (part),
Trafford (part) and
Wigan.
Warrington and
Widnes, south of the new Merseyside/Greater Manchester border, rather than become part of Greater Manchester or Merseyside were instead made part of the new non-metropolitan county of
Cheshire.
The urban districts of
Barnoldswick and
Earby, the
Bowland Rural District and the parishes of
Bracewell and Brogden and
Salterforth from the
Skipton Rural District from the
West Riding of Yorkshire became part of the new Lancashire.
One parish,
Simonswood, was transferred from the borough of
Knowsley in Merseyside to the district of
West Lancashire in 1994.
[18]
In 1998 the county borough system re-appeared in all but name, when
Blackpool and
Blackburn with Darwen became independent
unitary authorities.
The City of
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA, founded in 1742, was named after Lancashire. It's neighbor city,
York, PA is located about 30 miles to the west. The
War of the Roses tradition continued with Lancaster using as its symbol the red rose, and York, the white.
Northern England referendums, 2004
Main articles: Northern English devolution referendums, 2004
In 2004 the
Boundary Committee for England published recommendations for a new systems of
unitary authorities in the North West. A
referendum in the North East rejected a similar reform there and plans to hold a further reform in the North West, including Lancashire, were cancelled.
Local identity
A pressure group, the
Friends of Real Lancashire, seek to promote use of the historic borders, and raised a petition in 1994 with 30,000 signatures calling "for the restoration of Lancashire's historic boundaries"
[19][19] - the petition requested that the "Metropolitan Counties of Merseyside, Greater Manchester and Cumbria [sic] be abolished and the real and historic county of Lancashire be restored". There is also a long-running campaign for
Southport to be removed from
Sefton in Merseyside.
[Final Recommendations on the Future Local Government of Sefton, Local Government Commission for England, November 1997.]
Greater Manchester was never adopted as a
postal county by the
Royal Mail, and so places in Greater Manchester retained their Lancashire and Cheshire addresses until the abolition of postal counties in 1996. Bolton and Wigan, for example, were classed as parts of Lancashire. Other changes to the administrative borders were reflected in the postal counties.
Duchy of Lancaster
The
Duchy of Lancaster is one of two remaining royal duchies in the United Kingdom. It has large landholdings throughout the region and elsewhere, and operates as a property company, but also exercises the right of the Crown in the 'County Palatine of Lancaster'.
[21] The Duchy's website now describes the County Palatine as comprising of "the counties of Lancashire, Greater Manchester, Merseyside and the Furness area of Cumbria"
[22]. These new counties include areas formerly in
Cheshire and
Yorkshire and it is unclear as to whether this is a reference to the whole of the new counties or just the parts that comprised the Palatine prior to the 1974 boundary changes. However, in
1992 it was stated by the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster,
William Waldegrave that the "boundaries of the county palatine are the same as the county boundaries which existed prior to local government reorganisation in 1973"
[23]
High Sheriffs for Lancashire, Greater Manchester and Merseyside are appointed "within the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancaster".
[24]
The Duchy administers
bona vacantia within the County Palatine, receiving the property of persons who die intestate, and where the legal ownership cannot be ascertained.
There is no separate Duke of Lancaster, the title having merged in the Crown many centuries ago - but the Duchy is administered by the Queen in Right of the Duchy of Lancaster. A separate court system for the county palatine was finally abolished by
Courts Act 1971. A particular form of the
The Loyal Toast is still in regular local use: 'The Queen, Duke of Lancaster'.
Industry and commerce
Lancashire in the 19th century was a major centre of industrial activity and hence of wealth. Activities included mining and textile production (particularly
cotton), though on the coast there was also fishing. Historically, the docks in
Preston were an industrial port, though are now disused for commercial purposes. Lancashire was historically the location of the (now on Merseyside) while
Barrow-in-Furness (now in Cumbria) is famous for
shipbuilding.
Today Lancashire is home to firms such as
BAE Systems (which has four factories in Lancashire including
Warton Aerodrome and
BAE Samlesbury, major centres of production for the Eurofighter Typhoon and F-35 Joint Strike Fighter),
Heinz,
TVR cars,
Leyland Trucks and
Marconi telecoms.
Economic output
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of the non-metropolitan county of Lancashire at current basic prices
published (pp.240-253) by ''Office for National Statistics'' with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
| Year | Regional Gross Value Added[25] | Agriculture[26] | Industry[27] | Services[28] |
|---|
| 1995 | '13,789' | 344 | 5,461 | 7,984 |
| 2000 | '16,584' | 259 | 6,097 | 10,229 |
| 2003 | '19,206' | 294 | 6,352 | 12,560 |
Transport
Lancashire has a well-developed transport infrastructure
[29] with an extensive network of motorways covering the county. The
West Coast Main Line provides direct rail links with
London and other major cities, with stations at
Preston and
Lancaster. The county has . The county is served by
Blackpool International Airport, however
Manchester Airport in Greater Manchester is the main airport in the region.
Liverpool John Lennon Airport, on Merseyside is also nearby.
Heysham and
Fleetwood offer ferry services to
Ireland and the
Isle of Man.
[30] As part of its industrial past, Lancashire gave rise to an extensive network of canals, which extend into neighbouring counties. These include the
Leeds and Liverpool Canal,
Lancaster Canal,
Bridgewater Canal,
Rochdale Canal,
Ashton Canal and
Manchester Ship Canal.
Demographics
The major settlements in the ceremonial county are concentrated on the
Fylde coast (the
Blackpool Urban Area), and a belt of towns running west-east along the
M65 -
Preston,
Blackburn,
Accrington,
Burnley,
Nelson and
Colne. South of Preston are the towns of
Leyland and
Chorley - the three formed part of the
Central Lancashire New Town designated in 1970. The north is generally sparsely populated, with
Morecambe and
Lancaster forming a small conurbation.
Settlements
:''Main article:
List of places in Lancashire.
The table below has divided the settlements into their local authority district. Each district has a centre of administration; for some of these correlate with a district's largest town, while others are named after the geographical area.
| Ceremonial county | Administration borough/district | Centre of administration | Other towns, villages and settlements |
|---|
| 'Lancashire' | Blackburn with Darwen Borough (Unitary) | Blackburn | Belmont, Chapeltown, Darwen, Edgworth, Tockholes |
| Blackpool Borough (Unitary) | Blackpool | Bispham, Layton |
| Burnley Borough | Burnley | Harle Syke, Padiham, Rose Grove, Worsthorne, Cliviger. |
| Chorley Borough | Chorley | Adlington, Clayton-le-Woods, Coppull, Croston, Eccleston, Euxton, Whittle-le-Woods |
| Fylde Borough | Lytham St Annes | Freckleton, Kirkham, Warton, Wrea Green |
| Hyndburn Borough | Accrington | Church, Clayton-le-Moors, Great Harwood, Oswaldtwistle, Rishton |
| City of Lancaster | Lancaster | Bolton-le-Sands, Carnforth, Heysham, Morecambe, |
| Pendle Borough | Nelson | Barnoldswick †, Barrowford, Brierfield, Colne, Earby †, Foulridge, Trawden |
| City of Preston | Preston | Barton, Broughton, Fulwood, Goosnargh, Grimsargh, Whittingham |
| Ribble Valley Borough | Clitheroe | Bolton-by-Bowland, Chipping, Hurst Green, Longridge, Read, Ribchester, Slaidburn, Whalley, Wilpshire, |
| Rossendale Borough | Rawtenstall | Bacup, Chatterton, Edenfield, Haslingden, Helmshore, Whitworth |
| South Ribble Borough | Leyland | Bamber Bridge, Farington, Longton, Lostock Hall, Penwortham, Samlesbury, Walton-le-Dale |
| West Lancashire District | Ormskirk | Appley Bridge, Aughton, Banks, Bickerstaffe, Burscough, Downholland, Great Altcar, Halsall, Lathom, Parbold, Rufford, Scarisbrick, Skelmersdale, Tarleton, Upholland |
| Wyre Borough | Poulton-le-Fylde | Churchtown, Cleveleys, Fleetwood, Garstang, Pilling, Preesall, St Michael's On Wyre, Thornton |
:''This table does not form an extensive list of the settlements in the ceremonial county. More settlements can be found at , , and .''
Some settlements which were historically part of the county now fall under the counties of
West Yorkshire,
Cheshire,
Merseyside,
Greater Manchester and
Cumbria:
[Vision of Britain - Lancashire ancient boundaries][Chandler, J., ''Local Government Today'', (2001)][Youngs. Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England. Volume 2. Northern England.]
| Greater Manchester | Ashton-in-Makerfield, Ashton-under-Lyne, Bolton, Bury, Chadderton, Denton, Eccles, Farnworth, Heywood, Horwich, Hindley, Leigh, 'Manchester', Middleton, Oldham, Prestwich, Radcliffe, Rochdale, 'Salford', Swinton and Pendlebury, Tyldesley, Westhoughton, Wigan |
|---|
| Merseyside | Bootle, Crosby, Formby, Huyton, Kirkby, 'Liverpool', Maghull, Newton-le-Willows, Prescot, St Helens, Southport |
|---|
| Cumbria | Barrow-in-Furness, Coniston, Dalton-in-Furness, Grange-over-Sands, Ulverston |
|---|
| Cheshire | Warrington, Widnes |
|---|
| West Yorkshire | Todmorden |
|---|
Note:
Cities are in 'bold'
† - part of the
West Riding of Yorkshire until 1974
Boundary changes to occur before 1974 include:
★
Todmorden (split between Lancashire and Yorkshire) entirely to West Riding of Yorkshire in 1889
★
Mossley (split between Lancashire, Yorkshire and Cheshire) entirely to Lancashire in 1889
★
Stalybridge, entirely to Cheshire in 1889
★ the former county boroughs of Manchester and Warrington both extended south of the Mersey into historic Cheshire (areas such as
Wythenshawe and
Latchford)
★ correspondingly, the former county borough of Stockport extended north into historic Lancashire, including areas such as
Reddish and the
Heatons (
Heaton Chapel,
Heaton Mersey,
Heaton Moor and
Heaton Norris).
Sport
Lancashire is one of Britain's most successful sporting counties.
Cricket
Lancashire County Cricket Club, based at the
County Ground, Old Trafford,
[32] has been one of the most successful
county cricket teams, particularly in the
one-day game. It is home to
England cricket team members
Andrew Flintoff,
James Anderson and
Sajid Mahmood.
Historically important local cricket leagues include the
Lancashire League and the
Central Lancashire League, both of which were formed in 1892. These league clubs hire international professional players to play alongside their amateur players.
Football
Six of the twelve clubs which founded the
Football League were from Lancashire.
Based in ceremonial Lancashire are
Premiership team
Blackburn Rovers,
Championship teams
Burnley,
Preston North End and
Blackpool and from
League Two:
Accrington Stanley.
Based in other ceremonial counties are Premiership teams
Bolton Wanderers,
Everton,
Liverpool,
Manchester City,
Manchester United and
Wigan Athletic.
Oldham Athletic play in League One and
Bury and
Rochdale play in League Two. All of these teams are part of the
historic county of Lancashire a county under which they have played for the majority of their history.
Together these teams have achieved 51
Football League/
Premier League titles, 7
European Cups and 42
FA Cups.
Rugby
Several successful
rugby league teams are based within the historic boundaries of Lancashire, mainly in the south of the county:
★
Super League:
Salford City Reds,
St Helens,
Warrington Wolves,
Wigan Warriors
★
National League One:
Leigh Centurions,
Rochdale Hornets,
Widnes Vikings
★ National League Two:
Barrow Raiders,
Blackpool Panthers,
Oldham Roughyeds,
Swinton Lions
Of these only Blackpool Panthers are based within the ceremonial county.
Rugby union teams include
Sale Sharks,
Fylde,
Orrell R.U.F.C. and
Preston Grasshoppers.
Other
Two of the nine
golf courses on the
Open Championship rota are in historic Lancashire:
Royal Lytham & St Annes at
Lytham St Annes and
Royal Birkdale near
Southport.
Lancashire has a long history of
wrestling, developing its own style called
Lancashire wrestling with many clubs that over the years have produced many renowned wrestlers. Some of these have crossed over into the mainstream world of
professional wrestling, including
Billy Riley,
Davey Boy Smith,
William Regal and
The Dynamite Kid.
Cuisine
Lancashire is widely-known for its eponymous
Lancashire Hotpot, a
casserole dish traditionally made with
lamb and for
Lancashire cheese, reputed to be the best toasting
cheese in the world. Other traditional foods from the area include:
★
Black peas, also known as parched peas: popular in
Bolton and
Preston.
★
Black Pudding: long associated with the town of
Bury.
★
Bury Simnel: cross between a fruitcake and a biscuit. Eaten on Simnel or
Mid-Lent Sunday.
★ Butter Cake - slice of bread and butter.
★ Clapbread:
oatcake.
★
Chorley cakes: from the town of
Chorley.
★
Ducks: faggots as in savoury ducks.
★
Eccles cakes: from the town of
Eccles.
★ Fag Pie: pie made from chopped dried figs, sugar and lard. Associated with
Blackburn and
Burnley where it was the highlight of ''Fag Pie Sunday'' (
Mid-Lent Sunday).
★
Fish and Chips: first fish and chip shop in northern England opened in
Mossley near Oldham around 1863.
[33]
★ Frog-i'-th'-'ole pudding: now known as
toad in the hole.
★
Frumenty: sweet porridge. Once a popular dish at Lancashire festivals like Christmas and Easter Monday.
★
Goosnargh Cakes: Small flat
shortbread biscuits with coriander or
caraway seeds pressed into the biscuit before baking. Traditionally baked on feast days like
Shrove Tuesday.
★ Jannock: cake or small loaf of oatmeal. Allegedly introduced to Lancashire (possibly
Bolton by
Flemish weavers.
★ Nettle Porridge: a common starvation diet in Lancashire in the early 1800s. Made from boiled stinging nettles with perhaps a handful of meal.
★
Ormskirk Gingerbread: local delicacy which were sold all over South Lancashire
★ Pobs, Pobbies: bread and milk.
★ Potato Hotpot, a variation of the Lancashire Hotpot without meat also known as ''fatherless pie''.
★ Ran Dan: barley bread. Food of last resort for the poor at the end of the 18th Century and beginning of the 19th Century.
★
Rag Pudding: Traditional Suet Pudding filled with Minced Meat and Onions.
★ Sad Cake: A traditional cake, perhaps a variation of the more widely known
Chorley cake, once common around
Burnley.
★
Scouse, a type of stew popular in
Liverpool (historically part of Lancashire).
★
Throdkins: a traditional breakfast food of
the Fylde.
Famous Lancastrians
As one of the most populous counties Lancashire has produced many famous names. See .
Places of interest
The following are places of interest in the ceremonial county:
★
Arnside and Silverdale AONB 
Accessible open space
★
Astley Green Colliery Museum,
Tyldesley
★
Astley Hall 
Historic house
★
Beacon Fell 
Country park
★
Blackburn Cathedral
★
Blackpool Pleasure Beach
★
Blackpool Tower
★
Blackpool Zoo
★
British Commercial Vehicle Museum,
Leyland
★
Camelot Theme Park
★
Clegg Hall Historic house
★
Darwen Tower
★
East Lancashire Railway 
Heritage railway
★
Forest of Bowland:
Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Accessible open space
★
Gawthorpe Hall,
Padiham Historic house
National Trust
★
Harris Museum
★
Helmshore Textile Museum
★
Hoghton Tower Historic house
★
Irwell Sculpture Trail
★
Lancaster Castle
★
Lancaster Cathedral
★
Lathom Park Chapel, site of
Lathom Hall, seat of the
Earls of Derby
★
Leighton Moss nature reserve,
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
★
Martin Mere,
Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust nature reserve,
Burscough
★
Morecambe Bay Accessible open space
★
Museum of Lancashire
★
National Football Museum
★
Pendle Hill Accessible open space
★
Pennington FlashCountry park
★ The
Pennines Accessible open space
, provide great opportunity for
Mountain Biking
★
Rock Climbing is popular with the area having some 6,600+ routes to climb many of which are in disused
quarries.
★
Rufford Old Hall Historic house
National Trust
★
Samlesbury Hall Historic house
★
St Walburge's Church
★
Stonyhurst College - a Manor House dating back to 1592, now an English public school, run by the
Jesuits
★
Towneley Hall,
Burnley Historic house
★
West Lancashire Light Railway Heritage railway
★
West Pennine Moors Accessible open space
★
Williamson Park and the
Ashton Memorial
★
Witton Country Park Country park
★
Yarrow Valley Park Country park
Notes and References
1. Lancashire County Council - Lancashire districts
2. OPSI - The Lancashire (Boroughs of Blackburn and Blackpool) (Structural Change) Order 1996
3. Lancashire County Council - Map of Lancashire (Unitary boundaries shown)
4. Government Office for the North West - Local Authorities
5. ''Opening of the new Town-Hall at Preston''. The Times. September 15, 1882.
6. Lancashire County Council - County Councillors by Area
7. BUBL Information Service - The Relative Hills of Britain
8. Administrative (1974) County Tops
9. Historic County Tops
10. Cumbria County Council - Discover Cumbria
11. Her Majesty's Stationary Office, ''Aspects of Britain: Local Government'', (1996)
12. Morgan (1978). pp.269c–301c,d.
13. Booth, P. cited in George, D., ''Lancashire'', (1991)
14. Harris and Thacker (1987). write on page 252:
15. Phillips and Phillips (2002). pp. 26–31.
16. Crosby, A. (1996). writes on page 31:
17. Booth, P. cited in George, D., ''Lancashire'', (1991)
18. OPSI - The Cheshire, Lancashire and Merseyside (County and Metropolitan Borough Boundaries) Order 1993
19.
20.
21. The Duchy of Lancaster - Boundary Map
22.
Duchy of Lancaster website
23. House of Commons Hansard debates for 15 June 1992 (2nd paragraph in "Duchy of Lancaster" section
24. ''High Sheriffs'', The Times, March 21, 1985
25. Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
26. includes hunting and forestry
27. includes energy and construction
28. includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
29. Lancashire County Council - Local Transport Plan
30. Transport for Lancashire - Lancashire Inter Urban Bus and Rail Map (PDF)
31. Vision of Britain - Lancashire boundaries 1974
32. LCCC contact details
33. History of fish and chips
Bibliography
★ Crosby, A. (1996). ''A History of Cheshire.'' (The Darwen County History Series.) Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0850339324.
★ Harris, B. E., and Thacker, A. T. (1987). ''The Victoria History of the County of Chester. (Volume 1: Physique, Prehistory, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Domesday).'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0197227619.
★ Morgan, P. (1978). ''Domesday Book Cheshire: Including Lancashire, Cumbria, and North Wales''. Chichester, Sussex: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0850331404.
★ Phillips A. D. M., and Phillips, C. B. (2002), ''A New Historical Atlas of Cheshire''. Chester, UK: Cheshire County Council and Cheshire Community Council Publications Trust. ISBN 0904532461.
★ Sylvester, D. (1980). ''A History of Cheshire''. (The Darwen County History Series). (2nd Edition.) London and Chichester, Sussex: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0850333849.
External links
★
Traditions of Lancashire, Volume 1 (of 2), by John Roby
★
Lancashire Lantern, The Lancashire Life and Times E-Resource network
★
Website of the film 'Catch - the hold not taken', a look at the cultural significance of wrestling in Lancashire
★
Lancashire County Council - MARIO (Mapping portal)
★
Map of Lancashire
★
Photographs of Lancashire
★
An online survey about Lancashire dialect
★
The Lancashire Dialect Society
★
Official Lancashire Tourism information
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