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LATIN CONJUGATION

(Redirected from Latin verbs)
Conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from one basic form. It may be affected by person, number, gender, tense, mood, voice or other language-specific factors. When, for example, we use a verb to function as the action done by a subject, most languages require conjugating the verb to reflect that meaning. (For more information on conjugation in general, see the article on grammatical conjugation.)
In Latin, there are 'four' main patterns of conjugation composed of groups of verbs that are conjugated following similar patterns. As in other languages, Latin verbs have a passive voice and an active voice. Furthermore, there exist deponent and semi-deponent Latin verbs (verbs with a passive form but active meaning), as well as defective verbs (verbs with a perfect form but present meaning). Sometimes the verbs of the third declension with a root on -Ç, are regarded as a separate pattern of conjugation, and are called the ''fifth conjugation'', so that it is said there are 'five' main patterns of conjugation.
In a dictionary, Latin verbs are always listed with four principal parts which allow the reader to deduce the other conjugated forms of the verbs. These are:

★ the first person singular of the present indicative active

★ the present infinitive

★ the first person singular of the perfect indicative active

★ the supine or, in some texts, the perfect passive participle, which is nearly always identical. Texts that commonly list the perfect passive participle use the future active participle for intransitive verbs. Some verbs lack this principal part altogether.
For simple verb paradigms, see the following pages: [1], [2], [3], [4]
=Overview of the Latin Verb=

Contents
Latin verb properties
The four conjugations
The first conjugation
The second conjugation
The third conjugation
The fourth conjugation
Personal endings
Imperfective aspect tenses
Present tense
Indicative present
Subjunctive present
Imperative present
Imperfect tense
Indicative imperfect
Subjunctive imperfect
Future tense
Indicative future
Imperative future
Perfective aspect tenses
Perfect tense
Indicative perfect
Subjunctive perfect
Pluperfect tense
Indicative pluperfect
Subjunctive pluperfect
Future perfect tense
Indicative future perfect
Non-finite forms
The participles
The infinitives
The supine
The gerund
The gerundive
Periphrastic conjugations
Active
Passive
Peculiarities within conjugation and non-finite forms
Irregular verbs
Deponent and semi-deponent verbs
Third conjugation –iŠverbs
Defective verbs
''ÄiÅ'' — I affirm, state
''inquam'' — I say
''fÄrÄ«'' — to speak
Impersonal verbs
Irregular future active participles
Syncopated verb forms
The Four Conjugations [in the Indicative Mood]
References
See also
External links

Latin verb properties


Latin verbs have the following properties.
:1. 'Two aspects'—perfective, imperfective
:2. 'Two voices'—active, passive
:3. 'Three finite moods'—indicative, subjunctive, imperative
:4. 'Four non-finite forms'—infinitive, gerund, participle, supine
:5. 'Six tenses'—
::
Present Perfect
Imperfect Pluperfect
Future Future Perfect

:6. 'Two numbers'—singular, plural
:7. 'Three persons'—first, second, third

The four conjugations


There exist four important systems of verb inflection. These are the 'four conjugations'.
The first conjugation

The 'first conjugation' is characterized by the vowel ''Ä'' and can be recognized by the ''-Äre'' ending of the present active infinitive. The principal parts usually adhere to the following patterns.

★ perfect with ''–vÄ«''
::''portÅ, portÄre, portÄvÄ«, portÄtum'' — to carry, bring
::''amÅ, amÄre, amÄvÄ«, amÄtum'' — to love, be fond of
:::—— 'All regular first conjugation verbs follow this pattern.' ——

★ perfect with ''–uÄ«''
::''secÅ, secÄre, secuÄ«, sectum'' — to cut, divide
::''fricÅ, fricÄre, fricuÄ«, frictum'' — to rub
::''vetÅ, vetÄre, vetuÄ«, vetitum'' — to forbid, prohibit

★ perfect with ''–ī'' and stem vowel lengthening
::''lavÅ, lavÄre, lÄvÄ«, lautum'' — to wash, bathe
::''iuvÅ, iuvÄre, iÅ«vÄ«, iÅ«tum'' — to help, assist

★ reduplicated perfect
::''stÅ, stÄre, stetÄ«, statum'' — to stand
::''dÅ, dare, dedÄ«, datum'' – to give, bestow irregular
The second conjugation

The 'second conjugation' is characterized by the vowel ''Ä“'', and can be recognized by the ''-eÅ'' ending of the first person present indicative and the ''-Ä“re'' ending of the present active infinitive.

★ perfect with ''–uÄ«''
::''terreÅ, terrÄ“re, terruÄ«, territum'' — to frighten, deter
::''doceÅ, docÄ“re, docuÄ«, doctum'' — to teach, instruct
::''teneÅ, tenÄ“re, tenuÄ«, tentum'' — to hold, keep
:::—— 'All regular second conjugation verbs follow this pattern.' ——

★ perfect with ''–vÄ«''
::''dÄ“leÅ, dÄ“lÄ“re, dÄ“lÄ“vÄ«, dÄ“lÄ“tum'' — to destroy, efface
::''cieÅ, ciÄ“re, cÄ«vÄ«, citum'' — to arouse, stir

★ perfect with ''–sÄ«'' and ''–xÄ«''
::''augeÅ, augÄ“re, auxÄ«, auctum'' — to increase, enlarge
::''iubeÅ, iubÄ“re, iussÄ«, iussum'' — to order, bid

★ reduplicated perfect with ''–ī''
::''mordeÅ, mordÄ“re, momordÄ«, morsum'' — to bite, nip
::''spondeÅ, spondÄ“re, spopondÄ«, spÅnsum'' — to vow, promise

★ perfect with ''–ī'' and vowel lengthening
::''videÅ, vidÄ“re, vÄ«dÄ«, vÄ«sum'' — to see, notice
::''foveÅ, fovÄ“re, fÅvÄ«, fÅtum'' — to caress, cherish

★ perfect with ''–ī'' only
::''strÄ«deÅ, strÄ«dere, strÄ«dÄ«'' — to hiss, creak
::''ferveÅ, fervÄ“re, fervÄ«''1 — to boil, seethe
1may be ''fervuī''.
The third conjugation

The ''third conjugation'' is characterized by a short thematic vowel, which alternates between ''e'', ''i'', and ''u'' in different environments. Verbs of this conjugation end in an ''–ere'' in the present active infinitive. There is no one regular rule for constructing the perfect stem of third-conjugation verbs, but the following patterns are used.

★ perfect with ''–sÄ«'' and ''–xÄ«''
::''carpÅ, carpere, carpsÄ«, carptum'' — to pluck, select
::''trahÅ, trahere, trÄxÄ«, trÄctum'' — to drag, draw
::''gerÅ, gerere, gessÄ«, gestum'' — to wear, bear
::''flectÅ, flectere, flexÄ«, flexum'' — to bend, twist

★ reduplicated perfect with ''–ī''
::''currÅ, currere, cucurrÄ«, cursum'' — to run, race
::''caedÅ, caedere, cecÄ«dÄ«, caesum'' — to kill, slay
::''tangÅ, tangere, tetigÄ«, tÄctum'' — to touch, hit
::''pellÅ, pellere, pepulÄ«, pulsum'' — to beat, drive away

★ perfect with ''-vÄ«''
::''petÅ, petere, petÄ«vÄ«, petÄ«tum'' — to seek, attack
::''linÅ, linere, lÄ«vÄ«, lÄ«tum'' — to smear, befoul
::''serÅ, serere, sÄ“vÄ«, satum'' — to sow, plant
::''terÅ, terere, trÄ«vÄ«, trÄ«tum'' — to rub, wear out
::''sternÅ, sternere, strÄvÄ«, strÄtum'' — to spread, stretch out

★ perfect with ''–ī'' and vowel lengthening
::''agÅ, agere, Ä“gÄ«, Äctum'' — to do, drive
::''legÅ, legere, lÄ“gÄ«, lÄ“ctum'' — to collect, read
::''emÅ, emere, Ä“mÄ«, Ä“mptum'' — to buy, purchase
::''vincÅ, vincere, vÄ«cÄ«, victum'' — to conquer, master
::''fundÅ, fundere, fÅ«dÄ«, fÅ«sum'' — to pour, utter

★ perfect with ''–ī'' only
::''Ä«cÅ, Ä«cere, Ä«cÄ«, Ä«ctum'' — to strike, smite
::''vertÅ, vertere, vertÄ«, versum'' — to turn, alter
::''vÄ«sÅ, visere, vÄ«sÄ«, vÄ«sum'' — to visit

★ perfect with ''–uÄ«''
::''metÅ, metere, messuÄ«, messum'' — to reap, harvest
::''vomÅ, vomere, vomuÄ«, vomitum'' — to vomit
::''colÅ, colere, coluÄ«, cultum'' — to cultivate, till
::''texÅ, texere, texuÄ«, textum'' — to weave, plait
::''gignÅ, gignere, genuÄ«, genitum'' — to beget, cause

★ present stem with a ''–u''
::''minuÅ, minuere, minuÄ«, minÅ«tum'' — to lessen, diminish
::''ruÅ, ruere, ruÄ«, rutum'' — to collapse, hurl down
::''struÅ, struere, strÅ«xÄ«, strÅ«ctum'' — to build, erect

★ verbs with ''–scÅ''
::''nÅscÅ, nÅscere, nÅvÄ«, nÅtum'' — to investigate, learn
::''adolÄ“scÅ, adolÄ“scere, adolÄ“vÄ«'' — to grow up, mature
::''flÅrÄ“scÅ, flÅrÄ“scere, flÅruÄ«'' — to begin flourish, blossom
::''haerÄ“scÅ, haerÄ“scere, haesÄ«, haesum'' — to adhere, stick
::''pÄscÅ, pÄscere, pÄvÄ«, pÄstum'' — to feed, nourish
Intermediate between the third and fourth conjugation are the third-conjugation –iŠverbs, discussed below.
The fourth conjugation

The 'fourth conjugation' is characterized by the vowel ''Ä«'' and can be recognized by the ''-Ä«re'' ending of the present active infinitive. The fourth conjugation verbs' principal parts generally adhere to the following patterns.

★ perfect with ''–vÄ«''
::''audiÅ, audÄ«re, audÄ«vÄ«, audÄ«tus, a, um'' — to hear, listen (to)
::''muniÅ, munÄ«re, munÄ«vÄ«, munÄ«tus, a, um'' — to fortify, build
:::—— 'All regular fourth conjugation verbs follow this pattern.'

★ perfect with ''–uÄ«''
::''aperiÅ, aperÄ«re, aperuÄ«, apertum'' – to open, uncover

★ perfect with ''–sÄ«'' and ''–xÄ«''
::''saepiÅ, saepÄ«re, saepsÄ«, saeptum'' – to surround, enclose
::''sanciÅ, sancÄ«re, sÄnxÄ«, sÄnctum'' – to confirm, ratify
::''sentiÅ, sentÄ«re, sÄ“nsÄ«, sÄ“nsum'' – to feel, perceive

★ perfect with ''–ī'' and vowel lengthening
::''veniÅ, venÄ«re, vÄ“nÄ«, ventum'' – to come, arrive

Personal endings


Personal endings are used in all tenses. The present, imperfect, future, pluperfect and future perfect tenses use the same personal endings in the active voice. However, the pluperfect and future perfect do not have personal endings in the passive voice. The perfect tense uses its own personal endings in the active voice.
'Active' 'Passive'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'Familiar' 'First Person' Å, m mus or, r mur
'Second Person' s tis ris (re) minī
'Third Person' t nt tur ntur
'Active'
'Singular' 'Plural'
'Perfect' 'First Person' Ä« imus
'Second Person' istī istis
'Third Person' it Ä“runt (Ä“re)

Imperfective aspect tenses


The tenses of the imperfective aspect, which are the 'present', 'imperfect' and 'future' tenses, express an action that hasn't been completed. The verbs for explanation are:
:'1st Conjugation:' ''portÅ, portÄre, portÄvÄ«, portÄtum'' — to carry, bring
:'2nd Conjugation:' ''terreÅ, terrÄ“re, terruÄ«, territum'' — to frighten, deter
:'3rd Conjugation:' ''petÅ, petere, petÄ«vÄ«, petÄ«tum'' — to seek, attack
:'4th Conjugation:' ''audiÅ, audÄ«re, audÄ«vÄ«, audÄ«tum'' – to hear, listen (to)
For the all conjugations, the ''–re'' is removed from the second principal part. For example, from ''portÄre'', ''portÄ'' is formed. This is the present stem, and it is used for all of the tenses in the imperfective aspect. Occasionally, the terminating vowel of the stem is lengthened and/or shortened, and sometimes completely changed. This is especially so in the third conjugation and most conjugations in the subjunctive mood.
Present tense

The present tense (Latin ''tempus praesēns'') is used to show an uncompleted action which happens in the current time. The present tense does not have a tense sign. Instead, the personal endings are added to the bare present stem. However, in this tense the thematical vowel, most notably the ''ě'' in the third conjugation, changes the most frequently.
Indicative present

The indicative present expresses general truths, facts, demands and desires. Most commonly, a verb like ''portÅ'' can be translated as "I carry," "I do carry," or "I am carrying."

★ In all but the third conjugation, the thematical vowel of the stem is only used. In the third conjugation, the ''e'' is only used in the second person singular in the passive for a less difficult pronunciation. Otherwise, it becomes either an ''i'' or ''u''.

★ The first person singular of the indicative active present is the first principal part. All end in ''–Å''.
'Indicative Active Present'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' portÅ portÄmus terreÅ terrÄ“mus petÅ petimus audiÅ audÄ«mus
'Second Person' portÄs portÄtis terrÄ“s terrÄ“tis petis petitis audÄ«s audÄ«tis
'Third Person' portat portant terret terrent petit petunt audit audiunt

Add the passive endings to form the passive voice. The passive ''portor'' can be translated as "I am carried," or "I am being carried."
'Indicative Passive Present'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' portor portÄmur terreor terrÄ“mur petor petimur audior audÄ«mur
'Second Person' portÄris portÄminÄ« terrÄ“ris terrÄ“minÄ« peteris petiminÄ« audÄ«ris audÄ«minÄ«
'Third Person' portÄtur portantur terrÄ“tur terrentur petitur petuntur audÄ«tur audiuntur

Notice that the second person singular for ''petere'' is ''peteris'' instead of the supposed ''petiris.''
Subjunctive present

The subjunctive present may be used to assert many things. In general, in independent sentences, it is translated hortatorily (only in the third person plural), jussively and optatively. ''Portem'' can be translated as "Let me carry." or "May I carry." ''Portēmus'' can be "Let us carry."
Some alterations have occurred in the vowels from the indicative and subjunctive.

★ The first conjugation now uses an ''e'' and an ''Ä“''.

★ The second conjugation uses ''ea'' and ''eÄ''.

★ In the third conjugation all thematicals have become either ''a'' or ''Ä''.

★ The fourth conjugation now has either ''ia'' or ''iÄ''.
"We eat caviar" is a helpful mnemonic for remembering this. 1st conjugation verbs have an "e" in their stem (w'e'), 2nd conjugation verbs have an "-ea" ('ea't), third conjugation verbs have an "a" (c'a'viar), and fourths have an "ia" (cav'ia'r). Other acceptable mnemonics include sh'e' r'ea'ds 'a' d'ia'ry, h'e' b'ea'ts 'a' l'ia'r, 'e'verybody 'ea'ts 'a'pple 'ia'mbics, or l'e't's st'ea'l 'a' f'ia't.
'Subjunctive Active Present'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' portem portÄ“mus terream terreÄmus petam petÄmus audiam audiÄmus
'Second Person' portÄ“s portÄ“tis terreÄs terreÄtis petÄs petÄtis audiÄs audiÄtis
'Third Person' portet portent terreat terreant petat petant audiat audiant

Like the indicative, active personal endings may be replaced by passive personal endings. ''Porter'' can be translated as "Let me be carried" or "May I be carried." Hortatorily, ''Portēmur'' can be "Let us be carried."
'Subjunctive Passive Present'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' porter portÄ“mur terrear terreÄmur petar petÄmur audiar audiÄmur
'Second Person' portÄ“ris portÄ“minÄ« terreÄris terreÄminÄ« petÄris petÄminÄ« audiÄris audiÄminÄ«
'Third Person' portÄ“tur portentur terreÄtur terreantur petÄtur petantur audiÄtur audiantur

Imperative present

The imperative in the present conveys commands, pleas and recommendations. ''PortÄ'' can be translated as "Carry you." or simply, "Carry." The imperative present only occurs in the second person.

★ The second person singular in the active voice only uses the bare stem, and doesn't add an imperative ending.
'Imperative Active Present'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'Second Person' portÄ portÄte terrÄ“ terrÄ“te pete petite audÄ« audÄ«te

The imperative present of the passive voice is rarely used. ''PortÄminÄ«'' can be translated as "Be carried you." or "Be carried."

★ The singular uses the present active infinitive, and the plural uses the present passive indicative form of the second person plural.
'Imperative Passive Present'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'Second Person' portÄre portÄminÄ« terrÄ“re terrÄ“minÄ« petere petiminÄ« audÄ«re audÄ«minÄ«

Imperfect tense

The imperfect tense (Latin ''tempus imperfectum'') indicates a perpetual, but incomplete action in the past. It is recognized by the tense signs ''bÇŽ'' and ''bÄ'' in the indicative, and ''re'' and ''rÄ“'' in the subjunctive.
Indicative imperfect

In the indicative mood, the imperfect simply express an action in the past that was not completed. ''PortÄbam'' can be translated to mean "I was carrying," "I kept carrying," or "I used to carry."

★ In the indicative, the imperfect employs its tense signs ''ba'' and ''bÄ'' before personal endings are added.
'Indicative Active Imperfect'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' portÄbam portÄbÄmus terrÄ“bam terrÄ“bÄmus petÄ“bam petÄ“bÄmus audiÄ“bam audiÄ“bÄmus
'Second Person' portÄbÄs portÄbÄtis terrÄ“bÄs terrÄ“bÄtis petÄ“bÄs petÄ“bÄtis audiÄ“bÄs audiÄ“bÄtis
'Third Person' portÄbat portÄbant terrÄ“bat terrÄ“bant petÄ“bat petÄ“bant audiÄ“bat audiÄ“bant

As with the present tense, active personal endings are taken off, and passive personal endings are put in their place. ''PortÄbar'' can be translated as "I was being carried," "I kept being carried," or "I used to be carried."
'Indicative Passive Imperfect'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' portÄbar portÄbÄmur terrÄ“bar terrÄ“bÄmur petÄ“bar petÄ“bÄmur audiÄ“bar audiÄ“bÄmur
'Second Person' portÄbÄris portÄbÄminÄ« terrÄ“bÄris terrÄ“baminÄ« petÄ“bÄris petÄ“bÄminÄ« audiÄ“bÄris audiÄ“bÄminÄ«
'Third Person' portÄbÄtur portÄbantur terrÄ“bÄtur terrÄ“bantur petÄ“bÄtur petÄ“bantur audiÄ“bÄtur audiÄ“bantur

Subjunctive imperfect

In the subjunctive, the imperfect tense is quite important, especially in subordinate clauses. Independently, it is largely translated conditionally. ''PortÄrem'' can mean "I should carry," or "I would carry."

★ Unlike the indicative, the subjunctive doesn't modify the thematic vowel. The third conjugation's thematical remains short as an ''e'', and the fourth conjugation doesn't use an ''iÄ“'' before the imperfect signs. It keeps its ''Ä«''.

★ In the subjunctive, the imperfect employs its tense signs ''re'' and ''rÄ“'' before personal endings.

★ The verbs ''esse'' (to be) has two subjunctive imperfects: one using the present infinitive (''essem, esses, esset, essemus, essetis, essent'') and one using the future infinitive (''forem, fores, foret, foremus, foretis, forent'').
'Subjunctive Active Imperfect'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' portÄrem portÄrÄ“mus terrÄ“rem terrÄ“rÄ“mus peterem peterÄ“mus audÄ«rem audÄ«rÄ“mus
'Second Person' portÄrÄ“s portÄrÄ“tis terrÄ“rÄ“s terrÄ“rÄ“tis peterÄ“s peterÄ“tis audÄ«rÄ“s audÄ«rÄ“tis
'Third Person' portÄret portÄrent terrÄ“ret terrÄ“rent peteret peterent audÄ«ret audÄ«rent

As with the indicative subjunctive, active endings are removed, and passive endings are added. ''PortÄrer'' may be translated as "I should be carried," or "I would be carried."
'Subjunctive Passive Imperfect'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' portÄrer portÄrÄ“mur terrÄ“rer terrÄ“rÄ“mur peterer peterÄ“mur audÄ«rer audÄ«rÄ“mur
'Second Person' portÄrÄ“ris portÄrÄ“minÄ« terrÄ“rÄ“ris terrÄ“rÄ“minÄ« peterÄ“ris peterÄ“minÄ« audÄ«rÄ“ris audÄ«rÄ“minÄ«
'Third Person' portÄrÄ“tur portÄrentur terrÄ“rÄ“tur terrÄ“rentur peterÄ“tur peterentur audÄ«rÄ“tur audÄ«rentur

Future tense

The future tense (Latin ''tempus futÅ«rum simplex'') expresses an uncompleted action in the future. It is recognized by its tense signs ''bÅ'', ''bi'', ''bu'', ''e'' and ''Ä“'' in the indicative and the vowel ''Å'' in the imperative mood.
Indicative future

The future tense always refers to an incomplete action. Also, the future tense is more strict in usage temporally in Latin than it is in English. Standing alone, ''portÄbÅ'' can mean "I shall carry," or "I will carry." Remember that "shall" and "will" are only used in the first person. All other persons only use "will" in the indicative.

★ The first and second conjugations use ''bÅ'', ''bi'' and ''bu'' as signs for the future indicative.

★ The third and fourth conjugations replace their thematicals with ''a'', ''Ä›'' and ''Ä“''. The fourth conjugation inserts an ''Ç'' before the ''a'', ''e'' and ''Ä“''.
'Indicative Active Future'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' portÄbÅ portÄbimus terrÄ“bÅ terrÄ“bimus petam petÄ“mus audiam audiÄ“mus
'Second Person' portÄbis portÄbitis terrÄ“bis terrÄ“bitis petÄ“s petÄ“tis audiÄ“s audiÄ“tis
'Third Person' portÄbit portÄbunt terrÄ“bit terrÄ“bunt petet petent audiet audient

As with all imperfective system tenses, active personal endings are removed, and passive personal endings are put on. ''PortÄbor'' translates as "I shall be carried."
'Indicative Passive Future'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' portÄbor portÄbimur terrÄ“bor terrÄ“bimur petar petÄ“mur audiar audiÄ“mur
'Second Person' portÄberis portÄbiminÄ« terrÄ“beris terrÄ“biminÄ« petÄ“ris petÄ“minÄ« audiÄ“ris audiÄ“minÄ«
'Third Person' portÄbitur portÄbuntur terrÄ“bitur terrÄ“buntur petÄ“tur petentur audiÄ“tur audientur

Notice that the second person singular for ''portÄre'' and ''terrÄ“re'' are ''portÄberis'' and ''terrÄ“biris'' instead of the supposed ''portÄbiris'' and ''terrÄ“beris.'' The former inflections are used to ease pronunciation.
Imperative future

The so-called future imperative was an archaic and formal form of the imperative; by the classical period it was chiefly used in legal documents and the like. A few irregular or defective verbs (''esse'' 'be', ''meminisse'' 'remember') used this form as their only imperative.
''PortÄtÅ'' can be translated as "You shall carry".

★ As mentioned previously, the vowel ''Å'' is used as a sign of the future imperative.
'Imperative Active Future'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'Second Person' portÄtÅ portÄtÅte terrÄ“tÅ terrÄ“tÅte petitÅ petitÅte audÄ«tÅ audÄ«tÅte
'Third Person' portÄtÅ portantÅ terrÄ“tÅ terrentÅ petitÅ petuntÅ audÄ«tÅ audiuntÅ

The letter R is used to designate the passive voice in the future imperative. The second person plural is absent here. ''PortÄtor'' translates as "You shall be carried."
'Imperative Passive Future'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'Second Person' portÄtor —— terrÄ“tor —— petitor —— audÄ«tor ——
'Third Person' portÄtor portantor terrÄ“tor terrentor petitor petuntor audÄ«tor audiuntor

Perfective aspect tenses


The tenses of the perfective aspect, which are the 'perfect', 'pluperfect' and 'future perfect' tenses, are used to express actions that have been completed. The verbs used for explanation are.
:'1st Conjugation:' ''portÅ, portÄre, portÄvÄ«, portÄtum'' — to carry, bring
:'2nd Conjugation:' ''terreÅ, terrÄ“re, terruÄ«, territum'' — to frighten, deter
:'3rd Conjugation:' ''petÅ, petere, petÄ«vÄ«, petÄ«tum'' — to seek, attack
:'4th Conjugation:' ''audiÅ, audÄ«re, audÄ«vÄ«, audÄ«tum'' – to hear, listen (to)
For all conjugations, the ''–ī'' is removed from the third principal part. For example, from ''portÄvÄ«'', ''portÄv'' is formed. This is the perfect stem, and it is used for all of the tenses in the perfective aspect. The perfective apsect verbs also use the perfect passive participle in the passive voice. See below to see how it is formed. Along with these participles, the verb ''esse'', which means "to be", is used.
Unlike the imperfective aspect, inflection does not deviate from conjugation to conjugation.
Perfect tense

The perfect tense (Latin ''tempus perfectum'') refers to an action completed in the past. Tense signs are only used in this tense with the indicative. The tense signs of the subjunctive are ''eri'' and ''erī''.
Indicative perfect

The indicative perfect expresses a finished action in the past. If the action wasn't finished, but still lies in the past, one would use the imperfect tense. ''PortÄvÄ«'' is translated as "I carried," "I did carry," or "I have carried."

★ As aforementioned, the indicative present in the active voice has its special personal endings.
'Indicative Active Perfect'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' portÄvÄ« portÄvimus terruÄ« terruimus petÄ«vÄ« petÄ«vimus audÄ«vÄ« audÄ«vimus
'Second Person' portÄvistÄ« portÄvistis terruistÄ« terruistis petÄ«vistÄ« petÄ«vistis audÄ«vistÄ« audÄ«vistis
'Third Person' portÄvit portÄvÄ“runt terruit terruÄ“runt petÄ«vit petÄ«vÄ“runt audÄ«vit audÄ«vÄ“runt

In the passive voice, the perfect passive participle is used with the auxiliary verb ''esse''. It uses the indicative present form of ''esse''. ''PortÄtus sum'' translates as "I was carried," or "I have been carried."
'Indicative Passive Perfect'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' portÄtus sum portÄtÄ« sumus territus sum territÄ« sumus petÄ«tus sum petÄ«tÄ« sumus audÄ«tus sum audÄ«tÄ« sumus
'Second Person' portÄtus es portÄtÄ« estis territus es territÄ« estis petÄ«tus es petÄ«tÄ« estis audÄ«tus es audÄ«tÄ« estis
'Third Person' portÄtus est portÄtÄ« sunt territus est territÄ« sunt petÄ«tus est petÄ«tÄ« sunt audÄ«tus est audÄ«tÄ« sunt

Subjunctive perfect

Like the subjunctive imperfect, the subjunctive perfect is largely used in subordinate clauses. Independently, it is usually translated as the potential subjunctive. By itself, ''portÄverim'' translates as "I may have carried."

★ The tense signs ''eri'' and ''erÄ«'' are used before the personal endings are added.
'Subjunctive Active Perfect'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' portÄverim portÄverÄ«mus terruerim terruerÄ«mus petÄ«verim petÄ«verÄ«mus audÄ«verim audÄ«verÄ«mus
'Second Person' portÄverÄ«s portÄverÄ«tis terruerÄ«s terruerÄ«tis petÄ«verÄ«s petÄ«verÄ«tis audÄ«verÄ«s audÄ«verÄ«tis
'Third Person' portÄverit portÄverint terruerit terruerint petÄ«verit petÄ«verint audÄ«verit audÄ«verint

The passive voice uses the perfect passive participle with the subjunctive present forms of ''esse''. ''PortÄtus sim'' means "I may have been carried."
'Subjunctive Passive Perfect'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' portÄtus sim portÄtÄ« sÄ«mus territus sim territÄ« sÄ«mus petÄ«tus sim petÄ«tÄ« sÄ«mus audÄ«tus sim audÄ«tÄ« sÄ«mus
'Second Person' portÄtus sÄ«s portÄtÄ« sÄ«tis territus sÄ«s territÄ« sÄ«tis petÄ«tus sÄ«s petÄ«tÄ« sÄ«tis audÄ«tus sÄ«s audÄ«tÄ« sÄ«tis
'Third Person' portÄtus sit portÄtÄ« sint territus sit territÄ« sint petÄ«tus sit petÄ«tÄ« sint audÄ«tus sit audÄ«tÄ« sint

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect tense (Latin ''tempus plÅ«s quam perfectum'') expresses an action which was completed before another completed action. It is recognized by the tense signs ''era'' and ''erÄ'' in the indicative and ''isse'' and ''issÄ“'' in the subjunctive.
Indicative pluperfect

As with English, in Latin, the indicative pluperfect is used to assert an action which was completed before another (perfect tense). ''PortÄveram'' translates as "I had carried."

★ The tense signs ''era'' and ''erÄ'' are employed before adding the personal endings.
'Indicative Active Pluperfect'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' portÄveram portÄverÄmus terrueram terruerÄmus petÄ«veram petÄ«verÄmus audÄ«veram audÄ«verÄmus
'Second Person' portÄverÄs portÄverÄtis terruerÄs terrurerÄtis petÄ«verÄs petÄ«verÄtis audÄ«verÄs audÄ«verÄtis
'Third Person' portÄverat portÄverant terruerat terruerant petÄ«verat petÄ«verant audÄ«verat audÄ«verant

In the passive voice, the present passive participle is utilized with ''esse'' in the indicative imperfect. ''PortÄtus eram'' is translated as "I had been carried."
'Indicative Passive Pluperfect'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' portÄtus eram portÄtÄ« erÄmus territus eram territÄ« erÄmus petÄ«tus eram petÄ«tÄ« erÄmus audÄ«tus eram audÄ«tÄ« erÄmus
'Second Person' portÄtus erÄs portÄtÄ« erÄtis territus erÄs territÄ« erÄtis petÄ«tus erÄs petÄ«tÄ« erÄtis audÄ«tus erÄs audÄ«tÄ« erÄtis
'Third Person' portÄtus erat portÄtÄ« erant territus erat territÄ« erant petÄ«tus erat petÄ«tÄ« erant audÄ«tus erat audÄ«tÄ« erant

Subjunctive pluperfect

The subjunctive pluperfect is to the subjunctive perfect as the subjunctive imperfect is to the subjunctive present. Simply put, it is used with the subjunctive perfect in subordinate clauses. Like the subjunctive imperfect, it is translated conditionally independently. ''PortÄvissem'' is translated as "I should have carried," or "I would have carried."

★ The tense signs ''isse'' and ''issÄ“'' are used before the personal endings.
'Subjunctive Active Pluperfect'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' portÄvissem portÄvissÄ“mus terruissem terruissÄ“mus petÄ«vissem petÄ«vissÄ“mus audÄ«vissem audÄ«vissÄ“mus
'Second Person' portÄvissÄ“s portÄvissÄ“tis terruissÄ“s terruissÄ“tis petÄ«vissÄ“s petÄ«vissÄ“tis audÄ«vissÄ“s audÄ«vissÄ“tis
'Third Person' portÄvisset portÄvissent terruisset terruissent petÄ«visset petÄ«vissent audÄ«visset audÄ«vissent

As always, the passive voice voice uses the perfect passive participle. The subjunctive imperfect of ''esse'' is used here. ''PortÄtus essem'' may mean "I should have been carried," or "I could have been carried," in the conditional sense.
'Subjunctive Passive Pluperfect'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' portÄtus essem portÄtÄ« essÄ“mus territus essem territÄ« essÄ“mus
'Second Person' portÄtus essÄ“s portÄtÄ« essÄ“tis territus essÄ“s territÄ« essÄ“tis
'Third Person' portÄtus esset portÄtÄ« essent territus esset territÄ« essent
'petere' 'audīre'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' petītus essem petītī essēmus audītus essem audītī essēmus
'Second Person' petītus essēs petītī essētis audītus essēs audītī essētis
'Third Person'petītus esset petītī essent audītus esset audītī essent

Future perfect tense

The least used of all the tenses, the future perfect tense (Latin ''tempus futÅ«rum exÄctum'') conveys an action that will have been completed before another action. It is signified by the tense signs ''erÅ'' and ''eri''. The future perfect tense is the only tense that occurs in a single mood.
Indicative future perfect

As said, the future perfect is used to mention an action that will have been completed in futurity before another action. It is often used with the future tense. In simple translation, ''portÄverÅ'' means "I will have carried," or "I shall have carried."

★ The tense signs ''erÅ'' and ''eri'' are used before the personal endings.
'Indicative Active Future Perfect'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' portÄverÅ portÄverimus terruerÅ terruerimus petÄ«verÅ petÄ«verimus audÄ«verÅ audÄ«verimus
'Second Person' portÄveris portÄveritis terrueris terrueritis petÄ«veris petÄ«veritis audÄ«veris audÄ«veritis
'Third Person' portÄverit portÄverint terruerit terruerint petÄ«verit petÄ«verint audÄ«verit audÄ«verint

As with all perfective aspect tenses, the perfect passive participle is used in the passive voice. However, the future perfect uses the indicative future of ''esse'' as the auxiliary verb. ''PortÄtus erÅ'' is "I will have been carried," or "I shall have been carried."
'Indicative Passive Future Perfect'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' portÄtus erÅ portÄtÄ« erimus territus erÅ territÄ« erimus petÄ«tus erÅ petÄ«tÄ« erimus audÄ«tus erÅ audÄ«tÄ« erimus
'Second Person' portÄtus eris portÄtÄ« eritis territus eris territÄ« eritis petÄ«tus eris petÄ«tÄ« eritis audÄ«tus eris audÄ«tÄ« eritis
'Third Person' portÄtus erit portÄtÄ« erunt territus erit territÄ« erunt petÄ«tus erit petÄ«tÄ« erunt audÄ«tus erit audÄ«tÄ« erunt

Non-finite forms


The non-finite forms of verbs are participles, infinitives, supines, gerunds and gerundives. The verbs used are:

:'1st Conjugation:' ''portÅ, portÄre, portÄvÄ«, portÄtum'' — to carry, bring
:'2nd Conjugation:' ''terreÅ, terrÄ“re. terruÄ«, territum'' — to frighten, deter
:'3rd Conjugation:' ''petÅ, petere, petÄ«vÄ«, petÄ«tum'' — to seek, attack
:'4th Conjugation:' ''audiÅ, audÄ«re, audÄ«vÄ«, audÄ«tum'' – to hear, listen (to)
The participles

There are three participles: present active, perfect passive and future active.

★ The 'present active participle' is declined like a third declension adjective with one ending.

★
★ In the first and second conjugations, the present active infinitive is formed by taking the present stem and adding an ''–ns''. The genitive singular form adds an ''–ntis'', and the thematicals ''Ä'' and ''Ä“'' are shortened.

★
★ In the third conjugation, the ''e'' of the present stem is lengthened. In the genitive, the ''Ä“'' is short again.

★
★ In the fourth conjugation, the ''Ä«'' is shortened, and an ''Ä“'' is placed. Of course, this ''Ä“'' is short in the genitive.

★
★ ''Puer portÄns'' translates into "carrying boy."

★ The 'perfect passive participle' is declined like a first and second declension adjective.

★
★ In all conjugations, the perfect participle is formed by taking the ''–um'' from the supine, and adding a ''–us'' (masculine nominative singular).

★
★ ''Puer portÄtus'' translates into "carried boy."

★ The 'future active participle' is declined like a first and second declension adjective.

★
★ In all counjugations the ''–um'' is removed from the supine, and an ''–ūrus'' (masculine nominative singular) is added.

★
★ ''Puer portÄtÅ«rus'' translates into "boy about to carry," or "boy who is about to carry."
'Participles'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Present Active' portÄns, –antis terrÄ“ns, –entis petÄ“ns, –entis audiÄ“ns, –entis
'Perfect Passive' portÄtus, –a, –um territus, –a, –um petÄ«tus, –a, –um audÄ«tus, –a, –um
'Future Active' portÄtÅ«rus, –a, –um territÅ«rus, –a, –um petÄ«tÅ«rus, –a, –um audÄ«tÅ«rus, –a, –um

The infinitives

There are six infinitives. They are in the present active, present passive, perfect active, perfect passive, future active and future passive.

★ The 'present active infinitive' is the second principal part (in regular verbs).

★
★ ''PortÄre'' means "to carry."

★ The 'present passive infinitive' is formed by adding a ''–rÄ«'' to the present stem. This is only so for the first, second and fourth conjugations. In the third conjugation, the thematical vowel, ''e'', is taken from the present stem, and an ''–ī''.

★
★ ''PortÄrÄ«'' translates into "to be carried."

★ The 'perfect active infinitive' is formed by adding an ''–isse'' onto the perfect stem.

★
★ ''PortÄvisse'' translates into "to have carried."

★ The 'perfect passive infinitive' uses the perfect passive participle along with the auxiliary verb ''esse''.

★
★ ''PortÄtus esse'' means "to have been carried."

★ The 'future active infinitive' uses the future active participle with the auxiliary verb ''esse.''

★
★ ''PortÄtÅ«rus esse'' means "to be going to carry."

★
★ ''Esse'' has two future infinitives: ''futurus esse'' and ''fore''.

★ The 'future passive infinitive' uses the supine with the auxiliary verb ''Ä«rÄ«''.

★
★ ''PortÄtum Ä«rÄ«'' is translated as "to be going to be carried." This is normally used in indirect speech. For example: ''OmnÄ“s senÄtÅres dÄ«xÄ“runt templum conditum Ä«rÄ«.'' "All the senatores said that a temple will be built."
'Infinitives'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Present Active' portÄre terrÄ“re petere audÄ«re
'Present Passive' portÄrÄ« terrÄ“rÄ« petÄ« audÄ«rÄ«
'Perfect Active' portÄvisse terruisse petÄ«visse audÄ«visse
'Perfect Passive' portÄtus esse territus esse petÄ«tus esse audÄ«tus esse
'Future Active' portÄtÅ«rus esse territÅ«rus esse petÄ«tÅ«rus esse audÄ«tÅ«rus esse
'Future Passive' portÄtum Ä«rÄ« territum Ä«rÄ« petÄ«tum Ä«rÄ« audÄ«tum Ä«rÄ«
Here, masculine endings are used.

The supine

The supine is the fourth principal part. It resembles a masculine noun of the fourth declension. Supines only occur in the accusative and ablative cases.

★ The accusative form ends in a ''–um'', and is used with a verb of motion show the purpose. Thus, it is only used with verbs like ''cedere'', ''venÄ«re'', etc. The accusative form of a supine can also take an object if needed.

★
★ ''Pater vÄ“nit 'portÄtum' lÄ«berÅs suÅs.'' — The father came to carry his children.

★ The ablative, which ends in a ''–ū'', is used with the Ablative of Specification.

★
★ ''Arma haec facillima 'portÄtÅ«' erant.'' — These arms were the easiest to carry.
'Supine'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Accusative' portÄtum territum petÄ«tum audÄ«tum
'Ablative' portÄtÅ« territÅ« petÄ«tÅ« audÄ«tÅ«

The gerund

The gerund is formed similarly to the present active participle. However, the ''–ns'' becomes an ''–ndus'', and the preceding ''Ä'' or ''Ä“'' is shortened. Gerunds are neuter nouns of the second declension, but the nominative case is not present. The gerund is a noun, meaning "the act of doing (the verb)".

★ ''PortandÄ«'' can mean "of carrying." ''PortandÅ'' (dative) can mean "to carrying." ''Portandum'' can simply mean "carrying." ''PortandÅ'' (ablative) can mean "by carrying," "in respect to carrying," etc.
'Gerund'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
'Genitive' portandī terrendī petendī audiendī
'Dative' portandÅ terrendÅ petendÅ audiendÅ
'Accusative' portandum terrendum petendum audiendum
'Ablative' portandÅ terrendÅ petendÅ audiendÅ
'Locative' portandÅ terrendÅ petendÅ audiendÅ

The gerundive

The gerundive is the passive equivalent of the gerund, and much more common in Latin. It means "[the act of] (the verb) being done"
It is a first and second declension adjective, and means "[the act of] (the verb) being done". Often, the gerundive is used with an implicit
''esse'', to show obligation. Many say that the gerundive is a future passive participle, but it does not show futurity.

★ ''Puer portandus'' means "boy should be carried," or "boy who should be carried." ''Amanda'' means "She who must be loved".
'Gerundive'
'portÄre' 'terrÄ“re' 'petere' 'audÄ«re'
portandus, –a, –um terrendus, –a, –um petendus, –a, –um audiendus, –a, –um

Periphrastic conjugations


There are two periphrastic conjugations. One is active, and the other is passive.
Active

The first periphrastic conjugation uses the future participle. It is combined with the forms of ''esse''. It is translated as "I am going to carry," "I was going to carry", etc.
'Conjugation' 'Translation'
'Pres. Ind.' ''portÄtÅ«rus sum'' I am going to carry
'Imp. Ind.' ''portÄtÅ«rus eram'' I was going to carry
'Fut. Ind.' ''portÄtÅ«rus erÅ'' I will be going to carry
'Perf. Ind.' ''portÄtÅ«rus fuÄ«'' I have been going to carry
'Plup. Ind.' ''portÄtÅ«rus fueram'' I had been going to carry
'Fut. Perf. Ind.' ''portÄtÅ«rus fuerÅ'' I will have been going to carry
'Pres. Subj.' ''portÄtÅ«rus sim'' I may be going to carry
'Imp. Subj.' ''portÄtÅ«rus essem'' I should be going to carry
'Perf. Subj.' ''portÄtÅ«rus fuerim'' I may have been going to carry
'Plup. Subj.' ''portÄtÅ«rus fuissem'' I should have been going to carry

Passive

The second periphrastic conjugation uses the gerundive. It is combined with the forms of ''esse''. It is translated as "I am to be carried," "I was to be carried", etc.
'Conjugation' 'Translation'
'Pres. Ind.' ''portandus sum'' I am to be carried
'Imp. Ind.' ''portandus eram'' I was to be carried
'Fut. Ind.' ''portandus erÅ'' I will deserve to be carried
'Perf. Ind.' ''portandus fuī'' I was to be carried
'Plup. Ind.' ''portandus fueram'' I had deserved to be carried
'Fut. Perf. Ind.' ''portandus fuerÅ'' I will have deserved to be carried
'Pres. Subj.' ''portandus sim'' I may deserve to be carried
'Imp. Subj.' ''portandus essem'' I should deserve to be carried
'Perf. Subj.' ''portandus fuerim'' I may have deserved to be carried
'Plup. Subj.' ''portandus fuissem'' I should have deserved to be carried
'Pres. Inf.' ''portandus esse'' To deserve to be carried
'Perf. Inf.' ''portandus fuisse'' To have deserved to be carried

Peculiarities within conjugation and non-finite forms


Irregular verbs

There are a few irregular verbs in Latin that aren't grouped into a particular conjugation (such as ''esse'' and ''posse''), or deviate slightly from a conjugation (such as ''ferre, Ä«re,'' and ''dare''). It consists of the following list and their compounds (such as ''conferre''). Many irregular verbs lack a fourth principal part.
:''sum, , fuī, futūrus'' — to be, exist
:''possum, , potuī'' — to be able, can
:''eÅ, , Ä«vÄ« (or Ä«Ä«), Ä«tum'' — to go
:''volÅ, , voluÄ«'' — to wish, want
:''nÅlÅ, , nÅluÄ«'' — to be unwilling, refuse
:''mÄlÅ, , mÄluÄ«'' — to prefer
:''ferÅ, , tulÄ«, lÄtum'' (Old Latin ''tlÄtum'') — to bear, endure
:''fiÅ, , factus sum'' — to become, happen
:''edÅ, , Ä“dÄ«, Ä“sum'' – to eat, waste
:''dÅ, , datum'' — to give, bestow
Deponent and semi-deponent verbs

Deponent verbs are verbs that are passive in form (that is, conjugated as though in the passive voice) but active in meaning. These verbs have only three principal parts, since the perfect tenses of ordinary passives are formed periphrastically with the perfect participle, which is formed on the same stem as the supine. Some example coming from all conjugations are:
:'1st Conjugation:' ''mÄ«ror, , mÄ«rÄtus sum'' — to admire, wonder
:'2nd Conjugation:' ''polliceor, , pollicitus sum'' — to promise, offer
:'3rd Conjugation:' ''loquor, , locūtus sum'' — to speak, say
:'4th Conjugation:' ''orior, , ortus sum'' – to rise, spring up
Deponent verbs use active conjugations for tenses that do not exist in the passive: the gerund, the supine, the present and future participles and the future infinitive. They cannot be used in the passive themselves, and their analogues with "active" form do not in fact exist: one cannot directly translate "The word is said" with any form of ''loquÄ«'', and there are no forms like ''loquÅ'', ''loquis'', ''loquit'', etc.
Semi-deponent verbs form their impefective aspect tenses in the manner of ordinary active verbs; but their perfect tenses are built periphrastically like deponents and ordinary passives; thus semideponent verbs have a perfect active participle instead of a perfect passive participle. An example:
:''audeÅ, audÄ“re, ausus sum'' — to dare, venture
Note: In the Romance languages, which lack deponent or passive verb forms, the Classical Latin deponent verbs either disappeared or (as in the case of ''mÄ«rÄrÄ«'') changed to a non-deponent form.
Third conjugation –iŠverbs

There is a rather prolific subset of important verbs within the third conjugation. They have an ''–iÅ'' present in the first principal part (''–ior'' for deponents), and resemble the fourth conjugation in some forms. Otherwise, they are still conjugated as normal, third conjugation verbs. Thus, these verbs are called 'third conjugation –iÅ verbs' or 'third conjugation i-stems'. Some examples are:
:''capiÅ, capere, cÄ“pÄ«, captum'' — to take, seize
:''rapiÅ, rapere, rapuÄ«, raptum'' — to plunder, take up
:''faciÅ, facere, fÄ“cÄ«, factum'' — to do, make
:''cupiÅ, cupere, cupÄ«vÄ«, cupÄ«tum'' — to desire, long for
:''morior, morī, mortuus sum'' (dep.) — to die, decay
:''patior, patī, passus sum'' (dep.) — to suffer, undergo
They resemble the fourth conjugation in the following instances.
:'Indicative present (first person singular, third person plural)' — ''capiÅ, capiunt,'' etc.
:'Indicative imperfect' — ''capiÄ“bam, capiÄ“bÄmus,'' etc.
:'Indicative future' — ''capiam, capiēmus,'' etc.
:'Subjunctive present' — ''capiam, capiÄmus,'' etc.
:'Imperative future (third person plural)' — ''cupiuntÅ,'' etc.
:'Present Active Participle' — ''capiēns, –entis''
:'Gerund' — ''capiendī, capiendum,'' etc.
:'Gerundive' — ''capiendus, –a, –um''
Defective verbs

Defective verbs are verbs that are only conjugated in only some instances.

★ Some verbs are only conjugated in the perfective aspect's tenses, yet have the imperfective aspect's tenses' meanings. As such, the perfect becomes the present, the pluperfect becomes the imperfect, and the future perfect becomes the future. So, the defective verb ''ÅdÄ«'' means "I hate." These defective verbs' principal parts are given in vocabulary with the indicative perfect in the first person and the perfect active infinitive. Some examples are:
::''ÅdÄ«, Ådisse'' — to hate
::''meminī, meminisse'' — to remember
::''coepī, coepisse'' — to have begun

★ A few verbs, which meanings usually have to do with speech, only appear in certain occurrences.
::''QueÅ, quÄ«re, quÄ«vÄ«'' (to be able) and ''nequeÅ, nequÄ«re, nequÄ«vÄ«'' (to be unable) are conjugated like ''Ä«re'', and only occur in the present tense.
::''Cedo'' (plur. ''cette''), which means "Hand it over!" or "Out with it!" is only in the imperative mood, and only is used in the second person.
The following are conjugated irregularly.
''ÄiÅ'' — I affirm, state

:
'Conjugation of ''ÄiÅ'''
'Indicative
Present'		 'Indicative
Imperfect'		 'Subjunctive
Present'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' ''ÄiÅ'' —— ''ÄiÄ“bam'' ''ÄiÄ“bÄmus'' —— ——
'Second Person' ''aÄ«s'' —— ''ÄiÄ“bÄs'' ''ÄiÄ“bÄtis'' ''Äias'' ——
'Third Person' ''aÄ«t'' ''Äiunt'' ''ÄiÄ“bat'' ''ÄiÄ“bant'' ''Äiat'' ——

:'Present Active Participle:' — ''ÄiÄ“ns, –entis''
''inquam'' — I say

:
'Conjugation of ''inquam'''
'Indicative
Present'		 'Indicative
Future'		 'Indicative
Perfect'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' ''inquam'' —— —— —— —— ——
'Second Person' ''inquis'' —— ''inquiēs'' —— —— ——
'Third Person' ''inquit'' ''inquiunt'' ''inquiet'' —— ''inquit'' ——

''fÄrÄ«'' — to speak

:
'Conjugation of ''fÄrÄ«'''
'Indicative
Present'		 'Indicative
Future'		 'Indicative
Perfect'		 'Indicative
Pluperfect'		 'Imperative
Present'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' ''for'' —— ''fÄbor'' —— ''fÄtus sum'' —— ''fÄtus eram'' —— —— ——
'Second Person' —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— ''fÄre'' ——
'Third Person' ''fÄtur'' ''fantur'' ''fÄbitur'' —— —— —— —— —— —— ——

:'Present Active Participle' — ''fÄns, fantis''
:'Present Active Infinitive' — ''fÄrÄ«''
:'Supine' — (acc.) ''fÄtum'', (abl.) ''fÄtÅ«''
:'Gerund' — (gen.) ''fandÄ«,'' (dat. and abl.) ''fandÅ,'' no accusative
:'Gerundive' — ''fandus, –a, –um''
The Romance languages lost many of these verbs, but others (such as ''ÅdÄ«'' and the imperative ''cedo'') survived but became regular fully-conjugated verbs (in Italian, ''odiare'', ''cedere''). While the Spanish verb ''hablar'' may be thought to be partially descended from ''fÄrÄ«'', it is in fact from ''fabulari'', "to speak, chat."
Impersonal verbs

Impersonal verbs are those lacking a person. In English impersonal verbs are usually used with the neuter pronoun "it" (as in "It seems," or "It storms"). Latin uses the third person singular. These verbs lack a fourth principal part. A few examples are:
:''pluit, pluere, pluvit'' — to rain (it rains)
:''ningit, ningere, ninxit'' — to snow (it snows)
:''oportet, oportēre, oportuit'' — to be proper (it is proper, one should/ought to)
The third person forms of ''esse'' may also be impersonal.
:''Nox aestīva calida fuit.'' — It was a hot, summer night.
:''Est eī quī terram colunt.'' — It is they who till the land.
Irregular future active participles

As stated, the future active participle is normally formed by removing the ''–um'' from the supine, and adding a ''–ūrus.'' However, some deviations occur.
'present
active
infinitive' 		'supine' 'future
active
participle'
''iuvÄre'' ''iÅ«tum '' ''iuvÄtÅ«rus''
''lavÄre'' ''lautum'' ''lavÄtÅ«rus''
''parere'' ''partum'' ''paritūrus''
''ruere'' ''rutum'' ''ruitūrus''
''secÄre'' ''sectum'' ''secÄtÅ«rus''
''fruī'' ''fructum''1 ''fruitūrus''
''morī'' ''mortuum'' ''moritūrus''
''orīrī'' ''ortum'' ''oritūrus''

1—may be ''fruitum''; this is actually the form from which the future active participle comes from.
Syncopated verb forms

Like most Romance languages, syncopated forms and contractions are present in Latin. They may occur in the following instances.

★ The ending ''–ris'' in the passive voice may be ''–re'' as in:
::''portÄbÄris'' → ''portÄbÄre''

★ The ending ''–ērunt'' in the perfect tense may be ''–ēre'' as in:
::''portÄvÄ“runt'' → ''portÄvÄ“re''

★ Perfect stems that end in a ''–v'' maybe contracted when inflected.
::''portÄvisse'' → ''portÄsse''
::''portÄvistÄ«'' → ''portÄstÄ«''
::''portÄverant'' → ''portÄrant''
::''portÄvisset'' → ''portÄsset''

★ The compounds of ''noscere'' (to learn) and ''movÄ“re'' (to move, dislodge) are also able to be contracted.
::''novistī'' → ''nostī''
::''novistis'' → ''nostis''
::''commoveram'' → ''commoram''
::''commoverÄs'' → ''commorÄs''
=Summary of Forms=

The Four Conjugations [in the Indicative Mood]


'The Four Conjugations, Indicative Mood'
'1st' '2nd' '3rd' '3rd (i-stem)' '4th'
'laudÅ, laudÄre, laudÄvÄ«, laudÄtum' 'terreÅ, terrÄ“re, terruÄ«, territum' 'agÅ, agere, Ä“gÄ«, actum' 'capiÅ, capere, cÄ“pÄ«, captum' 'audiÅ, audÄ«re, audÄ«vÄ«, audÄ«tum'
'Active' 'Passive' 'Active' 'Passive' 'Active' 'Passive' 'Active' 'Passive' 'Active' 'Passive'
'Present'
'1st Singular ' laudŠlaudor terrēo terreor agŠagor capiŠcapior audiŠaudior
'2nd Person' laudÄs laudÄris terrÄ“s terrÄ“ris agis ageris capis caperis audÄ«s audÄ«ris (audÄ«re)
'3rd Person' laudat laudÄtur terret terrÄ“tur agit agitur capit capitur audit audÄ«tur
'1st Plural ' laudÄmus laudÄmur terrÄ“mus terrÄ“mur agimus agimur capimus capimur audÄ«mus audÄ«mur
'2nd Person' laudÄtis laudÄminÄ« terrÄ“tis terrÄ“minÄ« agitis agiminÄ« capitis capiminÄ« audÄ«tis audÄ«minÄ«
'3rd Person' laudant laudantur terrent terrentur agunt aguntur capiunt capiuntur audiunt audiuntur
'Imperfect'

References



★ New Latin Grammar, an eBook, originally written by Charles Edwin Bennett at the Project Gutenberg

See also



★ Latin declension

★ Grammatical conjugation

External links



★ Verbix automatically conjugates verbs in Latin.

★ Latin Verb Synopsis Drill tests a user on his ability to conjugate verbs correctly.

★ Learn Verbs in Spanish, German or English Conjugation drills.

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