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A 'lawn mower', alternately spelled 'lawnmower', is a device which by means of one or more revolving blades is used to cut grass or other plants to an even length.
Lawnmowers employing a blade that rotates about a vertical axis are known as ''rotary'' mowers, while those employing a blade assembly that rotates about a horizontal axis are known as ''cylinder'' or ''reel'' mowers.
Many different designs have been made, each suited to a particular purpose. The smallest types, pushed by a human, are suitable for small residential lawns and gardens, while larger, self-contained, ride-on mowers are suitable for large lawns, and the largest, multi-gang mowers pulled behind a tractor, are designed for large expanses of grass such as golf courses and municipal parks.

Contents

History

Criticism and safety problems

Operation

Types of lawn mower

Reel (cylinder) mowers

Rotary mowers

Riding (ride-on) mowers

Hover mowers

Robotic mowers

Professional mowers

See also

Notes and references

Patents

External links

History

The first Lawn mower was invented by English engineer Edwin Beard Budding in 1827. Budding's mower was designed primarily to cut the lawn on sports grounds and expansive gardens as a superior alternative to the scythe. His patent of 25 October, 1830 described "a new combination and application of machinery for the purpose of cropping or shearing the vegetable surfaces of lawns, grass-plats and pleasure grounds." The patent went on to state, "country gentlemen may find in using my machine themselves an amusing, useful and healthy exercise." It took ten more years and further innovations to create a machine that could be worked by donkey or horse power, and sixty years before a steam-powered lawnmower was built. In an agreement between John Ferrabee and Edwin Budding dated May 18 1830, Ferrabee paid the costs of development, obtained letters of patent and acquired rights to manufacture, sell and license other manufacturers in the production of lawnmowers. (The agreement is housed in the Stroud Museum). One of the first Budding and Ferrabee machines was used in Regent's Park Zoological Gardens in London, in 1831.
Manufacture of lawn mowers began in the 1860s. By 1862, Farrabee's company was making eight models in various roller sizes up to 900 mm (36 inches). He manufactured over five thousand machines until production ceased in 1863. Thomas Green produced the first chain driven mower in 1859, named the Silens Messor. On May 9, 1899, an improved cylinder mower was patented in , with the wheel placement altered for better performance.³ Amariah M. Hills went on to found the Archimedean Lawn Mower Co. in 1871. Around 1900, one of the best known English machines was the Ransomes' Automaton, available in chain- or gear-driven models. JP Engineering of Leicester, founded after World War I, produced a range of very popular chain driven mowers. About this time, an operator could ride behind animals that pulled the large machines. These were the first riding mowers.
The rise in popularity of sports such as lawn tennis, croquet, cricket, football and rugby helped prompt the spread of the invention. Lawn mowers became a more efficient alternative to simply relying on gardeners wielding the scythe (which, when placed in incompetent hands, left unsightly scars on and in the ground) or bare spaces caused by domesticated grazing animals. James Sumner of Lancashire patented the first steam-powered lawnmower in 1893. His machine burned petrol and/or paraffin oil (kerosene) as a fuel. After numerous advances, the machines were sold by the Stott Fertilizer and Insecticide company of Manchester and later, the Sumner's took over sales. The company they controlled was called the Leyland Steam Motor Company. Numerous manufacturers entered the field with gasoline-driven mowers after the turn of the century. The first grass boxes were flat trays but took their present shape in the 1860s. The roller-drive lawnmower has changed very little since around 1930. Gang mowers, those with multiple sets of blades, were built in the United States in 1919 by a Mister Worthington. His company was taken over by the Jacobsen Corporation but his name is still cast on the frames of their gang units.

Rotary mowers were not developed until engines were small enough and powerful enough to run the blades at a high speed. In the 1930s, Power Specialties Ltd. introduced a gasoline-powered rotary mower. One company that produced rotary mowers commercially was the Australian Victa company, starting in 1947. Early in the 1930s, experiments in design of rotary mowing equipment were conducted by a farmer in the Midwest region of the United States, by the name of C.C Stacy. His concept was the use of a toothed circular saw blade mounted horizontally on a vertical shaft, which would be suspended at a height of approximately 2" and moved across a lawn to cut grass and other lawn vegetation at a uniform height. The power for his experimental mower was an electric motor.
The success of Stacy's design was limited by 2 factors: the relatively small diameter of the saw blades he used for his experiments, which were about 8"; and the fact that toothed circular saw blades were not really an optimum cutting tool for free standing grass and other plants. Stacy did not come up with any idea for a cutter similar to modern rotary mower straight blades, and soon dropped his experiments with rotary mowing. He never submitted any of his ideas for patent, although drawings of his ideas still exist and are in the possession of family members. Late in life, Stacy, deceased in 1993, asserted that his ideas for rotary mowing equipment originated with him, and he had never seen or heard of any mowing equipment other than cylinder or reel type mowers prior to formulating his ideas. He lamented jokingly that if he had pursued and patented the concept, his family name might have become as well known as Jacobson, that of a prominent mower manufacturer in the first half of the 20th century.
On May 9, 1899, John Albert Burr, an African American inventor, patented [patent 624,749] an improved rotary blade lawn mower. Burr designed a lawn mower with traction wheels and a rotary blade that was designed to not easily get plugged up from lawn clippings. John Albert Burr also improved the design of lawn mowers by making it possible to mow closer to building and wall edges.

Criticism and safety problems

The two main issues with the popular gasoline mower are air pollution and safety. Studies have shown that such a mower emits the same amount of pollution (emissions other than carbon dioxide) in one hour as driving a car for 650 miles. ^[1] This is largely due to the lack of any real emissions equipment on most lawnmowers; cars have had the benefits of the catalytic converter, fuel injection, and other emissions equipment for decades, while most mowers have little more than a simple muffler and carburetor.
In addition, rotary mowers can also throw out debris with tremendous force. In the US, there are over 80,000 people per year who are hospitalized due to mower accidents. ^[2] The vast majority of these injuries could be avoided by wearing footwear while mowing. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children be 12 before they mow.
A further problem that people have with petrol powered lawn movers, especially those with a 'zip' start pulling cord mechanism is that it is often very difficult and cumbersome to start, especially as the mover starts to age.

Operation

Two cutting mechanisms are in common use:

★ reel or cylinder mowers, those with a set of spiral-cylindrical blades spinning on a horizontal axis. Cutting is by a scissor-like action between the moving spiral blades and a single stationary horizontal blade, or "bed knife". The axle is attached to a gear that is then mounted on one of the wheels in order to spin the blades rapidly for good grass cutting action even when the mower is moving slowly.

★ rotary mowers, those whose blades spin horizontally on a vertical driveshaft. Cutting is due to a horizontal blade striking the grass at a high speed.
The two cutting mechanisms can lead to different results. On rotary mowers, the blade is usually not sharp enough to cut the grass cleanly. The speed of the blade simply tears the grass resulting in ragged tips. By contrast, the cylinder-type reel lawn mowers and manual lawn mowers usually work by scissor action on the blades and a cleaner cut is achieved.
Rotary lawn mowers often allow the height of the lawn mower to be adjusted to control the height of the cut grass. On older or less expensive lawn mowers, this is accomplished by manually moving each wheel to a different slot on the chassis. A more recent innovation in rotary mowers is a "one-touch" height-adjust mechanism where the blades are mounted on a frame separate from the rest of the lawn mower and the frame can be raised and lowered. On hover mowers, height adjustment is provided by the use of removable spacing washers that fit between the blade and the motor spindle, since the mower body must remain at the same height above the grass in order to preserve the air cushion.
Lawn mowers need power for two purposes: to cut and to move. The act of pushing or pulling a reel mower provides power for cutting and moving at the same time. For rotary mowers, the power sources may vary: grass-cutting may be powered by either an internal combustion engine or an electric motor, while propulsion may share that power source or be supplied by the user or another external source such as a tractor. Wheel-driven gear systems allow for cutting to be powered by the same external source as that used to propel the mower. Self-propelled rotary mowers use two types of drive systems. The simplest and least expensive is front drive. On these mowers, a belt runs from the engine to an axel in the front and turns the wheels, pulling the mower. Some of these mowers have a single speed, but most today offer a system where the further a bar is depressed, the faster the mower moves. Rear-drive mowers are more expensive. In this system, a belt or drive disk turns the rear wheels. These mowers are much better on hilly yards and have better operator control including multi-speed transmissions.

Types of lawn mower

Reel (cylinder) mowers

There are four major types of reel mower: push, walk-behind power, ride-on power, and tow-behind gang mowers.
''Push mowers'' have no motor and are used on small lawns. As the mower is pushed along, the wheels drive gears which rapidly spin the reel. Typical cutting widths are 12 to 20 inches.
The ''walk-behind, power reel mower'' exists in many variations. The 'greens mower' is used for the precision cutting of golf greens. Unlike the push mower illustrated, these have the roller in front of the reel, the short putting green grass being little affected by this location for the roller. A motor spins the reel at great speed. For residential lawns, the front roller is replaced by small wheels at the sides, and either an electric or an internal combustion engine powers the reel. The operator pushes the mower along. The electric models can be corded or battery powered. Running times for the battery models range from 30 to 75 minutes, and 6 to 24 hours are required to fully recharge the batteries. Most batteries can be recharged several hundred times. Cordless electric reel mowers weigh 30 – 35 pounds.
One type of walk-behind is now largely obsolete. These were powered versions of the push mower and were used for residential lawns. An internal combustion engine sat atop the reel housing and drove the wheels, usually though a belt. The wheels in turn drove the reel, as in the push mower.
''Riding power reel mowers'' can also be divided into two types: the 'triplex' which has three hydraulically driven independent cutting heads and is used for golf greens, and the larger 'fairway' machine that has five or seven hydraulically driven cutting heads. Typically, the cutting reels are ahead of the vehicle's main wheels, so that the grass can be cut before the wheels push the grass over onto the ground.
''Gang reel mowers'' are towed behind a tractor in sets (gangs) of three, five, or seven. They are 'ground-powered' that is, the tires of each cutting unit are geared to drive the reel. Gang mowers are used to mow large areas of turf such as sports fields or parks.
The cutting action of a reel mower can provide a very clean cut to the blades of grass, avoiding tissue damage. The cutting action is often likened to that of scissors; however, it is not necessary for the blades of the spinning reel to contact the horizontal cutting bar. If the gap between the blades is less than the thickness of the grass, a clean cut is made as the spinning blades push the grass past the horizontal cutting bar.

Rotary mowers

Rotary mowers are often powered by internal combustion engines. Such engines can be either two-stroke or four-stroke cycle engines, running on gasoline or other liquid fuels. Internal combustion engines used with lawn mowers normally have only one cylinder. Power generally ranges from two to seven horsepower (1.5 to 5.25 kW). The engines are usually carbureted and require a manual pull crank to start them, although an electric start is becoming a sales feature in some countries. In the past rotary mowers had a manually controlled throttle to increase or decrease engine speed. Newer models usually have a pre-set throttle speed to prevent overrevving and improve engine life.
Rotary mowers powered by electric motors are increasingly popular. Usually, these mowers are moved by manual motive power— the on-board engine or motor only spins the blades.
These have the disadvantage of requiring a trailing power cord that limits its range and so these are only useful for relatively small lawns, close to a power socket. There is the obvious hazard with these machines of mowing over the power cable, which stops the mower and may put users at risk of electrocution. Installing a residual-current device (GFCI) on the outlet can reduce the risk of electrocution. Cordless (battery powered) electric lawn mowers are also available for small lawns. Electric rotary mowers weigh 45-50 pounds.
The deck of a rotary mower is typically made of steel. Lighter steel is used on less expensive models, heavier on more expensive, which lasts longer. Other deck materials include aluminum, which doesn't rust and is a staple of higher priced mowers, and hard composite plastic, which doesn't rust and is lighter and less expensive than aluminum. Electric mowers typically have a plastic deck.
Rotary mowers typically have an opening in the side or rear of the housing where the cut grass is expelled. Some have a grass catcher attachment at the opening to bag the grass clippings.
Special mulching blades are available for rotary mowers. The blade is designed to keep the clippings circulating underneath the mower until the clippings are chopped quite small. Other designs have twin blades to mulch the clippings to small pieces. This avoids the need for bagging the clippings or raking the clippings. Not only does this save labor, as no organics are removed from the lawn, less fertilizer is needed. Mower manufacturers market their mowers as side discharge, 2-in-1, meaning bagging and mulching or side discharging and mulching, and 3-in-1, meaning bagging, mulching, and side discharge. Most 2 in 1 bagging and mulching mowers require a separate attachment to discharge grass onto the lawn. Some side discharge mower manufacturers also sell separate "mulching plates" that will cover the opening on the side discharge mower and, in combination with the proper blades, will convert the mower to a mulching mower. These conversions are impractical when compared with 2 or 3-in-1 mowers which can be converted in the field in seconds. There are two types of bagging mowers. A rear bag mower features an opening on the back of the mower through which the grass is expelled into the bag. Hi-vac mowers have a tunnel that extends from the side discharge to the bag. Hi-vac is also the type of grass collection used on riding lawn mowers and lawn tractors and is considered more efficient. Bag mowers are limited to smaller yards unless the operator wants to empty the bag several times during cutting. Mulching and bagging mowers are not well suited to long grass or thick weeds. According to Consumer Reports, despite all of the new grass collecting/mulching technology, most Americans continue to use side-discharge when mowing.
A dead man's switch is required in some places so that the operator must hold a switch to keep the engine running. Typically, this is an extra bar that is held against the handle. Should the operator lose control of, or contact with, the lawn mower and release the bar, either the engine is turned off or the blade is disconnected by disengaging a clutch. Many moderately priced mowers and most higher priced ones have a manually activated blade clutch allowing the operator to stop the blade when the motor is running but the operator is not mowing to improve safety.
Rotary mowers come in three price ranges. Low priced mowers use older technology, smaller motors, and lighter steel decks. These mowers are targeted at the residential market and typically price is the most important selling point. These mowers are sold through large discount and home improvement stores, range between $100-$400 and have a typical service life of 7-10 years. Higher priced mowers are also primarily targeted at residential customers. These mowers have more features and often have heavier steel, composite plastic or aluminum decks. Most of these mowers are sold through independent dealers who also service the equipment and cost between $400 and $1000. These mowers will last as much as twenty years given regular maintenance. Commercial grade mowers are the most expensive rotary mowers. They are "targeted" at grounds maintenance companies and other professionals, but are commonly sold to home owners as well. These mowers feature the latest technology and include features like disk drive, oil filters, and very heavy steel and, more often, aluminum decks. These mowers are sold through independent dealers who service the product and have a service life far beyond twenty years given regular maintenance. A commercial grade mower typically costs well over $1000.

Riding (ride-on) mowers

A popular alternative for larger lawns is the riding (or ''ride-on'') mower. The operator is provided with a seat and controls on the mower and literally 'rides' on the machine. Most use the horizontal rotating blade system, though usually with multiple blades.
A common form of ride-on mower is the 'lawn tractor'. These are usually designed to resemble a small agricultural tractor, with the cutting deck mounted amidships between the front and rear axles.
An alternative layout for a ride-on is a rear-mounted engine with rear-wheel steering, and a front-mounted deck. These mowers are generally more maneuverable around tight corners than the tractor type, but are generally more expensive.

Hover mowers

Hover mowers are ''powered rotary push mowers'' that use a turbine above the spinning blades to drive air downwards, thereby creating an air cushion that lifts the mower off the ground like a hovercraft. The operator can then easily move the mower as it ''floats'' over the grass. Hover mowers are necessarily light in order to achieve the air cushion and typically have plastic bodies with an electric motor, although small petrol-engined versions are also available. A different style of movement is often employed with hover mowers whereby operators swing the mower in an arc around themselves because there are no wheels touching the ground to impede movement in sideways directions.
Hover mowers can also be applied to very long grass and even light scrub, since their lightness permits most operators to lift the mower up and then let it sink slowly down while the blades progressively chop up the vegetation. The lifting action is made even easier when the mower is swung around with the handle held against the operator's mid-body to provide leverage.

Robotic mowers

Robotic lawn mowers represented the second largest category of household autonomous robots used by the end of 2005. A typical robotic lawn mower requires the user to set up a border wire around the lawn that defines the area to be mowed. The robot uses this wire to trim and in some cases to locate a recharging dock. Robotic mowers are capable of maintaining up to 5 acres of grass. Electricity usage varies from about 100 watts (comparable to a light bulb) for 1/2 acre to 500 watts (comparable to a refrigerator) to maintain 5 acres.
Robotic lawnmowers are increasingly sophisticated, are self-docking and contain rain sensors nearly eliminating human interaction for mowing grass.
A pull mower is essentially the same as a manually pushed mower but the propulsion unit pulls the mowing unit instead of pushing it. Thus it is the normal system when a tractor or animal-drawn mower is used.

Professional mowers

Professional grass-cutting equipment (used by large establishments such as universities, sports stadiums or local authorities and suchlike) usually take the form of much larger, dedicated, ride-on platforms or attachments that can be mounted on, or behind, a standard tractor unit (a "gang-mower"). Either type may use rotating-blade or cylindrical-blade type cutters, although good-quality mowed surfaces demand the latter.

See also

★ Groundskeeping, groundskeeping equipment

★ Robomower

★ Gardening

★ Lawn mower racing

★ Organic lawn management

★ String trimmer

★ Flymo

★ Grasscycling

★ Roll over protection structure (for lawn tractors or ride-on mowers)

Notes and references

1. mindfully.org : Air : Lawn-Mower-Pollution.htm
2. landscapemanagement.net article
3. Ben Ikenson (2004). Patents : Ingenious Inventions, How They Work and How They Came to Be. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. 288 pages. Page 213


★ Halford, David G. Old Lawn Mowers - Shire publications LTD. 1999

Patents

;US patent Lawn mowers

★ , Filed Apr 12, 2000, Issued Oct 10, 2006. Self-propelled lawn mower [ed., self-propelled lawn mower comprising a microprocessor and at least one cutter]

★ , Filed Sep 11, 1989, Issued Oct 23, 1990. [ed., remote control lawn mower]

★ , Filied Mar 28, 1910, Issued Jan 21, 1913 [ed., Stephen Foster Briggs gas engine igniter]

★ , Lawn mower. Filed Sep 8, 1898, Issued May 9, 1899.^[3] (ed., John Albert Burr, African-American inventor)

★ , Filed Sep 30, 1878, Issued Dec 10, 1878. [ed., leaf catcher]

★ , Issued May 22, 1877. [ed., leaf catcher]

★ , Filed Nov 28, 1874, Issued Jan 19, 1875.

★ [ed., roller mower]

★ [ed. Titled "lawn mower".]
;US patent Mowing machines

★

★

★

★ , Issued Mar 12, 1861.
;Designs

★ , Filed Apr 24, 1992, Issued May 10, 1994. [ed., remote control lawn mower design]
;Reissued US patent

★ , Issued Mar 16, 1869.

External links

★ The Old Lawnmower Club – UK historic and vintage lawnmowers

★ History of Lawnmowers

★ Lawn mowers guide

★ British Lawnmower Museum – Photos of vintage British lawnmowers, plus museum services

★ Environmental Impacts of Lawn Mowers – Mowing emissions and alternatives

★ The U.S. Lawn Mower Racing Association – Official site for lawn mower racing in the U.S.

★ The Unofficial Lawn Mower Site – The unapproved lawn mower entertainment and education site.

★ Lawn Mower Safety Procedure

★ Lawn Mowers Guide