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EspañolLEAGUE TABLES OF BRITISH UNIVERSITIES
'League tables of British universities' which rank the performances of universities in the United Kingdom on a number of criteria, have been published every year by ''The Times'' newspaper and several over newspapers since the early 1990s. The factors used to assess universities include quality of teaching and research (which are assessed by external inspectors), entry standards and dropout rates. These league tables have become increasingly popular over the last few years and other papers such as ''The Guardian'' now publish their own tables annually. These tables are often used by students when deciding to which universities to apply. Some league tables are more specific, ranking universities on their strength in individual subjects, and not just overall teaching and research across a range of subjects.
Although the various tables differ slightly in how they assess universities, the same names tend to dominate the top positions. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge have typically headed the lists. Cambridge has generally fared better, claiming first place in most of the newspapers' tables, with Oxford normally in second position. Oxford has recently been top of some lists though. However, ''The Sunday Times'', which compiles its own tables using slightly modified criteria has placed Cambridge top for nine years running up to 2006.
Third place is taken by a variety of contenders. It is difficult to form a list of other high-achieving universities without irritating students at institutions that have been left off the list. However, a list of universities that have been in the overall Top 10 in all three big rankings (''The Times'', ''The Sunday Times'' and ''The Guardian'') for the last two years includes:
★ University of Oxford
★ University of Cambridge
★ Imperial College London
★ London School of Economics and Political Science
★ University College London
★ University of Warwick
The Sutton Trust, an educational charity has produced a list of 13 universities identified as those with the highest average rankings in surveys published by The Times, Daily Telegraph, Sunday Times and Financial Times in 2000.[1] The Sutton Trust believe that these top universities should do more to widen access and increases their state school intake.
★ Birmingham University
★ Bristol University
★ Cambridge University
★ Durham University
★ Edinburgh University
★ Imperial College London
★ London School of Economics
★ Nottingham University
★ Oxford University
★ St Andrews University
★ University College London
★ Warwick University
★ York University
[1]
On top of this, the THES - QS World University Rankings list of the 'World's top 200 Universities' in 2006, placed Glasgow, Manchester and King's College, London, among, and in some cases higher, than the names mentioned above[3][4].
It should be noted that inclusion in the overall top ten does not indicate excellence in any particular field, and some universities with a very good reputation for specific subjects (especially vocational subjects) never enter the overall top ten.
League Tables, which usually focus on the full-time undergraduate student experience, commonly omit reference to the Open University and Birkbeck, University of London both of which specialise in teaching part-time students. These universities, however, often make a strong showing in specialist league tables looking at research, teaching quality, and student satisfaction (for example, Birkbeck was ranked 13th in the last Research Assessment Exercise - 2001 - by The Guardian[5], and the Open University was ranked first, and Birkbeck fifth in the 2006 Student Satisfaction survey according to the BBC[6]).
Traditionally the post-1992 universities have done less well in the University rankings. However, in recent years some of the new universities have steadily moved up the league tables and can now sometimes be found in the top half of all universities. The Guardian 2004 tables were especially favourable to some post-1992 universities, Middlesex was ranked 19th overall, and Oxford Brookes was ranked 26th. In the most recent tables, published in 2007, the following Universities were ranked in the top fifty by one or another table: Plymouth University,Robert Gordon University, Glasgow Caledonian University, Bournemouth University, Oxford Brookes University.
The Times’ University rankings take into account eight factors.[7] Student satisfaction and a universities research output were weighted by 1.5 and each factor score was multiplied by 10 in order to give each university a score out of 1000 for each university.
★ 'Student Satisfaction' – Measured by the National Student Survey 2005, This is a measure of student’s opinions of their university and so does not necessarily measure the quality of an institution.
★ 'Research' – Data was taken from the 2001 Research Assessment Exercise which measured British universities' research output.
★ 'Entry Standards'- The universities average UCAS tariff score. Data was taken from the Higher Education Statistics Agency
★ 'The student-staff ratio'- Data was taken from the Higher Education Statistics Agency
★ 'Library and Computing spending'- Average expenditure per student Data was taken from the Higher Education Statistics Agency
★ 'Facilities spending'- Average expenditure per student on sports, careers servics, health and councelling
★ 'Good Honours' – The percentage of students graduating with a good degree.'Good' being defined as a first or 2.1
★ 'Graduate prospects' – The percentage of UK graduates in graduate employment or further study
★ 'Completion' – The percentage of students who manage to complete their degree
The Guardian’s league tables use six different criteria. The Guardian does not provide the raw data for any of these criteria but instead assigns a mark out of 10. The weighting given to each criteria is given in brackets. The Guardian gives no weight to the research output of a university.[8]
★ 'Teaching quality' - as rated by graduates of the course (10%) – This data was taken from the National Student Survey.
★ 'Feedback' - as rated by graduates of the course (5%)
★ 'Spending per student' (17%)
★ 'Staff/student ratio' (17%)
★ 'Job prospects' (17%)
★ 'Value added' - comparing students' degree results with their entry qualifications (17%)
★ 'Entry score' (17%)
The Good University Guide is another series of rankings. It is published on line only at www.thegooduniversityguide.org.uk and allows users to adjust the main ranking to meet their individual requirements. This is achieved by varying the weightings attached to the criteria used to create the main table. It also publishes the top ten universities in each of 61 subject areas, as well as a wealth of information on bursaries and scholarships, crime rates and so on.
The Guide is produced by Mayfield University Consultants, who until this year compiled the rankings for The Times.
It rated Cambridge above Oxford in its first tables, published on July 30, 2007.
The Times Higher Education Supplement has published league tables of universities on an international scale. Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial, LSE, UCL, Edinburgh, Manchester, King's College London, Bristol,Warwick, SOAS, Glasgow, Birmingham, Nottingham and Queen Mary all appear within the top 100.[9].
The ''Daily Telegraph'' created a 'table of tables' bringing together the results 6 different league tables.[10] The league tables it used were from The Daily Telegraph itself, The Financial Times, The Guardian, The Times, The Sunday Times and an employability score taken the opinions of more than 200 firms that regularly recruit graduates. However, even this, has its flaws. Some tables place York as high as second place, such as the Guardian, although employers rank it as low as twenty-ninth. Therefore, finding an aggregate to judge all tables by is difficult. [11]
The Daily Mail has published statistical data on the ratio of female to male undergraduates.[12] The statistics show that the Royal Veterinary College has the highest ratio of females to males and Imperial College London has the highest ratio of males to females (64:36).
University league tables have been subject to varying degrees of criticism.
There has been criticism of attempts to combine different rankings on for example research quality, quality of teaching, drop out rates and student satisfaction. Sir Alan Wilson, Vice Chancellor of Leeds University argues that the final average has little significance and is like trying to ‘combine apples and oranges.’[13] Other criticisms he made included the varying weights given to different factors, the need for universities to 'chase' the rankings, the often fluctuating nature of a universities ranking, and the catch-22 that the governments desire to increase access can have negative effects of league table ranking.[13]
The Guardian suggests that league tables may affect the nature of undergraduate admissions in an attempt to improve a universities league table postiion.[15]
Roger Brown, Vice Chancellor of Southampton Solent University argues the limitations of comparative data when comparing Universities.[16]
The Guardian league table has a peculiar feature of ranking quite highly courses given by departments that have recently closed down. For example mathematics at Bangor[17] which closed in 2006 was rated fifth in the UK in the "2008" league table, Hull also did reasonably well considering it too no longer had a mathematics department or degree. The Guardian later published a correction[18]. These errors inevitably lead to questions over the accuracy of the data used to compile such tables and the methodology[19].
Use of data from the National Student Survey has been another area of controversy as the survey has been boycotted by some universities.
Professor Geoffrey Alderman writing in the Guardian makes the point that by including the percentage of 'good honours' this can encourage grade inflation so that league table position can be maintained.[20]
★ College and university rankings
★ The Good University Guide
1. www.suttontrust.com/reports/entryToLeadingUnis.pdf
2. www.suttontrust.com/reports/entryToLeadingUnis.pdf
3. http://www.thes.co.uk/worldrankings/
4. http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/
5. http://education.guardian.co.uk/researchratings/table/0,11229,-4319756,00.html?start=10
6. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/5277938.stm
7. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/good_university_guide/article671847.ece
8. http://education.guardian.co.uk/universityguide2008/story/0,,2068805,00.html
9. http://www.paked.net/higher_education/rankings/times_rankings.htm
10. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/graphics/2003/06/27/unibigpic.jpg;jsessionid=TGNWKTF3UJNBNQFIQMGCFFOAVCBQUIV0
11. Nick Higgins and Cliff Pettifor ''From Learning to Earning 2004'', Trotman 2003, ISBN 0856608491
12. http://www.mailonsunday.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=314026&in_page_id=1770
13. http://reporter.leeds.ac.uk/485/s7.htm
14. http://reporter.leeds.ac.uk/485/s7.htm
15. http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/news/story/0,,2061015,00.html
16. http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/comment/story/0,,2053187,00.html
17. http://www.informatics.bangor.ac.uk/public/mathematics/news/manews.html
18. http://education.guardian.co.uk/universityguide2008/story/0,,2093444,00.html (accessed 11/7/2007)
19. For example Vice-Chancellor of Middlesex University Michael Driscoll's comments on a discussion site [1] (accessed 11/7/2007)
20. http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/comment/story/0,,2063699,00.html
★ Guardian University Guide 2008
★ Times Good University Guide 2008
★ Sunday Times University Guide 2006 (different from The Times University Guide)
★ The Good University Guide
★ THES Rankings 2006
★ Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) - official website
★ TIMES Higher Education (THES) - official website
★ Shanghai Jiao Tong University Ranking 2006
★ Shanghai Jiao Tong University Ranking - official website
Although the various tables differ slightly in how they assess universities, the same names tend to dominate the top positions. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge have typically headed the lists. Cambridge has generally fared better, claiming first place in most of the newspapers' tables, with Oxford normally in second position. Oxford has recently been top of some lists though. However, ''The Sunday Times'', which compiles its own tables using slightly modified criteria has placed Cambridge top for nine years running up to 2006.
Third place is taken by a variety of contenders. It is difficult to form a list of other high-achieving universities without irritating students at institutions that have been left off the list. However, a list of universities that have been in the overall Top 10 in all three big rankings (''The Times'', ''The Sunday Times'' and ''The Guardian'') for the last two years includes:
★ University of Oxford
★ University of Cambridge
★ Imperial College London
★ London School of Economics and Political Science
★ University College London
★ University of Warwick
Sutton Trust
The Sutton Trust, an educational charity has produced a list of 13 universities identified as those with the highest average rankings in surveys published by The Times, Daily Telegraph, Sunday Times and Financial Times in 2000.[1] The Sutton Trust believe that these top universities should do more to widen access and increases their state school intake.
★ Birmingham University
★ Bristol University
★ Cambridge University
★ Durham University
★ Edinburgh University
★ Imperial College London
★ London School of Economics
★ Nottingham University
★ Oxford University
★ St Andrews University
★ University College London
★ Warwick University
★ York University
[1]
On top of this, the THES - QS World University Rankings list of the 'World's top 200 Universities' in 2006, placed Glasgow, Manchester and King's College, London, among, and in some cases higher, than the names mentioned above[3][4].
It should be noted that inclusion in the overall top ten does not indicate excellence in any particular field, and some universities with a very good reputation for specific subjects (especially vocational subjects) never enter the overall top ten.
League Tables, which usually focus on the full-time undergraduate student experience, commonly omit reference to the Open University and Birkbeck, University of London both of which specialise in teaching part-time students. These universities, however, often make a strong showing in specialist league tables looking at research, teaching quality, and student satisfaction (for example, Birkbeck was ranked 13th in the last Research Assessment Exercise - 2001 - by The Guardian[5], and the Open University was ranked first, and Birkbeck fifth in the 2006 Student Satisfaction survey according to the BBC[6]).
Traditionally the post-1992 universities have done less well in the University rankings. However, in recent years some of the new universities have steadily moved up the league tables and can now sometimes be found in the top half of all universities. The Guardian 2004 tables were especially favourable to some post-1992 universities, Middlesex was ranked 19th overall, and Oxford Brookes was ranked 26th. In the most recent tables, published in 2007, the following Universities were ranked in the top fifty by one or another table: Plymouth University,Robert Gordon University, Glasgow Caledonian University, Bournemouth University, Oxford Brookes University.
The Times' methodology (2007)
The Times’ University rankings take into account eight factors.[7] Student satisfaction and a universities research output were weighted by 1.5 and each factor score was multiplied by 10 in order to give each university a score out of 1000 for each university.
★ 'Student Satisfaction' – Measured by the National Student Survey 2005, This is a measure of student’s opinions of their university and so does not necessarily measure the quality of an institution.
★ 'Research' – Data was taken from the 2001 Research Assessment Exercise which measured British universities' research output.
★ 'Entry Standards'- The universities average UCAS tariff score. Data was taken from the Higher Education Statistics Agency
★ 'The student-staff ratio'- Data was taken from the Higher Education Statistics Agency
★ 'Library and Computing spending'- Average expenditure per student Data was taken from the Higher Education Statistics Agency
★ 'Facilities spending'- Average expenditure per student on sports, careers servics, health and councelling
★ 'Good Honours' – The percentage of students graduating with a good degree.'Good' being defined as a first or 2.1
★ 'Graduate prospects' – The percentage of UK graduates in graduate employment or further study
★ 'Completion' – The percentage of students who manage to complete their degree
The Guardian's methodology (2008)
The Guardian’s league tables use six different criteria. The Guardian does not provide the raw data for any of these criteria but instead assigns a mark out of 10. The weighting given to each criteria is given in brackets. The Guardian gives no weight to the research output of a university.[8]
★ 'Teaching quality' - as rated by graduates of the course (10%) – This data was taken from the National Student Survey.
★ 'Feedback' - as rated by graduates of the course (5%)
★ 'Spending per student' (17%)
★ 'Staff/student ratio' (17%)
★ 'Job prospects' (17%)
★ 'Value added' - comparing students' degree results with their entry qualifications (17%)
★ 'Entry score' (17%)
Good University Guide
The Good University Guide is another series of rankings. It is published on line only at www.thegooduniversityguide.org.uk and allows users to adjust the main ranking to meet their individual requirements. This is achieved by varying the weightings attached to the criteria used to create the main table. It also publishes the top ten universities in each of 61 subject areas, as well as a wealth of information on bursaries and scholarships, crime rates and so on.
The Guide is produced by Mayfield University Consultants, who until this year compiled the rankings for The Times.
It rated Cambridge above Oxford in its first tables, published on July 30, 2007.
The Times Higher Education Supplement has published league tables of universities on an international scale. Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial, LSE, UCL, Edinburgh, Manchester, King's College London, Bristol,Warwick, SOAS, Glasgow, Birmingham, Nottingham and Queen Mary all appear within the top 100.[9].
Daily Telegraph 'table of tables'
The ''Daily Telegraph'' created a 'table of tables' bringing together the results 6 different league tables.[10] The league tables it used were from The Daily Telegraph itself, The Financial Times, The Guardian, The Times, The Sunday Times and an employability score taken the opinions of more than 200 firms that regularly recruit graduates. However, even this, has its flaws. Some tables place York as high as second place, such as the Guardian, although employers rank it as low as twenty-ninth. Therefore, finding an aggregate to judge all tables by is difficult. [11]
Daily Mail sex-ratio tables
The Daily Mail has published statistical data on the ratio of female to male undergraduates.[12] The statistics show that the Royal Veterinary College has the highest ratio of females to males and Imperial College London has the highest ratio of males to females (64:36).
Criticism
University league tables have been subject to varying degrees of criticism.
There has been criticism of attempts to combine different rankings on for example research quality, quality of teaching, drop out rates and student satisfaction. Sir Alan Wilson, Vice Chancellor of Leeds University argues that the final average has little significance and is like trying to ‘combine apples and oranges.’[13] Other criticisms he made included the varying weights given to different factors, the need for universities to 'chase' the rankings, the often fluctuating nature of a universities ranking, and the catch-22 that the governments desire to increase access can have negative effects of league table ranking.[13]
The Guardian suggests that league tables may affect the nature of undergraduate admissions in an attempt to improve a universities league table postiion.[15]
Roger Brown, Vice Chancellor of Southampton Solent University argues the limitations of comparative data when comparing Universities.[16]
The Guardian league table has a peculiar feature of ranking quite highly courses given by departments that have recently closed down. For example mathematics at Bangor[17] which closed in 2006 was rated fifth in the UK in the "2008" league table, Hull also did reasonably well considering it too no longer had a mathematics department or degree. The Guardian later published a correction[18]. These errors inevitably lead to questions over the accuracy of the data used to compile such tables and the methodology[19].
Use of data from the National Student Survey has been another area of controversy as the survey has been boycotted by some universities.
Professor Geoffrey Alderman writing in the Guardian makes the point that by including the percentage of 'good honours' this can encourage grade inflation so that league table position can be maintained.[20]
See also
★ College and university rankings
★ The Good University Guide
References
1. www.suttontrust.com/reports/entryToLeadingUnis.pdf
2. www.suttontrust.com/reports/entryToLeadingUnis.pdf
3. http://www.thes.co.uk/worldrankings/
4. http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/
5. http://education.guardian.co.uk/researchratings/table/0,11229,-4319756,00.html?start=10
6. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/5277938.stm
7. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/good_university_guide/article671847.ece
8. http://education.guardian.co.uk/universityguide2008/story/0,,2068805,00.html
9. http://www.paked.net/higher_education/rankings/times_rankings.htm
10. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/graphics/2003/06/27/unibigpic.jpg;jsessionid=TGNWKTF3UJNBNQFIQMGCFFOAVCBQUIV0
11. Nick Higgins and Cliff Pettifor ''From Learning to Earning 2004'', Trotman 2003, ISBN 0856608491
12. http://www.mailonsunday.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=314026&in_page_id=1770
13. http://reporter.leeds.ac.uk/485/s7.htm
14. http://reporter.leeds.ac.uk/485/s7.htm
15. http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/news/story/0,,2061015,00.html
16. http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/comment/story/0,,2053187,00.html
17. http://www.informatics.bangor.ac.uk/public/mathematics/news/manews.html
18. http://education.guardian.co.uk/universityguide2008/story/0,,2093444,00.html (accessed 11/7/2007)
19. For example Vice-Chancellor of Middlesex University Michael Driscoll's comments on a discussion site [1] (accessed 11/7/2007)
20. http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/comment/story/0,,2063699,00.html
External links
★ Guardian University Guide 2008
★ Times Good University Guide 2008
★ Sunday Times University Guide 2006 (different from The Times University Guide)
★ The Good University Guide
★ THES Rankings 2006
★ Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) - official website
★ TIMES Higher Education (THES) - official website
★ Shanghai Jiao Tong University Ranking 2006
★ Shanghai Jiao Tong University Ranking - official website
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