LEAVES OF GRASS

'''Leaves of Grass''' is a collection of poems by American poet Walt Whitman, the best-known of which are "Song of Myself", "I Sing the Body Electric", "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking", and his elegy to the assassinated U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd".

Contents

Overview

Editions and origin

Censorship controversy

Later criticism and fame

Reference

External links

Overview

This book is notable for its delight in and praise of the senses during a time when such candid displays were considered immoral. Where much previous poetry, especially English, relied on symbolism, allegory, and meditation on the religious and spiritual, ''Leaves of Grass'' (particularly the first edition) exalted the body and the material world. Influenced by the Transcendentalist movement, itself an offshoot of Romanticism, Whitman's poetry praises nature and the individual human's role in it. However, Whitman does not diminish the role of the mind or the spirit; rather, he elevates the human form and the human mind, deeming both worthy of poetic praise.

Editions and origin

There is no definitive edition of ''Leaves of Grass''—Whitman continually revised his masterwork, adding and occasionally removing poems. The first edition, published on July 4, 1855, at Fulton Street, Brooklyn, New York, was remarkable for its sense of novelty; the style and subject matter were almost entirely unknown before its publication. Whitman paid for and did much of the typesetting for the first edition, which he published anonymously. However, again flouting convention, a picture of Whitman appeared on the inside of the front cover, dressed in work clothes and a jaunty hat, arms at his side in a pose embodying the everyman persona he exalts in his poetry.
The ''Drum-Taps'' section was added in 1865, after the death of Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln, Whitman's hero, had read and reportedly enjoyed the earlier version of ''Leaves of Grass'', remarkably so at a time when much of the public had yet to accept the work. The last version of ''Leaves of Grass'', called the ''Death Bed Edition'', was published in 1892. By the time this last edition was completed, ''Leaves of Grass'' had grown from a small book of 12 poems to a hefty tome of almost 400 poems. As the volume changed, so did the pictures of Whitman used to illustrate them—the last edition depicts an older Whitman with a full beard and jacket, appearing more sophisticated and wise.
''Leaves of Grass'' has its genesis in an essay called ''The Poet'' by Ralph Waldo Emerson, published in 1843 (full text), which expressed the need for the United States to have its own new and unique poet to write about the new country's virtues and vices. Whitman, reading the essay, consciously set out to answer Emerson's call as he began work on the first edition of ''Leaves of Grass''. When the book was first published, Whitman sent a copy to Emerson, whose letter in response helped launch the book to success. In his response, Emerson called the book "the most extraordinary piece of wit and wisdom America has yet contributed."

Censorship controversy

In 1882, Boston district attorney Oliver Stevens, urged by the New England Society for the Suppression of Vice, wrote to Whitman's publisher, James R. Osgood: "We are of the opinion that this book is such a book as brings it within the provisions of the Public Statutes respecting obscene literature and suggest the propriety of withdrawing the same from circulation and suppressing the editions thereof." Stevens demanded the removal of the poems "A Woman Waits for Me" and "To a Common Prostitute", as well as changes to "Song of Myself", "From Pent-Up Aching Rivers", "I Sing the Body Electric", "Spontaneous Me", "Native Moments", "The Dalliance of the Eagles", "By Blue Ontario’s Shore", "Unfolded Out of the Folds", "The Sleepers", and "Faces".
Whitman rejected the censorship, writing to Osgood, "The list whole & several is rejected by me, & will not be thought of under any circumstances." Osgood refused to republish the book, returning the plates to Whitman, who found a new publisher in Rees Welsh. The publicity due to the case ended up increasing sales when the book was reissued.

Later criticism and fame

When the book was first published, Whitman was fired from his job at the Department of the Interior after Secretary of the Interior James Harlan read it and said he found it very offensive.
The anthology was featured in the film ''The Incredibly True Adventure of Two Girls in Love'' as the girls bond over reading it, and it also is the basis of some of the narration of the film.
The phrase "leaves of grass" also made an appearance in ''The Notebook''. Whitman's poems played a role in the movie as well, with Noah (the main character) having read them growing up to recover from a stutter. A professor at Ally's college also writes the phrase on the chalkboard and asks the question, "Do I contradict myself?"
20th century British composer Ralph Vaughan Williams's choral work ''Toward the Unknown Region'' features lyrics from the first poem, ''Darest Thou Now O Soul'' in book XXX (''Whispers of Heavenly Death'').

Reference

Gary Schmidgall (1998), ''Walt Whitman: A Gay Life'', Plume. ISBN 0-452-27920-8

External links

★ Leaves of Grass - The "Long Foreground"

★ ''Leaves of Grass'' at Project Gutenberg

★ Poets.org guide to ''Leaves of Grass''

★ ''Audio Book'' — complete & unabridged, public domain, Librivox Audio Recording of Leaves of Grass (1891 edition)

★ An unusual technical analysis of Whitman's use of language occurs in “Figures of Repetition in Whitman’s ‘Songs of Parting’” - ''Bulletin of the New York Public Library'', Vol. 69 #2, February 1965, Vernon V Chatman III. Available through New York Public Library