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EspañolLEFT BEHIND (SERIES)
'''Left Behind''' is a series of novels by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins, dealing with Christian dispensationalist End Times: pretribulation, premillennial, Christian eschatological viewpoint of the end of the world. The primary conflict of the series is the members of the Tribulation force against the Global Community and its leader Nicolae Carpathia- the Antichrist. ''Left Behind'' is also the title of the first book in the series. It is published by Tyndale House, a firm with a history of interest in dispensationalism.
'''Note:' The books are listed in story-line (chronological) order but numbered in order of publication.''
There are also graphic novels, CDs, and a ''Left Behind'' series for teens. Audio dramatizations based on the first thirteen titles have also been produced for broadcast on Christian radio. A series written for teens has also been written, called '' or ''The Young Tribulation Force Series''. The plot of this series is the same as the adult series, but the main protagonists are teenagers. Several of the main books have also been turned into movies by the Canadian motion picture studio Cloud Ten Pictures, including '', '', and ''.
Two spin-off series have been written; a political series by Neesa Hart, and a military series by Mel Odom.
A video game, '' was released for the PC on November 6, 2006.
'People Get Ready' is "a musical collection inspired by the Left Behind series."
#People Get Ready Crystal Lewis 4:24
#UFO Geoff Moore & The Distance 3:08
#Come Quickly Lord Rebecca Saint James 4:29
#I Wish We'd All Been Ready dc Talk 3:44
#Horses Margaret Becker 4:05
#Eve of Destruction Barry McGuire 3:34
#People Get Ready Impressions 2:38
#Thief in the Night Big Tent Revival 3:38
#Elijah Rich Mullins 5:14
#New Body Audio Adrenaline 4:00
#I'll Lead You Home Michael W. Smith 5:22
#Jesus Is Waiting Al Green 8:08
In 2002 a series of graphic novels was launched that comprised the first two books in the series, ''Left Behind'' and ''Tribulation Force''. The original idea was to release sets of 3 to 5 novels for each book in the original series. However, after the 5th and final novel for ''Tribulation Force'' was released, the graphic novel series was apparently discontinued and the novels that were released are now (as of December 2006) said to be out of print. A compilation of the graphic novels for the first book was later released as one novel.
Based on dispensationalist interpretation of prophecies in the Biblical books of Revelation, Isaiah and Ezekiel, ''Left Behind'' tells the story of the end times, in which many have been 'raptured,' leaving the world shattered and chaotic. As people scramble for answers, a Romanian politician named Nicolae Jetty Carpathia rises to become secretary-general of the United Nations, promising to restore peace and stability to all nations. What most of the world does not realize is that Carpathia is actually the Antichrist foretold from the Bible. Coming to grips with the truth and becoming born-again Christians, Rayford Steele, his daughter Chloe, their pastor Bruce Barnes, and young journalist Cameron "Buck" Williams begin their quest as the Tribulation Force to help save the lost and prepare for the coming Tribulation, in which God will rain down judgment on the world for seven years.
The books have sold very well in the United States, many topping ''The New York Times'' list of bestsellers. In 1998, the first four books of the series held the top four slots simultaneously,[3] despite the fact that the New York Times' Bestseller's list does not take Christian bookstore sales into account. Book 10 debuted at number one on this list.3 Total sales for the series have surpassed 65 million copies. Seven titles in the adult series have reached #1 on the bestseller lists for The New York Times, USA Today, and Publishers Weekly.[4]
Nick Parmley, a charismatic Baptist minister from Portland, Oregon, has called on Evangelical Christians to adopt this series as "required reading". In 2007 the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association (ECPA) recognized the Left Behind Series at its CBA & ECPA Awards Celebration in Atlanta, Georgia with the ECPA Pinnacle Award. ECPA President Mark Kuyper said, "In many ways this series established Christian fiction as a significant category in publishing in general."[4] Jerry Falwell said about the first book in the series: ""In terms of its impact on Christianity, it's probably greater than that of any other book in modern times, outside the Bible."[6]
The popularity of this series has spilled over beyond the Americas and the English-speaking world. It has been translated to many languages including Chinese and Japanese. There is, however, a protracted lag in translation; as of September 2005, the Chinese version of Book 11 is in the press and the Japanese version of Book 6 has been published. In other areas, such as continental Europe—where dispensationalism is largely non-existent—the books have been far less successful.
In an article enquiring into the series' popularity, ''Salon'' magazine writer Michelle Goldberg described what she believed was one of the series' attractions:
"On one level, the attraction of the ''Left Behind'' books isn't that much different from that of, say, Tom Clancy or Stephen King. The plotting is brisk and the characterizations Manichean."[7]
However, she considered the books to be an attack on Judaism and liberal secularism, and pointed out that the near-future "end times" the books are set in seem to reflect the actual worldview of millions of Americans, including many prominent conservative leaders.
The series presents a very obvious religious bias against religions other than Christianity, but this is only to be expected as the purpose of the books is that of Christian eschatology. However, it has been criticized for the bad depiction of the pantheist and universalist belief that the Enigma Babylon World Religion indicates, which has overtones of Hinduism and Buddhism.
In 2004, Penn & Teller's TV show ''Bullshit!'' devoted an episode to the "end of the world" phenomenon, following centuries of incorrect prophecy. The show explained that Bible prophecy is nothing new, and that the vague descriptions in the book of Revelation can apply to almost any location at any time. The ''Left Behind'' series was featured, and Jerry B. Jenkins was interviewed. Jenkins stated, "In my mind, in a way, we are sales people for the Gospel." He continued, "People say money is the root of all evil, and actually it's the love of money that's the root of all evil. So there is nothing wrong with money if you use it right." The host, Penn Jillette, responded in voiceover, "What's the story on money if you get it by creating an irrational fear in people?"
The Slacktivist blog is notable for analyzing the first book at a rate of a few pages every week.[8] From the perspective of a non-dispensationalist evangelical Christian, it generally criticizes the books for poor writing, bad biblical scholarship and for presenting an unflattering view of God.
The series has also been accused of plagiarizing.[9] One website states that:
"These similarities [with earlier novel ''666''] are noteworthy, I think, for a couple of reasons. The first has to do with Lahaye’s claim of originality for his series of books. In an interview in the March 28, 2000 issue of the Assembly of God magazine ''Pentecostal evangel'',[10] he insists that "''Left Behind'' is the first fictional portrayal of events that are true to the literal interpretation of Bible prophecy. It was written for anyone who loves gripping fiction featuring believable characters, a dynamic plot that also weaves prophetic events in a fascinating story."
Some practicing Christians, evangelical and otherwise, have shown concern that the social perspectives promoted in the ''Left Behind'' series unduly sensationalize the death and destruction of masses of people. In addition, some Christians deny the key eschatological beliefs underpinning the plotline. For instance, amillenial and postmillenial Christians do not believe in the same timeline of the Second Coming as premillennialists, while preterist Christians do not interpret the Book of Revelation to predict future events at all. Brian McLaren, a self-appointed spokesperson of the Emergent Church, compares the ''Left Behind'' series to ''The Da Vinci Code'', and states, "What the ''Left Behind'' novels do, the way they twist scripture toward a certain theological and political end, I think [Dan] Brown is twisting scripture, just to other political ends. But at the end of the day, the difference is I don't think Brown really cares that much about theology." [11]
Along with some other rapture fiction novels, the ''Left Behind'' series demonstrates a different understanding of the gospel and the Christian life than that taught within the historic orthodoxy of evangelical Protestantism.
Some also believe the books are anti-Catholic, noting that many Catholics were not "raptured." The book says that many "who called themselves Catholics" but did not truly believe in Jesus were not raptured, but it does not mention the proportion who were. While the fictional Pope, John XXIV, was raptured, he is described as having greatly differing views from the rest of the church and this is implied as the reason he was raptured. His successor, Pope Peter II, becomes Pontifex Maximus of Enigma Babylon One World Faith, an amalgamation of all remaining world faiths and religions. Jimmy Akin wrote the Catholic Answers Special Report titled ''False Profit: Money, Prejudice, and Bad Theology in Tim LaHaye’s ''Left Behind'' Series'' details the series as anti-catholic;3 a view held by other Catholics too.[12]
Other Christians describe problems with prophetical teachings in the ''Left Behind'' series. It is noted that "in Books 8 & 9, LaHaye and Jenkins teach that recipients of the mark of the beast can still be saved. However, in ''The Mark'', "The Chang scenario" is developed, whereby a character receives both the mark of the beast and the sealing of the Lord. In ''Desecration'', the character's dual-marking was justified in the storyline. He was still saved because he did not accept the mark of the beast, he was forced to receive it because he was involuntarily put to sleep and then given it. This has led some readers to wonder how a Christian can have the mark of the beast and still be saved, which many readers voiced on the ''Left Behind'' messageboard,[13] and which was answered on the FAQ page at LeftBehind.com.[14]
LaHaye and Jenkins cite the influence of Russell S. Doughten, an Iowan film-maker who directed a series of four low-budget feature-length films in the 1970s and 1980s about the Rapture and Second Coming. The films' popularity among Christian fundamentalists have led to increased study and speculation as to the events described in the Book of Revelation.
Crawford Gribben has shown that there were successful rapture fiction novels as early as 1913, with some earlier works identified as dating from 1905. Of the former, Sydney Watson's ''Scarlet and Purple'' (1913), ''The Mark of the Beast'' (1915) and ''In the Twinkling of an Eye'' are cited as examples of the genre.
The success of the ''Left Behind'' books have led to the release of three motion pictures based on the series so far. The movies have been produced and released by Cloud Ten Pictures, a Canadian Christian movie studio.
In 2000, the studio released '', based on the first book of the series. In a very unusual marketing scheme, the studio released the movie on video and DVD first, and then released it to the theatres. The movie fared poorly in theaters.[15] The movie starred former ''Growing Pains'' star Kirk Cameron as Buck Williams. Cameron, who finds the series inspiring, is a practicing evangelist (and co-host with Ray Comfort on the TV show ''The Way of the Master'').
In 2002, the sequel, '', based on the first four hundred pages of the second novel, ''Tribulation Force'', was released. The film debuted at #2 on Nielson's video scan reports, behind ''Spider-Man'',[16], and was #1 in terms of overall sales for two days on Amazon.com [17]
The second sequel, '' was released first to churches on October 21, 2005 for church theatrical viewings, and was released to DVD and video on October 25, 2005. The new movie is based very loosely on the final fifty pages of ''Tribulation Force'', and features Louis Gossett Jr. playing the President of the United States, Gerald Fitzhugh. The third movie was the least identifiable with events in any of the books. Recognizable events were the marriages of Buck with Chloe Steele, and Rayford Steele with Amanda White, the death of Bruce Barnes, and President Fitzhugh heading an attack, resulting in World War III, with Great Britain and Egypt, against the Global Community. Major parts of the movie, however, were not in any of the books, including the poisoning of Bibles by GC forces, and an attempt by Fitzhugh to assassinate Nicolae Carpathia. Buck's meeting with the President in the books makes it into the movie, but in a totally different form.
In 2004, Cloud Ten Pictures made a deal with Sony Entertainment to release all of its pictures under the Sony banner and has been doing so ever since.
Except for Clarence Gilyard, the entire cast of ''Left Behind'' and ''Left Behind II: Tribulation Force'' reprised their respective roles for ''Left Behind: World At War''. Clarence Gilyard, who played Bruce Barnes, was unable to return for the third movie due to a scheduling conflict with a play in New York.
As of December 2006, Cloud Ten has announced that the fourth film in the series is now in development, to release in late 2007.
The video game '' was developed by a publicly traded company, Left Behind Games. The game is a real-time strategy game where the player controls a 'Tribulation Forces' team and allows the player to "use the power of prayer to strengthen your troops in combat and wield modern military weaponry throughout the game world." The game was released in the United States on November 14, 2006 and received mixed reviews. Distribution was initially planned to work through churches and megachurches.
The game has drawn criticism from some quarters (notably the renowned anti-violent videogame campaigner, Jack Thompson) for giving the player the choice of who to play as (Trib Force or Global Community) and for rewarding the player for killing non-Christian characters.
Satirical takes on the ''Left Behind'' series include:
★ Earl Lee, ''Kiss My Left Behind'' (Aventine Press, November 2003). ISBN 1-59330-106-5
★ ''Kiss My Left Behind 2: The Tribulation Farce''
★ Nathan D. Wilson, ''Right Behind: A Parody of Last Days Goofiness'' (Canon Press, June 2001). ISBN 1-885767-87-0
★ Nathan D. Wilson, ''Supergeddon: A Really Big Geddon'' (Cannon Press, July 2003). ISBN 1-59128-013-3
★ "Thank God It's Doomsday" (''The Simpsons'' episode, May 2005)
1. Left Behind: Military Series
2. Left Behind: Political Series
3. Catholic Answers Special Report: False Profit
4. Leftbehind.com official website of book series. Accessed 2007-9-8
5. Leftbehind.com official website of book series. Accessed 2007-9-8
6. Time magazine. Accessed 2007-9-8
7. Salon.com: Fundamentally unsound
8. http://slacktivist.typepad.com/slacktivist/left_behind/
9. Catholic.com: Recycled Rapture
10. Pentecostal evangel: Conversation with Tim LaHaye - Prophecy-based fiction
11. "Brian McLaren on the Da Vinci Code"; Sojourners Magazine
12. Catholic.com - No Rapture for Rome
13. Tim & Beverly LaHaye: General Teachings/Activities
14. LeftBehind.com - General FAQs
15. Imdb.com: Left Behind (2000) - Box-office/Business
16. clarionledger.com: Audition for TV role or be 'Left Behind'
17. End-Times Thriller ''Left Behind II: Tribulation Force'' Ousts ''Spider-Man'' Over the Weekend to Become the #1 Selling Video Overall on Amazon.com
★ Official website
★ Tyndale Press, website of the publisher
★ Archive of Left Behind radio shows in Real Audio
★ Left Behind: Eternal Forces Game Fansite
★ The New York Times > Opinion > Op-Ed Columnist: Jesus and Jihad, ''The New York Times,'' July 17, 2004
★ The New York Times > Opinion > Op-Ed Columnist: Apocalypse (Almost) Now, ''The New York Times,'' November 24, 2004
★ Slacktivist's "Left Behind" Archives An in-progress page by page critical analysis of the first ''Left Behind'' book.
★ Slate reviews the three Left Behind DVDs
★ A response from the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (PDF)
★ Evangelist Tom Sine on Tim LaHaye and the Left Behind series
★ Forbes, Bruce David and Jeanne Halgren Kilde (eds.), ''Rapture, Revelation, and the End Times: Exploring the Left Behind Series''. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. ISBN 1-4039-6525-0
★ Frykholm, Amy David. ''Rapture Culture: Left Behind in Evangelical America''. Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-19-515983-7
★ Shuck, Glenn W.. ''Marks Of The Beast: The Left Behind Novels And The Struggle For Evangelical Identity''. New York University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8147-4005-7
★ Gribben, Crawford, ''Rapture Fiction and the Evangelical Crisis''. Evangelical Press, 2006. ISBN 0-85234-610-7.
★ Snow Flesher, LeAnn, "Left Behind? The Facts Behind the Fiction". Valley Forge, Judson Press, 2006. ISBN 0-8170-1490-X
Books
'''Note:' The books are listed in story-line (chronological) order but numbered in order of publication.''
- ''The Rising: Antichrist is Born: Before They Were Left Behind'' (ISBN 0-8423-6056-5) (All Libraries)
- ''The Regime: Evil Advances: Before They Were Left Behind #2'' (ISBN 1-4143-0576-1) (All Libraries)
- ''The Rapture: In the Twinkling of an Eye: Countdown to Earth's Last Days #3'' (ISBN 1-4143-0580-X)
- ''Left Behind: A Novel of the Earth's Last Days'' (ISBN 0-8423-2912-9)
- ''Tribulation Force: The Continuing Drama of Those Left Behind'' (ISBN 0-8423-2921-8)
- ''Nicolae: The Rise of Antichrist'' (ISBN 0-8423-2924-2)
- ''Soul Harvest: The World Takes Sides'' (ISBN 0-8423-2925-0)
- ''Apollyon: The Destroyer Is Unleashed'' (ISBN 0-8423-2926-9)
- ''Assassins: Assignment: Jerusalem, Target: Antichrist'' (ISBN 0-8423-2927-7)
- ''The Indwelling: The Beast Takes Possession'' (ISBN 0-8423-2929-3)
- ''The Mark: The Beast Rules the World'' (ISBN 0-8423-3228-6)
- ''Desecration: Antichrist Takes the Throne'' (ISBN 0-8423-3229-4)
- ''The Remnant: On the Brink of Armageddon'' (ISBN 0-8423-3230-8)
- ''Armageddon: The Cosmic Battle of the Ages'' (ISBN 0-8423-3236-7)
- ''Glorious Appearing: The End of Days'' (ISBN 0-8423-3237-5)
- ''Kingdom Come: The Final Victory (ISBN 0-8423-6061-1)
There are also graphic novels, CDs, and a ''Left Behind'' series for teens. Audio dramatizations based on the first thirteen titles have also been produced for broadcast on Christian radio. A series written for teens has also been written, called '' or ''The Young Tribulation Force Series''. The plot of this series is the same as the adult series, but the main protagonists are teenagers. Several of the main books have also been turned into movies by the Canadian motion picture studio Cloud Ten Pictures, including '', '', and ''.
Two spin-off series have been written; a political series by Neesa Hart, and a military series by Mel Odom.
A video game, '' was released for the PC on November 6, 2006.
Album
'People Get Ready' is "a musical collection inspired by the Left Behind series."
Track listing
#People Get Ready Crystal Lewis 4:24
#UFO Geoff Moore & The Distance 3:08
#Come Quickly Lord Rebecca Saint James 4:29
#I Wish We'd All Been Ready dc Talk 3:44
#Horses Margaret Becker 4:05
#Eve of Destruction Barry McGuire 3:34
#People Get Ready Impressions 2:38
#Thief in the Night Big Tent Revival 3:38
#Elijah Rich Mullins 5:14
#New Body Audio Adrenaline 4:00
#I'll Lead You Home Michael W. Smith 5:22
#Jesus Is Waiting Al Green 8:08
Graphic Novels
In 2002 a series of graphic novels was launched that comprised the first two books in the series, ''Left Behind'' and ''Tribulation Force''. The original idea was to release sets of 3 to 5 novels for each book in the original series. However, after the 5th and final novel for ''Tribulation Force'' was released, the graphic novel series was apparently discontinued and the novels that were released are now (as of December 2006) said to be out of print. A compilation of the graphic novels for the first book was later released as one novel.
Spin-Offs
★ Left Behind: Apocalypse, by Mel Odom[1] ★ ★ Apocalypse Dawn ★ ★ Apocalypse Crucible ★ ★ Apocalypse Burning ★ | ★ Left Behind: End of State, by Neesa Hart[2] ★ ★ End of State ★ ★ Impeachable Offense ★ ★ Necessary Evils |
Summary
Based on dispensationalist interpretation of prophecies in the Biblical books of Revelation, Isaiah and Ezekiel, ''Left Behind'' tells the story of the end times, in which many have been 'raptured,' leaving the world shattered and chaotic. As people scramble for answers, a Romanian politician named Nicolae Jetty Carpathia rises to become secretary-general of the United Nations, promising to restore peace and stability to all nations. What most of the world does not realize is that Carpathia is actually the Antichrist foretold from the Bible. Coming to grips with the truth and becoming born-again Christians, Rayford Steele, his daughter Chloe, their pastor Bruce Barnes, and young journalist Cameron "Buck" Williams begin their quest as the Tribulation Force to help save the lost and prepare for the coming Tribulation, in which God will rain down judgment on the world for seven years.
Response
The books have sold very well in the United States, many topping ''The New York Times'' list of bestsellers. In 1998, the first four books of the series held the top four slots simultaneously,[3] despite the fact that the New York Times' Bestseller's list does not take Christian bookstore sales into account. Book 10 debuted at number one on this list.3 Total sales for the series have surpassed 65 million copies. Seven titles in the adult series have reached #1 on the bestseller lists for The New York Times, USA Today, and Publishers Weekly.[4]
Nick Parmley, a charismatic Baptist minister from Portland, Oregon, has called on Evangelical Christians to adopt this series as "required reading". In 2007 the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association (ECPA) recognized the Left Behind Series at its CBA & ECPA Awards Celebration in Atlanta, Georgia with the ECPA Pinnacle Award. ECPA President Mark Kuyper said, "In many ways this series established Christian fiction as a significant category in publishing in general."[4] Jerry Falwell said about the first book in the series: ""In terms of its impact on Christianity, it's probably greater than that of any other book in modern times, outside the Bible."[6]
The popularity of this series has spilled over beyond the Americas and the English-speaking world. It has been translated to many languages including Chinese and Japanese. There is, however, a protracted lag in translation; as of September 2005, the Chinese version of Book 11 is in the press and the Japanese version of Book 6 has been published. In other areas, such as continental Europe—where dispensationalism is largely non-existent—the books have been far less successful.
Criticism
In an article enquiring into the series' popularity, ''Salon'' magazine writer Michelle Goldberg described what she believed was one of the series' attractions:
"On one level, the attraction of the ''Left Behind'' books isn't that much different from that of, say, Tom Clancy or Stephen King. The plotting is brisk and the characterizations Manichean."[7]
However, she considered the books to be an attack on Judaism and liberal secularism, and pointed out that the near-future "end times" the books are set in seem to reflect the actual worldview of millions of Americans, including many prominent conservative leaders.
The series presents a very obvious religious bias against religions other than Christianity, but this is only to be expected as the purpose of the books is that of Christian eschatology. However, it has been criticized for the bad depiction of the pantheist and universalist belief that the Enigma Babylon World Religion indicates, which has overtones of Hinduism and Buddhism.
In 2004, Penn & Teller's TV show ''Bullshit!'' devoted an episode to the "end of the world" phenomenon, following centuries of incorrect prophecy. The show explained that Bible prophecy is nothing new, and that the vague descriptions in the book of Revelation can apply to almost any location at any time. The ''Left Behind'' series was featured, and Jerry B. Jenkins was interviewed. Jenkins stated, "In my mind, in a way, we are sales people for the Gospel." He continued, "People say money is the root of all evil, and actually it's the love of money that's the root of all evil. So there is nothing wrong with money if you use it right." The host, Penn Jillette, responded in voiceover, "What's the story on money if you get it by creating an irrational fear in people?"
The Slacktivist blog is notable for analyzing the first book at a rate of a few pages every week.[8] From the perspective of a non-dispensationalist evangelical Christian, it generally criticizes the books for poor writing, bad biblical scholarship and for presenting an unflattering view of God.
The series has also been accused of plagiarizing.[9] One website states that:
"These similarities [with earlier novel ''666''] are noteworthy, I think, for a couple of reasons. The first has to do with Lahaye’s claim of originality for his series of books. In an interview in the March 28, 2000 issue of the Assembly of God magazine ''Pentecostal evangel'',[10] he insists that "''Left Behind'' is the first fictional portrayal of events that are true to the literal interpretation of Bible prophecy. It was written for anyone who loves gripping fiction featuring believable characters, a dynamic plot that also weaves prophetic events in a fascinating story."
Christian criticisms
Some practicing Christians, evangelical and otherwise, have shown concern that the social perspectives promoted in the ''Left Behind'' series unduly sensationalize the death and destruction of masses of people. In addition, some Christians deny the key eschatological beliefs underpinning the plotline. For instance, amillenial and postmillenial Christians do not believe in the same timeline of the Second Coming as premillennialists, while preterist Christians do not interpret the Book of Revelation to predict future events at all. Brian McLaren, a self-appointed spokesperson of the Emergent Church, compares the ''Left Behind'' series to ''The Da Vinci Code'', and states, "What the ''Left Behind'' novels do, the way they twist scripture toward a certain theological and political end, I think [Dan] Brown is twisting scripture, just to other political ends. But at the end of the day, the difference is I don't think Brown really cares that much about theology." [11]
Along with some other rapture fiction novels, the ''Left Behind'' series demonstrates a different understanding of the gospel and the Christian life than that taught within the historic orthodoxy of evangelical Protestantism.
Some also believe the books are anti-Catholic, noting that many Catholics were not "raptured." The book says that many "who called themselves Catholics" but did not truly believe in Jesus were not raptured, but it does not mention the proportion who were. While the fictional Pope, John XXIV, was raptured, he is described as having greatly differing views from the rest of the church and this is implied as the reason he was raptured. His successor, Pope Peter II, becomes Pontifex Maximus of Enigma Babylon One World Faith, an amalgamation of all remaining world faiths and religions. Jimmy Akin wrote the Catholic Answers Special Report titled ''False Profit: Money, Prejudice, and Bad Theology in Tim LaHaye’s ''Left Behind'' Series'' details the series as anti-catholic;3 a view held by other Catholics too.[12]
Other Christians describe problems with prophetical teachings in the ''Left Behind'' series. It is noted that "in Books 8 & 9, LaHaye and Jenkins teach that recipients of the mark of the beast can still be saved. However, in ''The Mark'', "The Chang scenario" is developed, whereby a character receives both the mark of the beast and the sealing of the Lord. In ''Desecration'', the character's dual-marking was justified in the storyline. He was still saved because he did not accept the mark of the beast, he was forced to receive it because he was involuntarily put to sleep and then given it. This has led some readers to wonder how a Christian can have the mark of the beast and still be saved, which many readers voiced on the ''Left Behind'' messageboard,[13] and which was answered on the FAQ page at LeftBehind.com.[14]
Influences on the authors
LaHaye and Jenkins cite the influence of Russell S. Doughten, an Iowan film-maker who directed a series of four low-budget feature-length films in the 1970s and 1980s about the Rapture and Second Coming. The films' popularity among Christian fundamentalists have led to increased study and speculation as to the events described in the Book of Revelation.
Crawford Gribben has shown that there were successful rapture fiction novels as early as 1913, with some earlier works identified as dating from 1905. Of the former, Sydney Watson's ''Scarlet and Purple'' (1913), ''The Mark of the Beast'' (1915) and ''In the Twinkling of an Eye'' are cited as examples of the genre.
Movies based on the series
The success of the ''Left Behind'' books have led to the release of three motion pictures based on the series so far. The movies have been produced and released by Cloud Ten Pictures, a Canadian Christian movie studio.
In 2000, the studio released '', based on the first book of the series. In a very unusual marketing scheme, the studio released the movie on video and DVD first, and then released it to the theatres. The movie fared poorly in theaters.[15] The movie starred former ''Growing Pains'' star Kirk Cameron as Buck Williams. Cameron, who finds the series inspiring, is a practicing evangelist (and co-host with Ray Comfort on the TV show ''The Way of the Master'').
In 2002, the sequel, '', based on the first four hundred pages of the second novel, ''Tribulation Force'', was released. The film debuted at #2 on Nielson's video scan reports, behind ''Spider-Man'',[16], and was #1 in terms of overall sales for two days on Amazon.com [17]
The second sequel, '' was released first to churches on October 21, 2005 for church theatrical viewings, and was released to DVD and video on October 25, 2005. The new movie is based very loosely on the final fifty pages of ''Tribulation Force'', and features Louis Gossett Jr. playing the President of the United States, Gerald Fitzhugh. The third movie was the least identifiable with events in any of the books. Recognizable events were the marriages of Buck with Chloe Steele, and Rayford Steele with Amanda White, the death of Bruce Barnes, and President Fitzhugh heading an attack, resulting in World War III, with Great Britain and Egypt, against the Global Community. Major parts of the movie, however, were not in any of the books, including the poisoning of Bibles by GC forces, and an attempt by Fitzhugh to assassinate Nicolae Carpathia. Buck's meeting with the President in the books makes it into the movie, but in a totally different form.
In 2004, Cloud Ten Pictures made a deal with Sony Entertainment to release all of its pictures under the Sony banner and has been doing so ever since.
Except for Clarence Gilyard, the entire cast of ''Left Behind'' and ''Left Behind II: Tribulation Force'' reprised their respective roles for ''Left Behind: World At War''. Clarence Gilyard, who played Bruce Barnes, was unable to return for the third movie due to a scheduling conflict with a play in New York.
As of December 2006, Cloud Ten has announced that the fourth film in the series is now in development, to release in late 2007.
Video game based on the series
The video game '' was developed by a publicly traded company, Left Behind Games. The game is a real-time strategy game where the player controls a 'Tribulation Forces' team and allows the player to "use the power of prayer to strengthen your troops in combat and wield modern military weaponry throughout the game world." The game was released in the United States on November 14, 2006 and received mixed reviews. Distribution was initially planned to work through churches and megachurches.
The game has drawn criticism from some quarters (notably the renowned anti-violent videogame campaigner, Jack Thompson) for giving the player the choice of who to play as (Trib Force or Global Community) and for rewarding the player for killing non-Christian characters.
Parody
Satirical takes on the ''Left Behind'' series include:
★ Earl Lee, ''Kiss My Left Behind'' (Aventine Press, November 2003). ISBN 1-59330-106-5
★ ''Kiss My Left Behind 2: The Tribulation Farce''
★ Nathan D. Wilson, ''Right Behind: A Parody of Last Days Goofiness'' (Canon Press, June 2001). ISBN 1-885767-87-0
★ Nathan D. Wilson, ''Supergeddon: A Really Big Geddon'' (Cannon Press, July 2003). ISBN 1-59128-013-3
★ "Thank God It's Doomsday" (''The Simpsons'' episode, May 2005)
See also
References
1. Left Behind: Military Series
2. Left Behind: Political Series
3. Catholic Answers Special Report: False Profit
4. Leftbehind.com official website of book series. Accessed 2007-9-8
5. Leftbehind.com official website of book series. Accessed 2007-9-8
6. Time magazine. Accessed 2007-9-8
7. Salon.com: Fundamentally unsound
8. http://slacktivist.typepad.com/slacktivist/left_behind/
9. Catholic.com: Recycled Rapture
10. Pentecostal evangel: Conversation with Tim LaHaye - Prophecy-based fiction
11. "Brian McLaren on the Da Vinci Code"; Sojourners Magazine
12. Catholic.com - No Rapture for Rome
13. Tim & Beverly LaHaye: General Teachings/Activities
14. LeftBehind.com - General FAQs
15. Imdb.com: Left Behind (2000) - Box-office/Business
16. clarionledger.com: Audition for TV role or be 'Left Behind'
17. End-Times Thriller ''Left Behind II: Tribulation Force'' Ousts ''Spider-Man'' Over the Weekend to Become the #1 Selling Video Overall on Amazon.com
★ Official website
★ Tyndale Press, website of the publisher
★ Archive of Left Behind radio shows in Real Audio
★ Left Behind: Eternal Forces Game Fansite
★ The New York Times > Opinion > Op-Ed Columnist: Jesus and Jihad, ''The New York Times,'' July 17, 2004
★ The New York Times > Opinion > Op-Ed Columnist: Apocalypse (Almost) Now, ''The New York Times,'' November 24, 2004
★ Slacktivist's "Left Behind" Archives An in-progress page by page critical analysis of the first ''Left Behind'' book.
★ Slate reviews the three Left Behind DVDs
★ A response from the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (PDF)
★ Evangelist Tom Sine on Tim LaHaye and the Left Behind series
Secondary literature
★ Forbes, Bruce David and Jeanne Halgren Kilde (eds.), ''Rapture, Revelation, and the End Times: Exploring the Left Behind Series''. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. ISBN 1-4039-6525-0
★ Frykholm, Amy David. ''Rapture Culture: Left Behind in Evangelical America''. Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-19-515983-7
★ Shuck, Glenn W.. ''Marks Of The Beast: The Left Behind Novels And The Struggle For Evangelical Identity''. New York University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8147-4005-7
★ Gribben, Crawford, ''Rapture Fiction and the Evangelical Crisis''. Evangelical Press, 2006. ISBN 0-85234-610-7.
★ Snow Flesher, LeAnn, "Left Behind? The Facts Behind the Fiction". Valley Forge, Judson Press, 2006. ISBN 0-8170-1490-X
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