(Redirected from Leftism)
In
politics, 'left-wing' and 'the left', on the
left-right political spectrum, is associated, in varying degrees, with social (as opposed to classical)
liberalism,
American liberalism,
social democracy,
socialism,
communism,
syndicalism,
communalism,
communitarianism,
libertarian socialism,
anarchism,
left-libertarianism, some forms of
populism,
anti-colonialism,
green politics, most forms of
progressivism, and the
Religious Left.
The left is generally
secular. However, in some
Roman Catholic countries there is a tradition of
Liberation theology which focuses upon "social justice", and in some
Protestant countries there is a tradition of
Christian Socialism. Religious movements sometimes embrace left-wing politics (the
U.S. civil rights movement is one such example), but these unions often revolve around specific political issues rather than a fundamental convergence.
In the first half of the twentieth century, the
Old Left argued that differences in
social class determined the nature of a society. Between the 1950s and 1960s, this perspective, rooted in
economic determinism, was broadened by the
New Left to include the broad spectrum of
cultural politics:
anti-racism;
affirmative action;
feminism;
environmentalism; and, ultimately, support for the
LGBT civil rights movement.
Center-left,
left of center, and
left liberal refer to the left side of
mainstream politics in
liberal democracies. These support liberal democracy,
representative democracy, some degree of
private property rights and
free markets, high spending on
social welfare, extensive
regulation of the economy, and some
public ownership. Examples of center-left political parties include the British
Labour Party, the American
Democratic Party and the
Social Democratic Party of Germany.
Whereas
Soft left refers to
reformist,
democratic or
parliamentary forms of socialism (for example,
Irving Howe or the
Tribune group),
Hard left refers to socialists who advocate more radical change in society, such as the British politician
Tony Benn or the
Militant Tendency. Organizations described as the
far left, for instance groups affiliated to the
Fourth International adopt more radical versions of left-wing politics and are rooted in the politics of the "old left."
Ultra-left organizations are those deemed to be on the most extreme left of the political spectrum, for example
Italian autonomism.
Origins and history of the term
:''See the
Left-Right politics article for more detailed discussion of the history and development of the term''
The term originates from the
French Revolution, when
liberal deputies from the
Third Estate generally sat to the left of the president's chair, a habit which began in the
Estates General of 1789. The nobility, members of the
Second Estate, generally sat to the right. It is still the tradition in the French
Assemblée Nationale for the representatives to be seated left-to-right (relative to the Assemblée president) according to their political alignment.
As this original reference became obsolete, the meaning of the term has changed, and is now used to denote a broad variety of political philosophies and principles. In contemporary Western political discourse, the term is most often used to describe forms of
socialism,
social democracy, or, in the sense in which the term is understood in the United States,
liberalism.
In the United States, no avowedly Socialist or Communist party ever became a major player in national politics, although the
Social Democratic Party of
Eugene V. Debs and its successor
Socialist Party of America (in the late 19th and early 20th centuries) and the
Communist Party of the United States of America (in the 1930s) made some inroads. While many American "liberals" might be "social democrats" in European terms, few openly embrace the term "left"; in the United States, the term is mainly embraced by
New Left activists, certain portions of the
labor movement, and people who see their intellectual or political heritage as descending from 19th century socialist movements.
Some Greens deny that
green politics is "on the left" as several green proponents of capitalism have proposed what they considered more efficient means to achieve their objectives; nonetheless, green economic policies are generally considered to be left-wing, and when they have formed political coalitions (most notably in
Germany, but also in local governments elsewhere), it has almost always been with groups that classify themselves as on the left.
Left-wing issues
The left has traditionally been concerned with the
lower classes and with combating
oppression. Thus the
industrial revolution saw left-wing politics become associated with the
conditions and
worker's rights in the new industries. This led to movements advocating
social democracy,
socialism and
trade unionism. More recently, the left has criticized what it perceives as the exploitative nature of current forms of
globalization, e.g. the rise of
sweatshops and the "
race to the bottom", and either has sought to promote more just forms of globalization, such as
fair trade, or has sought to allow
nation-states to "delink" or break free of the global economy.
Although specific means of achieving these ends are not agreed upon by different left-wing groups, almost all those on the left agree that some form of government or social intervention in economics is necessary, ranging from
Keynesian economics and the
welfare state through
industrial democracy or the
social market to
nationalization of the economy and central
planning.
As
civil and
human rights gained more attention during the twentieth century, the left has allied itself with advocates of
racial and
gender equality and cultural
tolerance.
Advocacy of government or social intervention in the market puts those on the left at odds with advocates of the
free market.
War and revolution
Main articles: The Left and war
Historically, the left have been opponents of
imperialist and
colonial wars, and have championed anti-colonial rebellions. Opponents argue however that from
Napoleon onwards the left have generally supported military conquests by regimes of whom they approve e.g. the
Soviet Union.
While some segments of the left are inspired by a strict adherence to
pacifism, much left-wing opposition to war arises from
anti-capitalist sentiment; in other words, leftists reject warfare when they believe that
capitalist's will benefit. Left-wing opposition to war is also often characterised by the
internationalist belief that
world's workers share common interests with one another, rather than with the powers governing their respective countries.
First and Second World Wars
The
First World War triggered fierce debate among socialist groups as to the right response to take, with the leaderships of most socialist parties of the
Second International supporting their governments, and a minority of socialists, such as
Rosa Luxemburg and
Lenin opposing the war as imperialist. Left-wing opponents to the war came together at the
Zimmerwald Conference. The Bolshevik's responded to a revolt by soldiers against the First World War with promises of "bread, land and peace". These promises proved to be illusionary however, because once the Bolsheviks seized power there was famine due to enforced collectivisation and a sustained policy of terror.
As a result of the
Nazi-Soviet pact supporters of the
Soviet Union were instructed by
Stalin to describe those who advocated military attacks upon
Nazi Germany as capitalist warmongers, but when
Hitler surprised Stalin by invading Communist occupied
Poland overnight the majority of those on the left who had been opposed the war became supporters of military action against Germany and
Japan.
Spanish Civil War
The
Spanish Civil War was seen by many on the left as an important fight against
fascism. In response to the outbreak of war, some joined
International Brigades or other left-wing
militias organized by trade unions or political parties. Others campaigned for arms embargoes and advocated intervention by the League of Nations.
Vietnam and Iraq anti-war movements
The biggest anti-war movement that involved the western left was that against the military support which the
USA gave to
South Vietnam when it was invaded by Communist
North Vietnam. The protests formed an important part of what was described as a
counter-culture movement whose advocates were advocates of liberty and world peace. Critics argue that the widespread support for these protests amongst those of military age was motivated largely by a desire to avoid military service, and once President
Nixon abolished the draft and began to withdraw American troops from S-E Asia there were no widespread protests by young people about the subsequent suppression of liberty in
Vietnam and
Cambodia that occurred as a consequence of rule by
Marxist governments.
The American-led war in
Iraq led to new anti-war movements. The governments of some
social democratic political parties (such as
Tony Blair's Labour Party) sent their countries' troops to participate in this war. A Left justification for this policy is supplied by, for example,
Oliver Kamm ''Anti-Totalitarianism: The Left-wing Case for a Neo-Conservative Foreign Policy''.
[1] However, most of the left has opposed the war in Iraq. Some claim that the war in Iraq is
imperialist, that
oil and control of the
Middle East and not the removal of regime of
Saddam Hussain were the actual goals. Others seek to draw attention to the fact that some of the justification for the war turned out to be untrue, specifically the claim that Iraq had
weapons of mass destruction.
[2] [3]
Some criticism has been levelled at some left-wing groups for forming anti-war coalitions with
conservative organisations (such as the
paleoconservative Antiwar.com) or with groups led by
fundamentalist Islamists (such as the
Muslim Association of Britain). Some on the French left (especially within
ATTAC) argue that antiwar protests distract from the economic arguments advocated by the
anti-globalisation movement. In the U.S., much left-wing activism was channelled into
Anybody but Bush campaigns, which effectively meant supporting the
centrist Democratic Party. In the U.K, anti-war feeling may have been a factor in a drop in support for the pro-war
Labour Party government, and the cause of gains for the
Liberal Democrats.
The left and political violence
The political term ''left'' arose during the French Revolution, i.e. during a period of
political violence. The political left has a variety of positions on the issue of violence. This has ranged from the
pacificism of the
Independent Labour Party or social democrats' faith in
legal, peaceful means of social change to the advocacy of violence by the
revolutionary left.
Among the advocates of violent revolution were the
Narodniks in
Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They sought to overthrow the oppressive authoritarianism of the
Tsarist state by systematic attacks on the Tsar and his ministers, a strategy known as
propaganda of the deed. Their strategy was hotly debated within the Russian left; for example,
Leon Trotsky wrote:
'In our eyes, individual terror is inadmissible precisely because it belittles the role of the masses in their own consciousness, reconciles them to their own powerlessness, and turns their eyes and hopes toward a great avenger and liberator who someday will come and accomplish his mission.'[4]
Similarly, most
libertarian socialists turned against the Narodniks' terrorism.
[5]
In the 1970s, various left-wing groups sprang up from the
social movements of the time, such as
Weathermen and the
Symbionese Liberation Army in the U.S., the
Angry Brigade in
the UK, the
Baader-Meinhof group in
Germany, the
Red Brigades in
Italy and so on. These groups turned to acts of terrorism in order to either hasten what they deemed progress or in order to shock the populace into dissatisfaction with the status quo. They also considered
armed struggle to be necessary from an
anti-imperialist view point, targeting in some cases
NATO bases or
United States military bases in an attempt to oppose the
Vietnam War. Except in cases where they drew upon existing conflicts, for example the
Provisional IRA, they lacked political support, they were eventually dismantled by the state, which enacted
anti-terrorism legislation to provide it with the "extraordinary means."
[1]
The Left and global justice/anti-corporate globalization
The
Global Justice Movement movement, also known as the
anti-globalisation or
alter-globalization movement, are protesters against global trade agreements and the negative consequences they perceive them to have for the poor and the environment. This movement is generally characterised as left-wing, though some activists within it reject association with the traditional left. There are also those on the right,
Pat Buchanan for example, who oppose globalization on nationalistic grounds. The Global Justice Movement does not oppose globalisation per se, on the contrary, it supports some forms of
internationalism). The main themes of the movement are the reforms of international institutions such as the
World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund, and the creation of an international social justice movement. It rejects the leadership of any
political party, defining itself as a "movement of movements." Free market critics claim that anti-globalization simply re-packages economic policies which have failed to decrease poverty in developing countries.
The left and feminism
:
Main articles: The left and feminism
Early
feminism in the nineteenth century was often, although not always, connected to radical politics. Today,
socialist feminists,
Marxist feminists and
liberal feminists position themselves as on the left of the political spectrum.
Radical feminists however reject the entire left/right distinction.
The left and the Third World
Left wing politics drove many of the anti-colonial movements in Africa, Asia and South America. After the collapse of the Soviet Union most Third World governments however sought funding from the
World Bank. A contemporary exception is Venezuela, which relies on the income generated by its oil reserves.
Some left wing groups in the developing world, such as the
Zapatista Army of National Liberation in
Mexico, argue that the
Western left takes a racist and paternalistic attitude towards developing countries. There is particular criticism of the role played by
NGOs.
The
anti-globalization movement around the world is one of the main generators of support for left-wing social causes of all types. There has however been a decline in support for Stalinist or Maoist politics (Note: there were many anti-Stalinist left-wing movements in developing countries during the Cold War but they were marginalized by the power of the pro-Stalinist movements funded by the Soviet Union.
The left and postmodernism
Left-wing Post-modernist theories reject attempts at universal explanatory theories such as Marxism, deriding them as
grand narratives. They argue for an embrace of culture as the battle grounds for change, rejecting traditional ways of organising such as political parties and
trade unions, focusing instead on critiquing or
deconstruction. Left-wing critics of Post-modernism view it as a reaction to the economic failure of State Socialism (both in Europe and Latin America and the USA) and disillusionment with authoritarian
Communist regimes. They assert that
cultural studies courses inflate the importance of culture through denying the existence of an independent reality.
[6][7][8]
The most famous critique of post-modernism from within the left came in the form of a 1996 prank by
physicist and self-described leftist
Alan Sokal. Concerned about what he saw as the increasing prevalence on the left of "a particular kind of nonsense and sloppy thinking… that denies the existence of objective realities, or…downplays their practical relevance…",
[9] Sokal composed
a nonsensical article entitled "Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity"
[10]
, in which a mix of mis-stated and mis-used terms from
physics,
postmodernism,
literary analysis, and
political theory are used to claim that physical
reality, and especially
gravitation, do not objectively exist, but are psychologically and politically constructed.
The journal ''Social Text'' published the paper in its Spring/Summer 1996 issue, whereupon Sokal publicly revealed his hoax. While some saw Sokal as attacking leftism in general, he was very clear that this was intended as a critique from within:
Politically, I'm angered because most (though not all) of this silliness is emanating from the self-proclaimed Left. We're witnessing here a profound historical ''volte-face''. For most of the past two centuries, the Left has been identified with science and against obscurantism… epistemic relativism betrays this worthy heritage and undermines the already fragile prospects for progressive social critique. Theorizing about “the social construction of reality” won't help us find an effective treatment for AIDS or devise strategies for preventing global warming. Nor can we combat false ideas in history, sociology, economics and politics if we reject the notions of truth and falsity.… The results of my little experiment demonstrate, at the very least, that some fashionable sectors of the American academic Left have been getting intellectually lazy.[9]
Right-wing critics view post-modernism as nihilistic. Gary Jason claims that "''The failure of socialism, both empirically and theoretically, ... brought about a crisis of faith among socialists, and Post-modernism is their response.''"
[12]
Some opponents, such as writer
David Horowitz, claim that post-modernists seek to deride the concept of truth, while at the same time engaging in politically motivated witch hunts of anybody deemed to deviate from
politically correct views.
The Left and Darwinism
The
Left's relationship with
Darwinism has generally been congenial (
Stalin typically excepting himself by supporting
Trofim Lysenko's
Lamarckian views). Around the turn of the 20th century, Socialists of the
Progressive era explicitly opposed the
Spencerian concept of the "
survival of the fittest", and its extension to
Social Darwinism (a cause which Darwin himself opposed).
In 1875
Friedrich Engels wrote a letter to Pyotr Lavrov saying
"I accept the theory of evolution, but Darwin’s method of proof (struggle for life, natural selection) I consider only a first, provisional, imperfect expression of a newly discovered fact. ... The interaction of bodies in nature — inanimate as well as animate — includes both harmony and collision, struggle and cooperation. When therefore a self-styled natural scientist takes the liberty of reducing the whole of historical development with all its wealth and variety to the one-sided and meager phrase "struggle for existence", a phrase which even in the sphere of nature can be accepted only cum grano salis, such a procedure really contains its own condemnation."[13]
In 1902 the
anarchist philosopher and scientist
Peter Kropotkin published the book '', which discussed additional means for the natural selection and evolution of species, beyond "Survival of the Fittest". Written partly as a response to Social Darwinism and in particular to
Thomas H. Huxley's essay, "The Struggle for Existence", published in the magazine ''Nineteenth Century'', Kropotkin drew on his experiences in scientific expeditions during his time in
Siberia to illustrate the phenomenon of cooperation in animal and human communities. After examining the evidence of cooperation among the animals, the "savages", the "barbarians", in the medieval city, and in modern times, he concluded that cooperation and mutual aid are as important in the evolution of the species as competition and mutual strife, if not more important.
Notes
1. Oliver Kamm ''Anti -Totalitarianism: The Left-wing Case for a Neo-Conservative Foreign Policy''2005, London: Social Affairs Unit ISBN 1-904863-06-X
2. Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber, ''Weapons of Mass Deception: The Uses of Propaganda in Bush's War on Iraq'', Tarcher, 2003, ISBN 1585422762, ISBN-13 978-1585422760.
3. Ali A. Allawi, ''The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace'', Yale University Press, 2007, ISBN 0300110154, ISBN-13 978-0300110159.
4. ''Terrorism and Communism'' by Leon Trotsky
5. See Anarchists Against Terrorism for some classic anarchist critiques of terrorism. Notable libertarian socialist and anarchist opponents of propaganda of the deed include Peter Kropotkin, Rudolf Rocker and Fernand Pelloutier.
6. p
7. Postmodernism, commodity fetishism and hegemony, Néstor Kohan, International Socialism, Issue 105.
8. Chomsky on Postmodernism, Noam Chomsky, Z-Magazine's Left On-Line Bulletin Board.
9. A Physicist Experiments With Cultural Studies, Alan Sokal
10. Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity, Alan Sokal, first published in; Social Text, issule 46/47, 1996
11. A Physicist Experiments With Cultural Studies, Alan Sokal
12. Socialism's Last Bastion, Gary Jason, Liberty
13. Engels to Pyotr Lavrov In London, Marx-Engels Correspondence 1875, Marx/Engels Internet Archive (2000)
Bibliography
★ ''Encyclopedia of the American Left'', ed. by Mari Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle, Dan Georgakas, Second Edition, Oxford University Press 1998, ISBN 0-19-512088-4
★ Lin Chun, ''The British New Left'', Edinburgh : Edinburgh Univ. Press, 1993
★ Geoff Eley, ''Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850-2000'', Oxford University Press 2002, ISBN 0-19-504479-7
★
''Marxism on Terrorism'' by
John Molyneux
★
''Terrorism and Communism'' by
Karl Kautsky
See also
Left-wing Ideologies
★
Communism
★
Socialism
★
Anarchism
★
Marxism
★
Marxist feminism
★
Eco-socialism
★
Green politics
★
Democratic socialism
★
Left communism
★
Libertarian socialism
★
Progressivism
★
Social democracy
★
Social Liberalism
★
Syndicalism
★
Religious Left
Left-wing issues
★
Egalitarianism
★
Environmentalism
★
Labour movement
★
Democracy
★
Trade unionism
★
Secularism
★
New Left
★
Liberal elite
★
The Left and war
Related political topics
★
New social movements
★
Political spectrum -- discusses various writers' views of the usefulness (or not) of the Left/Right dichotomy and of alternative spectra.
★
Left-right politics -- discusses the range of various writers' meanings when they use the terms "left" and "right" in a political context.
★
Right-wing politics
★
Post-left anarchy -- discusses anarchist critiques critical of leftism, which attempts to escape the confines of traditional leftist ideology.
★
Social criticism
External links
'Reference sites'
★
The Marxists Internet Archive (a free online Marxist library)
★
The Political Compass an alternate view of the political spectrum
★
Leftist Parties of the World List of present-day leftist parties and organizations of the world, with links to their websites.
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