LIBERALISM AND RADICALISM IN FRANCE

'Liberalism and radicalism in France' do not form the same type of ideology. In fact, the main line of conflict in France during the 19th century was between monarchist opponents of the Republic (mainly Legitimists and Orleanists, but also Bonapartists) and supporters of the Republic (Radicals, "Opportunist Republicans", and later Socialists). Thus, while the Orleanists favored constitutional monarchy and economic liberalism, they were opposed to the Republican Radicals.

Contents

The timeline

19th Century

From the Republicans to Liberal Democracy

From the Radicals to the Radical Party

Rally of Left Republicans

Republican Centre

From Movement of Left Radicals to Left Radical Party

Liberals in the Union for a Popular Movement

Liberal Alternative

Liberal and radical leaders

Liberal thinkers

See also

External links

The timeline

19th Century

★ 1818: Former Feuillants formed the party of the 'Democrats' (''Démocrats''), also named Liberals (''Libéraux'')

★ 1848: A radical faction organised as the ⇒ Radicals, which supported the French Second Republic against the liberal Orleanists

From the Republicans to Liberal Democracy

★ 1901: The moderate-liberal 'Democratic Republican Alliance' (''Alliance Républicaine Démocratique'', ARD) was founded, which quickly became the main center-right party of the Third Republic

★ 1911: The party was renamed 'Democratic Republican Party' (''Parti Républican Progressiste'', PRP), further renamed in 1920 into 'Social and Democratic Republican Party' (''Parti Républicain Démocratique et Social'', PRDS)

★ 1945: The moderate-liberal 'Republican Party of Freedom' (''Parti Républicain de la Liberté '', PRL) is founded

★ 1948: The liberal-conservative 'National Centre of Independents and Peasants' (''Centre National des Indpendants et Paysans'', CNIP) is founded

★ 1949: PRL merged in CNIP

★ 1954: ARD/PRP/PRDS merged in CNIP

★ 1962: The 'Independent Republicans' (''Républicains indépendants'', RI), led by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, left CNIP, after that it decided to withdraw its support to Charles de Gaulle

★ 1977: RI were replaced by the 'Republican Party' (''Parti républicain'', PR)

★ 1978: PR joined forces with the christian-democratic Democratic and Social Centre, the ⇒ Radical Party and the Social Democratic Party to form Union for French Democracy (''Union pour la démocratie française'')

★ 1995: The 'Popular Party for French Democracy' (''Parti populaire pour la démocratie française'', PPDF) is formed by supporters of Giscard within UDF (of which many Republicans)

★ 1997: Alain Madelin taked over the Republican Party and renamed it Liberal Democracy (''Démocratie Libérale'', DL).

★ 1998: DL broke away from UDF, dissidents of DL formed the 'Republican Independent and Liberal Pole' (''Pôle républicain indépendant et libéral'', PRIL), which merged in the New UDF

★ 2002: DL and PPDF merged with the conservative Rally for the Republic to form the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), the main French right-wing party.

From the Radicals to the Radical Party

★ 1848: A Radical faction of the ⇒ Democrats formed the 'Radicals' (''Radicaux'')

★ 1901: The Radicals organised themselves in the 'Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party' (''Parti Républicain Radical et Radical-Socialiste'', Rad)

★ 1956: Dissidents formed the ⇒ Republican Centre and the ⇒ Rally of the Republican Lefts

★ 1961: Pierre Mendès-France, one of the main figure of the Radical Party who put an end to the Indochina War and was opposed to the Algerian War (1954-62), joined the Unified Socialist Party (PSU), a socialist party in favor of workers' self-management (''autogestion'')

★ 1972: A left-wing faction formed the ⇒ Movement of Left Radicals

★ 1978: The party became an affiliated member of the centrist UDF

★ 2002: The party became an affiliated member of the conservative UMP

Rally of Left Republicans

★ 1956: Dissidents from the ⇒ Radical Party formed the 'Rally of the Republican Lefts' (''Rassemblement des Gauchs Républicains'')

★ 1959: The party merged into the Gaullist Union for the New Republic (''Union pour la Nouvelle République'')

Republican Centre

★ 1956: Dissidents from the ⇒ Radical Party formed the 'Republican Centre' (''Centre Républicain'')

★ 1974: A faction returned to the ⇒ Radical Party

★ 1978: The party disappeared

From Movement of Left Radicals to Left Radical Party

★ 1972: A left-wing faction of the ⇒ Radical Party formed the 'Movement of Left Radicals' (''Mouvement des Radicaux de Gauche'', MRG)

★ 1996: The group Reunite (''Réunir'') merged into the party, that is renamed 'Radical-Socialist Party' (''Parti Radical-Socialiste'', PRS)

★ 1998: After another court order the party is renamed 'Left Radical Party' (''Parti Radical de Gauche'', PRG)

Liberals in the Union for a Popular Movement

★ 2002: The Union for a Popular Movement was founded, with the merge of ⇒ Liberal Democracy and of the ⇒ Radical Party, so that UMP includes many liberals: on one side those of the ⇒ Republican tradition (re-grouped in various factions, open also to ex-RPR politicians: the Hervé Novelli and Gérard Longuet, the of Alain Madelin, "Liberal Generation" of Pierre Lellouche and the of Rachid Kaci), on the other the Radicals and other social-liberals.

Liberal Alternative

★ 2006: Liberal Alternative (''Alternative Libérale''), a new autonomous party, is created by classic liberals.

Liberal and radical leaders

★ 19th century: Marie-Joseph Marquis de Lafayette, Benjamin Constant de Rebecque, François Guizot, Adolphe Thiers, Jules Grévy, Léon Gambetta

★ Democratic Republican Alliance: Emile Loubet, Armand Fallières, Paul Deschanel, Raymond Poincaré, Louis Barthou, Albert Lebrun, André Tardieu, André Maginot, Pierre-Étienne Flandin

★ Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party / Radical Party: Émile Combes, Georges Clemenceau, Joseph Caillaux, Gaston Doumergue, Albert Sarraut, Edouard Herriot, Henri Queuille, Edouard Daladier, Camille Chautemps, René Mayer, Gaston Monnerville, André Marie, Pierre Mendès-France, Edgar Faure, Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury, Françoise Giroud, Gabriel Péronnet, Félix Gaillard, Maurice Faure, Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber, André Rossinot, Jean-Paul Alduy, Yves Galland, Didier Bariani, Jean-Louis Borloo, Thierry Cornillet, François Loos, Serge Lepeltier, Renaud Dutreil

★ National Centre of Independents and Peasants: Paul Reynaud (ex-ARD), René Coty (ex-Rad), Joseph Laniel (ex-ARD), Antoine Pinay (ex-ARD), Roger Duchet, Paul Antier

★ Independent Republicans / Republican Party / Liberal Democracy: Louis Jacquinot (ex-CNIP), Raymond Mondon (ex-CNIP), Raymond Marcellin (ex-CNIP), Jean de Broglie (ex-CNIP), Michel Poniatowski (ex-CNIP), Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (ex-CNIP), Simone Veil, Jean-Pierre Soisson, François Léotard, Gérard Longuet, Alain Madelin

★ Movement of Left Radicals / Radical-Socialist Party / Left Radical Party: Robert Fabre (ex-Rad), Michel Crépeau (ex-Rad), Émile Zuccarelli, Roger-Gérard Schwartzenberg, Yvon Collin, Jean-Michel Baylet

★ Union for a Popular Movement (liberal wings): Patrick Devedjian, Jean-Claude Gaudin (ex-PR/DL), Jean-Pierre Raffarin (ex-PR/DL), Hervé Novelli (ex-PR/DL), Claude Goasguen (ex-DL), Pierre Lellouche (ex-DL), Jean-Pierre Gorges (ex-DL), Jean-Luc Roméro (ex-Rad), Rachid Kaci (ex-DL)

★ Union for French Democracy: Gilles de Robien (ex-PR/DL/PRIL), Hervé Morin (ex-PR/DL/PRIL)

Liberal thinkers

In the Contributions to liberal theory the following French thinkers are included:

★ Voltaire (1694-1778)

★ Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

★ Denis Diderot (1713-1784)

★ Charles de Montesquieu (1689-1755)

★ Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794)

★ Benjamin Constant (1767-1830)

★ Frédéric Bastiat (1801-1850)

★ Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859)

★ Émile Durkheim (1858-1917)

★ Raymond Aron (1905-1983)

See also

★ History of France

★ Politics of France

★ List of political parties in France

External links

★ portail politique France Politique

★ interview to Gilles Richard, Professor of Contemporary history at Rennes