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'Liburnians' (or ''Liburni'', Gk.: ''Λιβυρνοί''Scyl. 21; Strab. vi. p. 407, vii. p. 484; Appian, Ill. 12; Steph. B.; Schol. ''ad Nicand.'' 607 ; Pomp. Mela, ii. § 49-50 ; Plin. iii. 23; Flor. ii. 5''''), an ancient people inhabiting the northern Illyricum district called Liburnia^[1]. They, together with the Siculians, had originally occupied the opposite coast of Picenum in a city called Truentum.''Plin. iii. 18'' Corcyra (mod. Corfu) was peopled by them until being expelled by Archias''Strab. vi. p. 407''. So was Issa and neighbouring islands.''Schol. ''ad Apollon.'' iv. 564''
They were considerably extended to the North, for Noricum, it is evident, had been previously inhabited by Liburnian tribes; for the Vindelicians were Liburnians.''Serv. ''ad Virg. Aen.'' i. 243'' Strabo''Strabo iv. p. 306'' makes a distinction between them and the Breuni and Genauni whom he calls Illyrians. The words of Virgil''Serv. ''ad Virg. Aen.'' i. 243'' seem distinctly to term the Veneti Liburnians, for the "innermost realm of the Liburnians" must have been the goal at which Antenor is said to have arrived.

Driven out from the countries between Pannonia and the Veneti by the Gallic invasion, they were compressed within the district from the Titius (mod. Krka) to the Arsia (mod. Raša), which assumed the title of Liburnia. A wild and piratical race''Liv. x. 2'', they used privateers ("lembi," "naves Liburnicae"''naves Liburnicae'') with one very large lanteen sail, which, adopted by the Romans in their struggle with Carthage''Eutrop. ii. 22'' and in the Second Macedonian War''Liv. xlii. 48'', supplanted gradually the high-bulwarked galleys which had formerly been in use.''Caes. ''B. C.'' iii. 5; Hor. ''Epod.'' i. 1.'' Liburnia was afterwards incorporated with the province of Dalmatia, and Iadera (mod. Zadar), its capital, was made a Roman colony. In A.D. 634 Heraclitus invited the Chorvates or Chrobati, who lived on the north side of the Carpathians, in what is now southern Poland (or Gallicin), to occupy the province as vassals of the Empire.''Const. Porph. ''de Adm. Imp.'' c. 31'' This connection with the Byzantine Court, and their occupation of countries which had embraced Christianity in the Apostolic age (Titus was in Dalmatia in the time of St. Paul'' ''Il. Ep. Tim.'' iv. 10''), naturally led to the conversion of these Slavonian strangers as early as the 7th century.'' ''Cf.'' Schafarik, ''Slav. Alt.'' vol. ii. pp. 277-309; Neigebaur, ''Die Sud-Slaven'', pp. 224-244.''

Contents

Settlements and Territories

Liburnians as a non-Illyrian tribe

Language

Religion

See also

Notes

Settlements and Territories

Strabo''Strab. vi. p. 484'' extends the coast-line of Liburnia as far as 1500 stadia; their chief cities were Iadera (mod. Zadar) and the "conventus" or congress of Scardona (mod. Skradin), at which the inhabitants of fourteen towns assembled''Plin. iii. 25''. Besides these, Pliny''Plin. iii. 25'' enumerates the following:-
Alvona (mod. Labin),
Flanona (mod. Plomin),
Tarsatica (mod. Trsat, near Rijeka),
Senia (mod. Senj),
Lopsica (mod. Sveti Juraj),
Ortopula (mod. Jablanac?),
Vegium (mod. Karlobag),
Argyruntum (mod. Starigrad-Paklenica),
Corinium (mod. Karin),
Aenona (mod. Nin)
and Civitas Pasini.
Strabo enumerates the following as the Liburnian Islands''Strab. ii. 186, vi. 484'':-
The Libyrnides (Arbo, Pago, Isola Longa, Coronata &c., which border the coasts of ancient Liburnia, now Murlaka),
Absyrtides^[2] (mod. Cres & Lošinj, cf. Cherso & Ossero),
Cyrictica^[3](mod. Krk, cf. Veglia),
Issa (mod. Vis& Biševo, cf. Lissa),
Tragurium (mod. Trogir, cf. Traù),
the Black Corcyra (mod. Korčula)
and Pharos^[4] (mod. Hvar, ''It.'' 'Lesina').
[Periplus_of_Pseudo-Scylax|Periplus of Scylacis Caryandensis] (§21) enumerates the following coastal cities:-
Lias,
Idassa,
Attienites,
Dyÿrta,
Aloupsoi,
Olsoi,
Pedetai,
Hemionoi,
in detail of which Scylacis notes "these are ruled by women^[5] and the women are free from men, and they mingle with their own slaves and with the men of the nearby territory."^[6]

Liburnians as a non-Illyrian tribe

The recent multi-disciplinary analyses (Yoshamya 2005) confirmed Liburnians not to have been Illyrians. The evidence indicates rather that their language was akin to the Venetic language.^[5]

Language

''Main article:Liburnian language.''

Religion

'Anzotica', the Liburnian goddess of love, counterpart of Venus and Aphrodite, and also ''Ica'', their water goddess of fountains, both appear in Liburnian art of the classical period in traditional Greco-Roman fashion.

See also

★ Liburnian language

★ naves Liburnicae

★ HELVII u Jaderu i Liburniji, [“Helvii in Iader and Liburnia”], Radovi - zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru, 37, Zadar, 1955, 9-37.

★ Liburnski cipus iz Verone (CIL 5, 2200, 8852; CIL 3, 2190), [“Liburnian cipus from Verona”], Diadora, 10, Zadar, 1988, 73-99.

★ Prilog klasifikaciji liburnskih nadgrobnih spomenika, tzv. liburnskih cipusa - sjeverna grupa nalaza, [“Contribution to classification of Liburnian gravestones, so called cipuses - northern group of findings”], Izdanja HAD-a, 13, Arheoloska istrazivanja na otocima Krku, Rabu i u Hrvatskom primorju, Zagreb, 1989, 51-59.

★ Aserijatska skupina liburnskih nadgrobnih spomenika, tzv. liburnskih cipusa, [“Asseriate group of Liburnian gravestones, so called cipuses”], Diadora, 12, Zadar, 1990, 209-299.

★ Zadarska skupina liburnskih nadgrobnih spomenika, tzv. liburnskih cipusa, [“Zadar gropu of Liburnian gravestones, so called Liburnian cipuses”], Diadora, 13, Zadar, 1991, 169-211.

★ Ivo Fadić, experienced researcher on the Liburnians; Archaeological museum in Zadar

★ Barac, L. ''et al.'' ''Y-chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates.'' Eur. J. Human. Genet. 11: 535-542, 2003.

★ Batovic, Sime. ''Sepultures de la peuplade illyrienne des Liburnes.'' Bonn 1962.

★ Batovic, Sime. ''Die Eisenzeit auf dem Gebiet des illyrischen Stammes der Liburnen.'' Archaeologia Jugoslavica 6, 55 p., 1965.

★ Tolk, H.V. ''et al.'' ''MtDNA haplogroups in the populations of Croatian Adriatic Islands.'' Coll. Anthropol. 24: 267-279, 2000.

★ Wilkes, John. ''The Illyrians.'' Blackwell Books, 1992.

★ Yoshamya, Mitjel & Yoshamya, Zyelimer. ''Gan-Veyan: Neo-Liburnic glossary, grammar, culture, genom''. Old-Croatian Archidioms, Monograph I, p. 1 - 1.224, Scientific Society for Ethnogenesis studies, Zagreb 2005.

★ Hellenistic and Roman Relief Pottery in Liburnia by Zdenko Brusic. ISBN 184171030X. [British Archaeological Reports http://www.archaeopress.com/searchBar.asp?QuickSearch=184171030X] (December 8, 1999), 254 pages, 122 plates of drawings and photographs.

Notes

1. ''Λιβυρνίς χώρα,Scyl.; Λιβουρνία, Ptol. ii. 16. § 8, viii. 7 § 7; Plin. iii. 6, 23, 26; ''Peut. Tab.''; Orelli ''Inscr.'' n. 664
2. Where Medea apparently killed her brother Apsyrtus, who was pursuing her.
3. ''Apparently the Curicta of Pliny and Ptolemy, corresponding to the island of Veglia''
4. ''According to Strabo, the Birthplace of Pharos (formerly Paros), founded by the Parians in 384 BC (Diodorus Siculus, 15.13) and also famous for Demetrius of Pharos who, on making common cause with the Romans in 229 BC was made ruler of most of Illyria instead of Queen Tuta (Polybius, 2-10 ff). Cf. Appian, ''Ill''.''
5. Yoshamya, Mitjel & Yoshamya, Zyelimer. ''Gan-Veyan: Neo-Liburnic glossary, grammar, culture, genom''. Old-Croatian Archidioms, Monograph I, p. 1 - 1.224, Scientific Society for Ethnogenesis studies, Zagreb 2005.
6. ''Shipley, Graham. ''The Periplous of Pseudo-Scylax: An Interim Translation.'' 2002.''
7. Yoshamya, Mitjel & Yoshamya, Zyelimer. ''Gan-Veyan: Neo-Liburnic glossary, grammar, culture, genom''. Old-Croatian Archidioms, Monograph I, p. 1 - 1.224, Scientific Society for Ethnogenesis studies, Zagreb 2005.

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