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(Redirected from Lily)
The genus '''Lilium''' are herbaceous flowering plants normally growing from bulbs, comprising a genus of about 110 species in the lily family, Liliaceae. They are important as large showy flowering garden plants, and in literature. Some of the bulbs have been consumed by people. The species in this genus are the true lilies, while other plants with lily in the common name are related to other groups of plants.
Lilies are native to the northern temperate regions. Their range in the Old World extends across much of Europe, the north Mediterranean, across most of Asia to Japan, south to the Nilgiri mountains in India, and south to the Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States.
They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often montane, or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and a single one is known to live as an epiphyte (''L. arboricola''). In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.
Lilies are usually erect leafy stemmed herbs. The majority of species form naked or tunic-less scaly underground bulbs from which they overwinter. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into rhizomes, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop stolons. A few species form bulbs at or near the soil surface .
Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out adventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb.
The large flowers have three petals along with three petal-like sepals, often fragrant, and come in a range of colours ranging through whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds, purples, bronze and even nearly black. Markings include spots, brush strokes and picotees.
The plants are summer flowering. Most species are deciduous, but ''Lilium candidum'' bears a basal rosette of leaves for much of the year. Flowers are formed at the top of a single erect stem, with leaves being borne at intervals up the stem.
Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These include ''Cardiocrinum'' and ''Nomocharis''.
[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]
★ ''Lilium distichum''
★ ''Lilium hansonii''
★ ''Lilium martagon''
★ ''Lilium medeoloides''
★ ''Lilium tsingtauense''
★ ''Lilium debile''
★ ''Lilium bolanderi''
★ ''Lilium columbianum''
★ ''Lilium humboldtii''
★ ''Lilium kelloggii''
★ ''Lilium rubescens''
★ ''Lilium washingtonianum''
★ ''Lilium kelleyanum''
★ ''Lilium maritimum''
★ ''Lilium occidentale''
★ ''Lilium pardalinum''
★ ''Lilium parryi''
★ ''Lilium parvum''
★ ''Lilium canadense''
★ ''Lilium puberulum''
★ ''Lilium grayi''
★ ''Lilium iridollae''
★ ''Lilium michiganense''
★ ''Lilium michauxii''
★ ''Lilium pyrophilum''
★ ''Lilium superbum''
★ ''Lilium catesbaei''
★ ''Lilium philadelphicum''
★ ''Lilium bulbiferum''
★ ''Lilium candidum''
★ ''Lilium chalcedonicum''
★ ''Lilium kesselringianum''
★ ''Lilium ledebourii''
★ ''Lilium szovitsianum''
★ ''Lilium monadelphum''
★ ''Lilium pyrenaicum''
★ ''Lilium rhodopeum''
★ ''Lilium akkusianum''
★ ''Lilium carniolicum''
★ ''Lilium ciliatum''
★ ''Lilium pomponium''
★ ''Lilium ponticum''
★ ''Lilium jankae''
★ ''Lilium albanicum''
★ ''Lilium polyphyllum''
★ ''Lilium auratum''
★ ''Lilium platyphyllum''
★ ''Lilium brownii''
★ ''Lilium japonicum''
★ ''Lilium nobilissimum''
★ ''Lilium rubellum''
★ ''Lilium speciosum''
★ ''Lilium davidii''
★ ''Lilium duchartrei''
★ ''Lilium henryi''
★ ''Lilium lancifolium''
★ ''Lilium lankongense''
★ ''Lilium leichtlinii''
★ ''Lilium papilliferum''
★ ''Lilium rosthornii''
★ ''Lilium amabile''
★ ''Lilium callosum''
★ ''Lilium cernuum''
★ ''Lilium concolor''
★ ''Lilium fargesii''
★ ''Lilium pumilum''
★ ''Lilium xanthellum''
★ ''Lilium amoenum''
★ ''Lilium bakerianum''
★ ''Lilium henrici''
★ ''Lilium lijiangense''
★ ''Lilium lophophorum''
★ ''Lilium mackliniae''
★ ''Lilium nanum''
★ ''Lilium nepalense''
★ ''Lilium oxypetalum''
★ ''Lilium paradoxum''
★ ''Lilium primulinum''
★ ''Lilium sempervivoideum''
★ ''Lilium sherriffiae''
★ ''Lilium souliei''
★ ''Lilium stewartianum''
★ ''Lilium taliense''
★ ''Lilium wardii''
★ ''Lilium arboricola''
★ ''Lilium anhuiense''
★ ''Lilium brevistylum''
★ ''Lilium habaense''
★ ''Lilium huidongense''
★ ''Lilium jinfushanense''
★ ''Lilium matangense''
★ ''Lilium pinifolium''
★ ''Lilium pyi''
★ ''Lilium saccatum''
★ ''Lilium tianschanicum''
★ ''Lilium poilanei''
★ ''Lilium floridum''
★ ''Lilium medogense''
★ ''Lilium leucanthum''
★ ''Lilium puerense''
★ ''Lilium regale''
★ ''Lilium sargentiae''
★ ''Lilium sulphureum''
★ ''Lilium formosanum''
★ ''Lilium longiflorum''
★ ''Lilium philippinense''
★ ''Lilium wallichianum''
★ ''Lilium wenshanense''
★ ''Lilium pensylvanicum''
★ ''Lilium maculatum''
Many species are widely grown in the garden in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Sometimes they may also be grown as potted plants. A large number of ornamental hybrids have been developed. They can be used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as a patio plant.
Some lilies, especially ''Lilium longiflorum'', as well as a few other hybrids, form important cut flower crops. These tend to be forced for particular markets; for instance, ''L. longiflorum'' for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily.
''Lilium'' bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables, although bulbs of some species may be very bitter. The non-bitter bulbs of ''L. lancifolium'', ''L. pumilum'', and especially ''L. brownii'' (called in Chinese) are grown at large scale in China as a luxury or health food, most often sold in dry form. They are eaten especially in the summer, for their ability to reduce internal heat. They may be reconstituted and stir-fried, grated and used to thicken soup, or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparison with the potato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.
Although they are believed to be safe for humans to eat, there are reports of nephrotoxicosis (kidney failure) in cats which have eaten some species of ''Lilium'' and ''Hemerocallis'' [1].
Lilies are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including The Dun-bar.
Numerous forms are grown for the garden, and most of these are hybrids. They vary according to their parent species, and are classified in the following broad groups;
★ 'Species' (Division IX). All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group.
★ 'Asiatic hybrids' (Division I). These are plants with medium sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. They are derived from central and East Asian species.
★ 'Martagon hybrids' (Division II). These are based on ''L. martagon'' and ''L. hansonii''. The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved).
★ 'Candidum hybrids' (Division III). This includes hybrids of ''L. candidum'' with several other mostly European species.
★ 'American hybrids' (Division IV). These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from ''L. pardalinum''. Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks.
★ 'Longiflorum hybrids' (Division V). These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies. They are most important as plants for cut flowers, and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids.
★ 'Trumpet lilies' (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids. This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species, including ''L. regale'' and ''L. aurelianse''. The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant.
★ 'Oriental hybrids' (Division VII). These are based on hybrids of ''L. auratum'' and ''L. speciosum'', together with crossbreeds from several mainland Asiatic species. They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. An example is Lilium "Stargazer".
★ 'Other hybrids' (Division VIII). Includes all other garden hybrids.
Liliums can be propagated in several ways;
★ by division of the bulbs,
★ by growing-on ''bulbils'' which are adventitious bulbs formed on the stem,
★ by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb,
★ by seed; seed germination patterns are variable and can be complex.
The botanic name ''Lilium'' is the Latin form and is a Linnaean name. The Latin name is derived from the Greek ''leirion'', which is generally assumed to be the Madonna lily. [2]
1. Taxonomical division in sections follows: Harold Comber, 1949. "A new classification of the genus Lilium." Lily Yearbook, Royal Hortic. Soc., London. 15:86-105.
2. Taxonomy basically from: Govaerts, R. (2006). World Checklist of Liliaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/ accessed 15 September 2006; 20:36 GMT
3. Taxonomy of Section ''Pseudolirium'' from: Flora of North America, Vol. 26, Online
4. Taxonomy of Section ''Liriotypus'' in consideration of: I. Resetnik, Z. Liber, Z. Satovic, P. Cigic, T. Nikolic: ''Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Lilium carniolicum group (Liliaceae) based on nuclear ITS sequences'', in: Plant Systematics and Evolution, 265: 45–58 (2007)
5. Taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections): Flora of China, Vol. 24, Online
6. Taxonomy of Section ''Archelirion'' in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Arakawa Katsuro, Nagamine Tsukasa: ''Phylogenetic Analysis of Section Sinomartagon in Genus Lilium Using Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region in Nuclear Ribosomal DNA'', in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.51, No.1, pp. 39-46
7. Taxonomy of Section ''Archelirion'' in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Nagamine Tsukasa: ''Phylogenetic Relationships among Lilium auratum Lindley, L. auratum var. platyphyllum Baker and L. rubellum Baker Based on Three Spacer Regions in Chloroplast DNA'', in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.52, No.3, pp. 207-213
''Lily Seed Germination types''
RHS Lily Group Seed Exchange [3]]
★ Flora Europaea: ''Lilium''
★ Flora of China: ''Lilium''
★ Flora of Nepal: ''Lilium'' species list
★ Flora of North America: ''Lilium''
★ Online Lily Register, over 9400 entries ''Lilium''
★ de Florum: ''Lilium'' species
★ North American Lily Society
★ Royal Horticultural Society Lily Group
The genus '''Lilium''' are herbaceous flowering plants normally growing from bulbs, comprising a genus of about 110 species in the lily family, Liliaceae. They are important as large showy flowering garden plants, and in literature. Some of the bulbs have been consumed by people. The species in this genus are the true lilies, while other plants with lily in the common name are related to other groups of plants.
Range
Lilies are native to the northern temperate regions. Their range in the Old World extends across much of Europe, the north Mediterranean, across most of Asia to Japan, south to the Nilgiri mountains in India, and south to the Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States.
They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often montane, or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and a single one is known to live as an epiphyte (''L. arboricola''). In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.
Botany
Lilies are usually erect leafy stemmed herbs. The majority of species form naked or tunic-less scaly underground bulbs from which they overwinter. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into rhizomes, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop stolons. A few species form bulbs at or near the soil surface .
Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out adventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb.
The large flowers have three petals along with three petal-like sepals, often fragrant, and come in a range of colours ranging through whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds, purples, bronze and even nearly black. Markings include spots, brush strokes and picotees.
The plants are summer flowering. Most species are deciduous, but ''Lilium candidum'' bears a basal rosette of leaves for much of the year. Flowers are formed at the top of a single erect stem, with leaves being borne at intervals up the stem.
Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These include ''Cardiocrinum'' and ''Nomocharis''.
Taxonomy
[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]
''Lilium martagon var. cattaniae'', Rhodope-Mountains, Greece
Section Martagon
★ ''Lilium distichum''
★ ''Lilium hansonii''
★ ''Lilium martagon''
★ ''Lilium medeoloides''
★ ''Lilium tsingtauense''
★ ''Lilium debile''
Section Pseudolirium
★ ''Lilium bolanderi''
★ ''Lilium columbianum''
★ ''Lilium humboldtii''
★ ''Lilium kelloggii''
★ ''Lilium rubescens''
★ ''Lilium washingtonianum''
''Lilium parvum var. hallidayi''
★ ''Lilium kelleyanum''
★ ''Lilium maritimum''
★ ''Lilium occidentale''
★ ''Lilium pardalinum''
★ ''Lilium parryi''
★ ''Lilium parvum''
★ ''Lilium canadense''
★ ''Lilium puberulum''
★ ''Lilium grayi''
★ ''Lilium iridollae''
★ ''Lilium michiganense''
★ ''Lilium michauxii''
★ ''Lilium pyrophilum''
★ ''Lilium superbum''
★ ''Lilium catesbaei''
★ ''Lilium philadelphicum''
''Lilium akkusianum'', Akkus, Turkey
Section Liriotypus
★ ''Lilium bulbiferum''
★ ''Lilium candidum''
★ ''Lilium chalcedonicum''
★ ''Lilium kesselringianum''
★ ''Lilium ledebourii''
★ ''Lilium szovitsianum''
★ ''Lilium monadelphum''
★ ''Lilium pyrenaicum''
★ ''Lilium rhodopeum''
★ ''Lilium akkusianum''
★ ''Lilium carniolicum''
★ ''Lilium ciliatum''
★ ''Lilium pomponium''
★ ''Lilium ponticum''
★ ''Lilium jankae''
★ ''Lilium albanicum''
★ ''Lilium polyphyllum''
Section Archelirion
''Lilium speciosum''
★ ''Lilium auratum''
★ ''Lilium platyphyllum''
★ ''Lilium brownii''
★ ''Lilium japonicum''
★ ''Lilium nobilissimum''
★ ''Lilium rubellum''
★ ''Lilium speciosum''
Section Sinomartagon
★ ''Lilium davidii''
★ ''Lilium duchartrei''
★ ''Lilium henryi''
★ ''Lilium lancifolium''
★ ''Lilium lankongense''
★ ''Lilium leichtlinii''
★ ''Lilium papilliferum''
★ ''Lilium rosthornii''
★ ''Lilium amabile''
★ ''Lilium callosum''
★ ''Lilium cernuum''
★ ''Lilium concolor''
★ ''Lilium fargesii''
★ ''Lilium pumilum''
★ ''Lilium xanthellum''
''Lilium lophophorum'', Yunnan, China
''Lilium wardii''
★ ''Lilium amoenum''
★ ''Lilium bakerianum''
★ ''Lilium henrici''
★ ''Lilium lijiangense''
★ ''Lilium lophophorum''
★ ''Lilium mackliniae''
★ ''Lilium nanum''
★ ''Lilium nepalense''
★ ''Lilium oxypetalum''
★ ''Lilium paradoxum''
★ ''Lilium primulinum''
★ ''Lilium sempervivoideum''
★ ''Lilium sherriffiae''
★ ''Lilium souliei''
★ ''Lilium stewartianum''
★ ''Lilium taliense''
★ ''Lilium wardii''
★ ''Lilium arboricola''
★ ''Lilium anhuiense''
★ ''Lilium brevistylum''
★ ''Lilium habaense''
★ ''Lilium huidongense''
★ ''Lilium jinfushanense''
★ ''Lilium matangense''
★ ''Lilium pinifolium''
★ ''Lilium pyi''
★ ''Lilium saccatum''
★ ''Lilium tianschanicum''
★ ''Lilium poilanei''
★ ''Lilium floridum''
★ ''Lilium medogense''
''Lilium habaense'', Yunnan, China
Section Leucolirion
★ ''Lilium leucanthum''
★ ''Lilium puerense''
★ ''Lilium regale''
★ ''Lilium sargentiae''
★ ''Lilium sulphureum''
★ ''Lilium formosanum''
★ ''Lilium longiflorum''
★ ''Lilium philippinense''
★ ''Lilium wallichianum''
★ ''Lilium wenshanense''
Section Daurolirion
★ ''Lilium pensylvanicum''
★ ''Lilium maculatum''
Uses
Many species are widely grown in the garden in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Sometimes they may also be grown as potted plants. A large number of ornamental hybrids have been developed. They can be used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as a patio plant.
Some lilies, especially ''Lilium longiflorum'', as well as a few other hybrids, form important cut flower crops. These tend to be forced for particular markets; for instance, ''L. longiflorum'' for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily.
''Lilium'' bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables, although bulbs of some species may be very bitter. The non-bitter bulbs of ''L. lancifolium'', ''L. pumilum'', and especially ''L. brownii'' (called in Chinese) are grown at large scale in China as a luxury or health food, most often sold in dry form. They are eaten especially in the summer, for their ability to reduce internal heat. They may be reconstituted and stir-fried, grated and used to thicken soup, or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparison with the potato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.
Although they are believed to be safe for humans to eat, there are reports of nephrotoxicosis (kidney failure) in cats which have eaten some species of ''Lilium'' and ''Hemerocallis'' [1].
Lilies are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including The Dun-bar.
Classification of garden forms
Asiatic hybrid flower
Numerous forms are grown for the garden, and most of these are hybrids. They vary according to their parent species, and are classified in the following broad groups;
★ 'Species' (Division IX). All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group.
★ 'Asiatic hybrids' (Division I). These are plants with medium sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. They are derived from central and East Asian species.
★ 'Martagon hybrids' (Division II). These are based on ''L. martagon'' and ''L. hansonii''. The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved).
★ 'Candidum hybrids' (Division III). This includes hybrids of ''L. candidum'' with several other mostly European species.
★ 'American hybrids' (Division IV). These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from ''L. pardalinum''. Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks.
★ 'Longiflorum hybrids' (Division V). These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies. They are most important as plants for cut flowers, and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids.
★ 'Trumpet lilies' (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids. This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species, including ''L. regale'' and ''L. aurelianse''. The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant.
★ 'Oriental hybrids' (Division VII). These are based on hybrids of ''L. auratum'' and ''L. speciosum'', together with crossbreeds from several mainland Asiatic species. They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. An example is Lilium "Stargazer".
★ 'Other hybrids' (Division VIII). Includes all other garden hybrids.
Propagation and growth
Liliums can be propagated in several ways;
★ by division of the bulbs,
★ by growing-on ''bulbils'' which are adventitious bulbs formed on the stem,
★ by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb,
★ by seed; seed germination patterns are variable and can be complex.
Names
The botanic name ''Lilium'' is the Latin form and is a Linnaean name. The Latin name is derived from the Greek ''leirion'', which is generally assumed to be the Madonna lily. [2]
References
1. Taxonomical division in sections follows: Harold Comber, 1949. "A new classification of the genus Lilium." Lily Yearbook, Royal Hortic. Soc., London. 15:86-105.
2. Taxonomy basically from: Govaerts, R. (2006). World Checklist of Liliaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/ accessed 15 September 2006; 20:36 GMT
3. Taxonomy of Section ''Pseudolirium'' from: Flora of North America, Vol. 26, Online
4. Taxonomy of Section ''Liriotypus'' in consideration of: I. Resetnik, Z. Liber, Z. Satovic, P. Cigic, T. Nikolic: ''Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Lilium carniolicum group (Liliaceae) based on nuclear ITS sequences'', in: Plant Systematics and Evolution, 265: 45–58 (2007)
5. Taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections): Flora of China, Vol. 24, Online
6. Taxonomy of Section ''Archelirion'' in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Arakawa Katsuro, Nagamine Tsukasa: ''Phylogenetic Analysis of Section Sinomartagon in Genus Lilium Using Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region in Nuclear Ribosomal DNA'', in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.51, No.1, pp. 39-46
7. Taxonomy of Section ''Archelirion'' in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Nagamine Tsukasa: ''Phylogenetic Relationships among Lilium auratum Lindley, L. auratum var. platyphyllum Baker and L. rubellum Baker Based on Three Spacer Regions in Chloroplast DNA'', in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.52, No.3, pp. 207-213
See also
''Lily Seed Germination types''
RHS Lily Group Seed Exchange [3]]
External links
★ Flora Europaea: ''Lilium''
★ Flora of China: ''Lilium''
★ Flora of Nepal: ''Lilium'' species list
★ Flora of North America: ''Lilium''
★ Online Lily Register, over 9400 entries ''Lilium''
★ de Florum: ''Lilium'' species
★ North American Lily Society
★ Royal Horticultural Society Lily Group
Gallery
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