LIST OF DYS MARKERS

The following DYS (DNA Y-chromosome Segment) markers are commonly used in genealogical DNA testing.
DYS454 is the least varying Y-STR marker, and multi-copy marker DYS464 is the most varying Y-STR marker.
The location on the Y chromosome of numbered DYS markers can be roughly given with cytogenetic localization. For example DYS449 is located at Yp11.2 - meaning the Y chromosome, petit arm, band 1, sub-band 1, sub-sub-band 2 - DYS449^[1].

Contents

Mutation rates

DYS markers

Notes & References

See also

External links

Mutation rates

Mutation rates are those per generation, as estimated in Chandler (2006)^[2]. The quoted estimated errors are typically +/- 15-20%. Alternative estimates from observed pedigrees are also available for some markers ^[3].
It appears that some trinucleotide markers may have much higher mutation rates at some repeat lengths than at others. For example, variation of the trinucleotide DYS 388 is generally very slow in most haplogroups, when it takes the values 11-13. But there appears to be much greater variation and more rapid mutation in Haplogroup J, where it typically has values 14-18. Similarly the trinucleotide DYS 392 is reported to be "fast" in haplogroups N and Q, where it takes values 14-16 which are rare in other groups. ^[4].

DYS markers

DYS#	notes	DNA sequence repeat motif	alleles	mutation rate	links
DYS19	''see DYS394''	—	—	—	—
DYS385	DYS385 is a multi-copy marker, and includes DYS385a and DYS385b. The order of DYS385a and DYS385b may be reversed, their sequence is referred to as the Kittler order.	GAAA	7 - 28	0.00226	NIST fact sheet
DYS388		ATT	10-16	0.00022 [5]
DYS389	DYS389 is a multi-copy marker, and includes DYS389i and DYS389ii. DYS389ii refers to the total length of DYS389. Therefore, when there is a one step mutation at DYS389i, it will also appear in DYS389ii.	(TCTG) (TCTA) (TCTG) (TCTA)	i:9-17ii:24-34	0.00186, 0.00242	NIST fact sheet
DYS390		(TCTA) (TCTG)	17-28	0.00311	NIST fact sheet
DYS391		TCTA	6-14	0.00265	NIST fact sheet
DYS392		TAT	6-17	0.00052 5	NIST fact sheet
DYS393	DYS393 is also known as 'DYS395'.	AGAT	9-17	0.00076	NIST fact sheet
DYS394	DYS394 is also known as 'DYS19'.	TAGA	10-19	0.00151	NIST fact sheet
DYS413	Found in the Palindromic region of the Y DNA
DYS425	DYS425 is associated with the defining SNP for haplogroup I1b2a1, as the SNP M284 can render a null value at this marker. It is also commonly a place of occurrence for a recLOH which can render a null value.	TGT	10-15	5
DYS426		GTT	10-12	0.00009 5	NIST fact sheet
DYS434		TAAT (CTAT)	9-12		NIST fact sheet
DYS435		TGGA	9-13
DYS436		GTT	9-15	5
DYS437		TCTA	13-17	0.00099	NIST fact sheet
DYS438		TTTTC	6-14	0.00055	NIST fact sheet
DYS439	DYS439 is also known as 'Y-GATA-A4'. DYS439 is associated with the defining SNP for haplogroup R1b1c9a, as the SNP can render a null value at this marker.	AGAT	9-14	0.00477	NIST fact sheet
DYS441		CCTT	12-18		A novel multiplex PCR system
DYS442		TATC	10-14	0.00324	A novel multiplex PCR system
DYS443		TTCC	12-17
DYS444		TAGA	11-15		A novel multiplex PCR system
DYS445		TTTA	10-13		A novel multiplex PCR system
DYS446		TCTCT	10-18		Sorenson Marker Details
DYS447		TAA'W'A	22-29	0.00264	NIST fact sheet
DYS448		AGAGAT	20-26	0.00135	NIST fact sheet
DYS449		TTTC	26-36	0.00838	Sorenson Marker Details GDB fact sheet
DYS450		TTTTA	8-11
DYS452		'Y'ATAC	27-33
DYS453		AAAT	9-13
DYS454	DYS454 is the least varying Y-STR marker commonly used in genealogical DNA testing. Of the entries for DYS454 at Ybase, 96% have 11 repeats, 3% have 10 repeats, and 2% have 12 repeats (source).	AAAT	10-12	0.00016
DYS455		AAAT	8-12	0.00016	Sorenson Marker Details
DYS456		AGAT	13-18	0.00735	Sorenson Marker Details
DYS458		GAAA	13-20	0.00814	Sorenson Marker Details
DYS459	This is a multi-copy marker, and includes DYS459a and DYS459b.	TAAA	7-10	0.00132
DYS460	DYS460 was originally known as Y-GATA-A7.1.	ATAG	7-12	0.00402	NIST fact sheet
DYS461	DYS461 was originally known as Y-GATA-A7.2.	(TAGA) CAGA	8-14		NIST fact sheet
DYS462		TATG	8-14
DYS463		AA'R'GG	18-27		GDB fact sheet
DYS464	DYS464 is a multi-copy marker, and includes DYS464a, DYS464b, DYS464c, and DYS464d. Rarely it can also include DYS464e, DYS464f, and DYS464g. DYS464 is the most varying Y-STR marker (source). This marker can also be typed with separate g-types and c-types to increase resolution. The type variance is based on a SNP that can be found in most R1b haplogroup males. It is part of the Palindromic region of Y DNA	CCTT	9-20	0.00566	Forensic value of the multicopy Y-STR marker DYS464 DYS464X testing DYS464 discrepancies
DYS481		CTT	20-30	5
DYS485		TTA	10-18	5
DYS487		ATT	12-14	5
DYS490		TTA	12-16	5
DYS494		TAT	10	5
DYS495		AAT	12-18	5
DYS497		TAT	13-16	5
DYS504
DYS505		TCCT	9-15
DYS508		TATC	8-15
DYS520		ATA'S'	18-26
DYS522		GATA	8-17
DYS525		TAGA	9-12
DYS531		AAAT	11-13
DYS532		CTTT	9-17
DYS533		ATCT	9-14
DYS534		CTTT	10-20
DYS540		TTAT	10-13
DYS549		AGAT	10-14
DYS556		AATA	8-12
DYS557		TTTC
DYS565		TAAA	9-14
DYS570		TTTC	12-23	0.00790	GDB fact sheet
DYS572		AAAT	8-12
DYS573		TTTA	8-11
DYS575		AAAT	8-12
DYS576		AAAG	13-21	0.01022
DYS578		AAAT	7-10
DYS589		TTATT	13
DYS594		TAAAA	8-11
DYS607		AAGG	8-20	0.00411
DYS612
DYS614
DYS626		AAAG
DYS632		CATT
DYS635	Also known as 'Y-GATA-C4'	T'S'TA compound	17-27
DYS636
DYS638		TTTA	10-12
DYS641		TAAA	7-11
DYS643		CTTTT	7-15
DYS714
DYS716
DYS717
DYS724	Palindromic; also known as 'CDY'			0.03531	GDB Fact Sheet
DYS725	Palindromic
DYS726	YSTR marker in the pericentromeric region.		11-16
DYF371	DYF371 is a multicopy, palindromic region marker. Includes the DYS425 marker & can be informative in cases of null values at that marker.
DYF385S1	Duplicated YSTR marker in close proximity to DYS459		9-12
DYF397	DYF397 is a palindromic region marker.
DYF399S1	An asymmetric three allele STR locus that can be used to observe deletions and recombinational rearrangements in the palindromic region of the Y chromosome.		17-29 (many incomplete alleles)		nomenclature
DYF401	DYF401 is a palindromic region marker.
DYF406S1
DYF408	DYF408 is a palindromic region marker.
DYF411	DYF411 is a palindromic region marker.
DXYS156
YCAII	YCAII is a multi-copy marker which includes YCAIIa & YCAIIb			0.00123
Y-GATA-H4		TAGA	8-13 (25-30)	0.00208	NIST fact sheet
Y-GATA-C4	''see DYS635''	—	—	—	—
Y-GATA-A10		TAGA	13-18		NIST fact sheet
Y-GGAAT-1B07

Notes & References

1. DYS449 in the GDB Human Genome Database
2. Chandler (2006) (but see also this mailing list discussion )
3. YHRD mutation rates
4. GENEALOGY-DNA-L Archives — DYS 388 Mutation Rate?
5. Trinucleotide - see #Mutation rates


★ Kayser et al (2004), A Comprehensive Survey of Human Y-Chromosomal Microsatellites Am. J. Hum. Genet., '74' 1183-1197. NB online only data file

See also

★ List of binary polymorphisms

★ List of DXS markers

External links

★ Y STR fact sheet

★ Y-DNA Testing Company STR Marker Comparison Chart

★ SMGF Y Marker Details