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Established in the Constitution of 1993, the President of the Republic is the Chief of the State and represents the republic in official international matters. The presidential term is five years; incumbents cannot be re-elected for a second consecutive term. The official name is 'President of the Republic' (''Presidente de la República'').

Contents

History

Current living Former Presidents

Presidents of the Republic (1821-Present)

Notes

See also

History

Durings its more than 180 years of independence, Peru has been ruled by the military leaders who fought for independence, the leaders of the War of the Pacific, representatives of the aristocracy, and democratically-elected leaders. Also, the history of the presidency has involved civil wars, coups and violence. More than once, several individuals claimed the right to be president at the same time.
Different titles have been used, such as "Protector of Peru" (used by San Martin), "Liberator of Peru" (used by Bolivar) and "Supreme Protector" (by Santa Cruz).
The following table contains a list of the individuals who have served as president of Peru.

Current living Former Presidents

#Francisco Morales Bermúdez (1975-1980)
#Alberto Fujimori (1990-2000)
#Alejandro Toledo (2001-2006)

Presidents of the Republic (1821-Present)

# Order		President	Inaugurated	Left office	Form of Entry	Title
1		'José de San Martín'	July 28, 1821	September 20, 1822	Indirect elections	Protector
-		'Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro'	September 20, 1822	September 22, 1822	Indirect elections	Interim caretaker
2		'José La Mar'	September 22, 1822	February 27, 1823	Elected by Congress	President of the Government Junta
-		'José Bernardo de Tagle, Marquis of Torre-Tagle'	February 27, 1823	February 28, 1823		Interim caretaker
3		'José de la Riva Agüero'	February 28, 1823	June 23, 1823	Elected by Congress
4		'Antonio José de Sucre'	June 23, 1823	July 17, 1823	Elected by Congress
5		'José Bernardo de Tagle, Marquis of Torre-Tagle'	July 17, 1823	February 17, 1824	Elected by Congress	Supreme Delegate
6		'Simón Bolívar'	February 17, 1824	January 28, 1827	Elected by Congress	Liberator of Peru
7		'Andrés de Santa Cruz'	January 28, 1827	June 9, 1827	Elected by Congress	President of the Government Council
-		'Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano'	June 9, 1827	August 22, 1827	Elected by Congress	Interim caretaker
8		'José La Mar'	August 22, 1827	June 7, 1829	Direct Elections
-		'Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente'	June 7, 1829	September 1, 1829	Coup d'état
9		'Agustín Gamarra'	September 1, 1829	December 20, 1833	Elected by Congress
-		'Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro'	December 20, 1833	December 21, 1833	Elected by Congress	Interim caretaker
10		'Luis José de Orbegoso y Moncada'	December 21, 1833	August 11, 1836	Elected by Congress
-		'Pedro Pablo Bermúdez'[1]	January 4, 1833	April 24, 1834	Coup d'état	Provisional Supreme Ruler
-		'Felipe Santiago Salaverry'[2]	February 23, 1835	February 7, 1836	Coup d'état	Supreme Legislator
-		'Andrés de Santa Cruz'[3]	August 11, 1836	August 25, 1838		Supreme Protector of the Confederation
11		'Agustín Gamarra'	August 25, 1838	November 18, 1841	Elected by Congress
-		'Manuel Menéndez'	November 18, 1841	August 16, 1842	Interim caretaker	President of the Government Council
-		'Juan Crisóstomo Torrico'	August 16, 1842	October 17, 1842	Coup d'état
-		'Francisco Vidal'[4]	October 17, 1842	March 15, 1843	Coup d'état
-		'Justo Figuerola'	March 15, 1843	March 20, 1843	Coup d'état
-		'Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco'	March 20, 1843	June 17, 1844	Selfproclaimed President
-		'Domingo Nieto'	March 20, 1843	February 17, 1844	Selfproclaimed President
-		'Ramón Castilla'	February 17, 1844	August 10, 1844	Elected in replace of Domingo Nieto
-		'Domingo Elías'	June 17, 1844	August 10, 1844	Selfproclaimed President
-		'Manuel Menéndez'	August 10, 1844	August 11, 1844	Interim caretaker	President of the Government Council
-		'Justo Figuerola'	August 11, 1844	October 7, 1844	Coup d'état
-		'Manuel Menéndez'	October 7, 1844	April 20, 1845	Interim caretaker	President of the Government Council
12		'Ramón Castilla'	April 20, 1845	April 20, 1851	Direct Elections
13		'José Rufino Echenique'	April 20, 1851	January 5, 1855	Direct Elections
14		'Ramón Castilla'	January 5, 1855	October 24, 1862	Coup d'état Direct Elections
15		'Miguel de San Román'	October 24, 1862	April 3, 1863	Direct Elections
-		'Ramón Castilla'	April 3, 1863	April 9, 1863	Revolution Selproclaimed President
-		'Pedro Diez Canseco'	April 3, 1863	August 5, 1863	Interim caretaker	Second Vicepresident
16		'Juan Antonio Pezet'	August 5, 1863	April 25, 1865		First Vicepresident
-		'Mariano Ignacio Prado'	April 25, 1865	June 24, 1865	Coup d'état
17		'Juan Antonio Pezet'	June 24, 1865	November 8, 1865
-		'Pedro Diez Canseco'	November 8, 1865	November 28, 1865	Interim caretaker
18		'Mariano Ignacio Prado'	November 28, 1865	January 8, 1868	Direct Elections
-		'Pedro Diez Canseco'	January 8, 1868	August 2, 1868	Interim caretaker
19		'José Balta'	August 2, 1868	July 22, 1872	Direct Elections
-		'Tomás Gutiérrez'	July 22, 1872	July 26, 1872	Coup d'état	Supreme Leader of the Nation
-		'Francisco Diez Canseco'	July 26, 1872	July 27, 1872	Interim caretaker
-		'Mariano Herencia Zevallos'	July 27, 1872	August 2, 1872	Interim caretaker
20		'Manuel Pardo'	August 2, 1872	August 2, 1876	Direct Elections
21		'Mariano Ignacio Prado'	August 2, 1876	December 23, 1879	Direct Elections
-		'Nicolás de Piérola'	December 23, 1879	November 28, 1881	Coup d'état	Commander in Chief of the State
22		'Francisco García Calderón'	March 12, 1881	September 28, 1881	Elected by Congress Chilean Occupation (Lima)	Provisional President of the Republic
23		'Lizardo Montero Flores'	September 28, 1881	November 6, 1881	Elected by Congress Chilean Occupation (Arequipa)	Provisional President of the Republic
24		'Andrés Avelino Cáceres'	November 6, 1881	December 25, 1882	Selfproclaimed Chilean Occupation (Central Peru)	President of the Republic
-		'Miguel Iglesias'	November 6, 1881	December 25, 1882	Elected by Congress Chilean Occupation (Cajamarca)	Regenerator President of the Republic
-		'Antonio Arenas'	December 3, 1885	June 5, 1885	Interim caretaker	President of the Government Junta
25		'Andrés Avelino Cáceres'	June 5, 1886	August 10, 1890	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
26		'Remigio Morales Bermúdez'	August 10, 1890	April 1, 1894	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
-		'Justiniano Borgoño'	April 1, 1894	August 10, 1894	Interim caretaker	President of the Government Junta
27		'Andrés Avelino Cáceres'	August 10, 1894	March 20, 1895	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
-		'Manuel Candamo'	March 20, 1895	September 8, 1895	Interim caretaker	President of the Government Junta
28		'Nicolás de Piérola'	September 8, 1895	September 8, 1899	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
29		'Eduardo López de Romaña'	September 8, 1899	September 8, 1903	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
30		'Manuel Candamo'	September 8, 1903	May 7, 1904	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
-		'Serapio Calderón'	May 7, 1904	September 24, 1904	Interim caretaker	President of the Government Junta
31		'José Pardo y Barreda'	September 24, 1904	September 24, 1908	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
32		'Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo'	September 24, 1908	September 24, 1912	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
33		'Guillermo Billinghurst'	September 24, 1912	February 4, 1914	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
-		'Óscar Benavides'	February 4, 1914	August 18, 1915	Coup d'état
34		'José Pardo y Barreda'	August 18, 1915	July 4, 1919	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
35		'Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo'	July 4, 1919	August 25, 1930	Direct Elections Coup d'état	Constitutional President
-		'Manuel María Ponce Brousset'	August 25, 1930	August 27, 1930	Interim caretaker
-		'Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro'	August 27, 1930	March 1, 1931	Coup d'état	1st President of the Provisional Government Junta
-		'Ricardo Leoncio Elías Arias'	March 1, 1931	March 5, 1931	Coup d'état	2nd President of the Provisional Government Junta
-		'Gustavo Jiménez'	March 5, 1931	March 11, 1931	Coup d'état	3rd President of the Provisional Government Junta
-		'David Samanez Ocampo'	March 11, 1931	December 8, 1931	Interim caretaker	President of the Southern Junta
36		'Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro'	December 8, 1931	April 30, 1933	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
37		'Óscar Benavides'	April 30, 1933	December 8, 1939	Elected by Congress	Constitutional President
38		'Manuel Prado y Ugarteche'	December 8, 1939	July 28, 1945	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
39		'José Luis Bustamante y Rivero'	July 28, 1945	October 29, 1948	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
-		'Manuel Odría'	October 29, 1948	June 1, 1950	Coup d'état
-		'Zenón Noriega Agüero'	June 1, 1950	July 28, 1950	Interim caretaker
40		'Manuel Odría'	July 28, 1950	July 28, 1956	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
41		'Manuel Prado y Ugarteche'	July 28, 1956	July 18, 1962	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
-		'Ricardo Pérez Godoy'	July 18, 1962	March 3, 1963	Coup d'état	1st President of the Military Junta
-		'Nicolás Lindley'	March 3, 1963	July 28, 1963	Coup d'état	2nd President of the Military Junta
42		'Fernando Belaúnde Terry'	July 28, 1963	October 3, 1968	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
-		'Juan Velasco Alvarado'	October 3, 1968	August 30, 1975	Coup d'état	1st President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces
-		'Francisco Morales Bermúdez'	August 30, 1975	July 28, 1980	Coup d'état	2nd President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces
43		'Fernando Belaúnde Terry'	July 28, 1980	July 28, 1985	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
44		'Alan García Pérez'	July 28, 1985	July 28, 1990	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
45		'Alberto Fujimori'	July 28, 1990	November 22, 2000[5]	Direct Elections Coup d'état	President
-		'Valentín Paniagua'	November 22, 2000	July 28, 2001	Elected by Congress	Interim caretaker
46		'Alejandro Toledo'	July 28, 2001	July 28, 2006	Direct Elections	President
47		'Alan García Pérez'	July 28, 2006	Present	Direct Elections	President

Notes

1. Selfproclaimed President, Parallel government with Orbegozo in Arequipa.
2. Selfproclaimed President, Parallel government with Orbegozo in Lima.
3. The Republic of Peru and the Republic of Bolivia were united into a federal state called the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. Peru was divided in the states of North Peru and South Peru, each one of them with its own President.
4. No effective central government existed after the Coup d'état against Francisco Vidal, with several generals claiming the Presidency in different cities around the country.
5. Alberto Fujimori submitted his resignation on November 19, 2000. His resignation was rejected by the Peruvian Congress, who declared him "Morally Unfit" for the Presidency and impeached him on November 22, 2000.

See also

★ Peru presidential line of succession

★ History of Peru

★ Politics of Peru