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Most of the many languages of Europe (in its geographical sense^[1]) belong to the Indo-European language family. Another major family is the Finno-Ugric. The Turkic family also has several European members. The North and South Caucasian families are important in the southeastern extremity of geographical Europe. Basque is a language isolate.
As yet this list does not include languages spoken by relatively recently-arrived migrant communities.

Contents

Altaic languages

Mongolic languages

Turkic languages

Bolgar languages

Oghuz languages

Kypchak languages

Basque

Finno-Ugric languages

North Caucasian languages

Northwest Caucasian languages

Northeast Caucasian languages

Maltese

South Caucasian languages

Indo-European languages

Albanian

Armenian

Baltic languages

Celtic languages

Brythonic

Goidelic (Gaelic)

Germanic languages

North Germanic

West Germanic

East Germanic

Greek

Italic languages

Romance languages

Eastern Romance (Balkan Romance)

Southern Romance

Western Romance

Indo-Iranian languages

Indo-Aryan Languages

Iranian languages

Slavic languages

West Slavic languages

East Slavic languages

South Slavic languages

See also

References

Altaic languages

Mongolic languages

★ Kalmyk

Turkic languages

Bolgar languages

★ Chuvash

Oghuz languages

★ Gagauz

★ Turkish

★ Azeri

Kypchak languages

★ Crimean Tatar

★ Karachay-Balkar

★ Karaim

★ Kazakh

★ Kumyk

★ Nogai

★ Tatar

★ Urum

Basque

The Basque language of the northern Iberian Peninsula is a language isolate, and as such is not related to any other language. This language may date back 5,000 years, before waves of Indo-European speaking peoples settled in Europe, but haven't penetrated the area of northern Spain and southwest France until the first millennia AD. The language is also spoken by immigrants in Australia, Costa Rica, Mexico, the Philippines, and the USA [1].

Finno-Ugric languages

The Finno-Ugric languages are a subfamily of the Uralic language family.

★ Ugric (Ugrian)

★
★ Hungarian

★
★
★ Hungarian

★
★ Ob Ugric

★
★
★ Khanty

★
★
★ Mansi

★ Finno-Permic

★
★ Permic

★
★
★ Komi

★
★
★ Komi-Permyak

★
★
★ Udmurt

★
★ Finno-Volgaic

★
★
★ Mari

★
★
★
★ Mari

★
★
★ Mordvinic

★
★
★
★ Erzya

★
★
★
★ Moksha

★
★
★ Extinct Finno-Volgaic languages of uncertain position

★
★
★
★ Merya

★
★
★
★ Muromian

★
★
★
★ Meshcherian

★
★
★ Finno-Lappic

★
★
★
★ Sami

★
★
★
★
★ Western Sami

★
★
★
★
★
★ Southern Sami

★
★
★
★
★
★ Ume Sami

★
★
★
★
★
★ Lule Sami

★
★
★
★
★
★ Pite Sami

★
★
★
★
★
★ Northern Sami

★
★
★
★
★ Eastern Sami

★
★
★
★
★
★ Kemi Sami (extinct)

★
★
★
★
★
★ Inari Sami

★
★
★
★
★
★ Akkala Sami (extinct)

★
★
★
★
★
★ Kildin Sami

★
★
★
★
★
★ Skolt Sami

★
★
★
★
★
★ Ter Sami

★
★
★
★ Baltic-Finnic

★
★
★
★
★ Estonian

★
★
★
★
★ Finnish (including Meänkieli or Tornedalian Finnish, Kven Finnish, and Ingrian Finnish)

★
★
★
★
★ Ingrian

★
★
★
★
★ Karelian

★
★
★
★
★
★ Karelian proper

★
★
★
★
★
★ Lude

★
★
★
★
★
★ Olonets Karelian

★
★
★
★
★ Livonian

★
★
★
★
★ Veps

★
★
★
★
★ Võro

★
★
★
★
★ Votic

North Caucasian languages

Northwest Caucasian languages

★ Abaza

★ Abhkaz

★ Adyghe

★ Kabardian

Northeast Caucasian languages

★ Avar

★ Bats

★ Chechen

★ Dargin

★ Ingush

★ Lak

★ Lezgian

★ Tabasaran

★ Tsez

★ Udi

Maltese

A Semitic language spoken in Malta and related to Arabic but written with the Latin script. It is the smallest official language of the EU in terms of speakers.

South Caucasian languages

★ Georgian

★ Laz

★ Mingrelian

★ Svan language

Indo-European languages

Most European languages are Indo-European languages. This large language-family is descended from a common language that was spoken thousands of years ago, which is referred to as ''Proto-Indo-European''.

Albanian

The language, also known as Shqip is made up of two major dialects, Geg and Tosk spoken in the country of Albania, but Albanian speaking minorities in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; as one of two major languages in Kosovo, Serbia; and some Albanian speakers living in parts of Montenegro.

Armenian

The Armenian language is widely spoken as the majority language in Armenia which was under the Soviet Union until 1991. There are Armenian speakers in globally scattered communities of the Armenian diaspora in Europe, the Middle East, and the Americas (in North and South America).

Baltic languages

★ Curonian

★ Galindian (extinct)

★ Latgalian

★ Latvian

★ Lithuanian

★ Old Prussian (extinct)

★ Samogitian

★ Selonian (extinct)

★ Semigallian (extinct)

★ Sudovian (extinct)

Celtic languages

Brythonic

★ Cornish - revived

★ Cumbric - extinct

★ Breton

★ Welsh

Goidelic (Gaelic)

★ Irish

★ Manx

★ Scottish Gaelic

Germanic languages

North Germanic

(descending from Old Norse)

★ Insular Scandinavian

★
★ Icelandic

★
★ Faroese

★
★ Norn (extinct)

★ Continental Scandinavian

★
★ Danish

★
★ Norwegian

★
★ Swedish

★
★ Elfdalian

West Germanic

★ High German languages

★
★ Standard German (Hochdeutsch, ''High German'')

★
★ Central German

★
★
★ East Central German

★
★
★ West Central German

★
★ Lower Silesian

★
★
★
★ Luxembourgish

★
★ Upper German

★
★
★ Alemannic German

★
★
★
★ Alsatian

★
★
★ Austro-Bavarian

★
★
★ Yiddish

★ Low Franconian

★
★ Dutch

★
★
★ Limburgisch

★ Low German

★
★ West Low German

★
★ East Low German

★ Anglo-Frisian

★
★ Frisian

★
★
★ West Frisian

★
★
★ Saterland Frisian

★
★
★ North Frisian

★
★ Anglic (descending from Anglo-Saxon)

★
★
★ Modern English

★
★
★ Modern Scots in Scotland and Ulster

★
★
★ Yola (extinct 19th century)

★
★
★ Hiberno-English

★
★
★ Shelta (mixed with Irish)

East Germanic

★ Gothic (extinct)

★ Burgundian (extinct)

★ Crimean Gothic (extinct in the 1800s)

★ Lombardic (extinct)

★ Vandalic (extinct)

Greek

The official language of Greece has a history as part of the legacy of ancient Greece. Greek and Latin, the language of the Roman Empire are used in professional fields such as science and literature. Greek speakers live in nearby countries, also an official language of Cyprus and small Greek enclaves in Albania, Bulgaria, Italy, FYROM, Romania and Turkey, and in Greek communities around the world in all six continents.

Italic languages

★ Latin (extinct except in special uses)

Romance languages

The Romance languages descended from the Vulgar Latin spoken across most of the lands of the Roman Empire.

Eastern Romance (Balkan Romance)

★
★ Romanian

★
★
★ Aromanian: 300,000 Greece, 100,000 Albania, 15,000 Macedonia, and 10,000 Bulgaria.

★
★
★ Megleno-Romanian: 5,000 Greece and FYROM

★
★
★ Istro-Romanian: 1,000 Croatia

★
★
★
★ Morlach: Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro (extinct)

★
★
★ Daco-Romanian (with Moldovan and Timok Vlach): 28 million Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Serbia

★
★ Dalmatian: Croatia (extinct)

★
★
★ Ragusan

★
★
★ Vegliot

★
★
★ Dalmatian venetian - Zara/Zadar

★
★ Romance pannonian language Hungary (extinct)

Southern Romance

★
★ Sardinian: 300,000 Sardinia.

★
★
★ Campidanese

★
★
★ Logudorese

★
★ African Romance: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya (extinct).

Western Romance

★
★ Italian: 60,000,000 in Italy; 3,000,000 in the Americas and 2,000,000 in Western Europe, Oceania and Africa.

★
★
★ Italian dialects:

★
★
★
★ Neapolitan: 8,000,000 in central-southern Italy

★
★
★
★ Romanesco

★
★
★
★ Sicilian: 6,000,000 in Sicily, Calabria and Puglia

★
★
★
★ Calabrese

★
★
★
★ Salentino

★
★
★
★ Corsican:

★
★
★
★
★ Gallurese

★
★
★
★
★ Sassarese

★
★
★
★ Istriot 3,000 in Istria

★
★
★
★ Judeo-Italian: 4,000 Italy

★
★
★
★ Cisalpino-Romance (Gallo-Romance) languages:

★
★
★
★
★ Ligurian

★
★
★
★
★ Genoese dialect

★
★
★
★
★ Monegasque

★
★
★
★
★ Piemontese

★
★
★
★
★ Lombard: 2,000,000 in Lombardy and Canton Ticino

★
★
★
★
★ Western Lombard (Insubre)

★
★
★
★
★
★ Milanese

★
★
★
★
★
★ Como dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Lecco dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Varese (Bosino) dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Busto Arsizio (Bustocco) dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Brianza dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Ticinese

★
★
★
★
★
★ Valtellina dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Chiavenna dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Valassina dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Laghée

★
★
★
★
★
★ Ossola dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Lodi dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Novara dialect

★
★
★
★
★ Eastern Lombard (Orobico)

★
★
★
★
★
★ Bergamo dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Brescia dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Crema dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Western Trentino dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Bormio dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Camuno dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Higher Non dialect

★
★
★
★
★ Others

★
★
★
★
★
★ Gaì

★
★
★
★
★
★ Sicilian Lombard

★
★
★
★
★
★ Talian Lombardo

★
★
★
★
★ Emiliano-Romagnolo

★
★
★
★
★
★ Lunigiana dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Piacenza dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Modena dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Parma dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Reggio Emilia dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Cremona dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Mantova dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Bologna dialect

★
★
★
★
★
★ Ferrara dialect

★
★
★
★ Venetian: 1,500,000 in Veneto and Venezia-Giulia

★
★
★ Rhaetian languages

★
★
★
★ Friulian: 2 million Friuli, Argentina, Canada, Australia, etc.

★
★
★
★ Ladin: Dolomites

★
★
★
★ Romansh: 66,000 Switzerland.

★
★ Gallo Romance

★
★
★ French: 70 million Europe; 12 million Americas.

★
★
★
★ French Dialects in Europe:

★
★
★
★
★ Aostan French (Italy)

★
★
★
★
★ Belgian French (Belgium)

★
★
★
★
★ Metropolitan French (France; Standard French Language)

★
★
★
★
★ Meridional French (France)

★
★
★
★
★ Swiss French (Switzerland)

★
★
★
★ French Dialects in the Americas:

★
★
★
★
★ Canadian French (Canada):

★
★
★
★
★
★ Acadian French

★
★
★
★
★
★ Newfoundland French

★
★
★
★
★
★ Quebec French

★
★
★
★
★ Cajun French (United States)

★
★
★ Franco-Provençal: Lyons country (extinct in Switzerland), Aosta Valley, some valleys in Piedmont

★
★
★ Occitan-Catalan

★
★
★
★ Catalan: 6.5 million Spain, France, Andorra, Italy.

★
★
★
★
★ Eastern Catalan

★
★
★
★
★
★ Northern Catalan (Roussillonese)

★
★
★
★
★
★ Central Catalan

★
★
★
★
★
★ Balearic

★
★
★
★
★
★ Alguerese: The town of Alguer in Sardinia

★
★
★
★
★ Occidental Catalan

★
★
★
★
★
★ Ribagorçan

★
★
★
★
★
★ Southern Catalan (Valencian)

★
★
★
★ Occitan: circa 2 million in France, Italy, Spain and Monaco:

★
★
★
★
★ Occitan dialects

★
★
★
★
★
★ Gascon: Bordeaux (Bordèu) country

★
★
★
★
★
★
★ Aranese: One county in Catalonia

★
★
★
★
★
★ Lengadocian: Toulouse (Tolosa) country

★
★
★
★
★
★ Provençal: Marseilles (Marselha) country

★
★
★
★
★
★
★ Niçard

★
★
★
★
★
★ Vivaro-Alpine

★
★
★
★
★
★
★ Cisalpenc: Piedmont western valleys

★
★
★
★
★
★ Lemosin: Limoges (Lemòtges) country

★
★
★
★
★
★ Auvernhat

★
★
★ Oïl languages:

★
★
★
★ Poitevin-Saintongeais

★
★
★
★ Bourguignon-Morvandiau

★
★
★
★ Champenois

★
★
★
★ Franc-Comtois

★
★
★
★ Lorrain

★
★
★
★ Gallo:

★
★
★
★ Norman:

★
★
★
★
★ Anglo-Norman language: extinct.

★
★
★
★
★ Auregnais: extinct

★
★
★
★
★ Dgèrnésiais: endangered

★
★
★
★
★ Jèrriais

★
★
★
★
★ Sercquiais

★
★
★
★ Picard

★
★
★
★ Walloon

★
★
★ Romance British language: Arthurian Britain (extinct)

★
★ Iberian Romance

★
★
★ Portuguese: 230 million Portugal, Brazil; 26 million Africa and a few thousands Asia.

★
★
★
★ Dialects in Portugal:

★
★
★
★
★ Açoriano

★
★
★
★
★ Alentejano

★
★
★
★
★ Algarvio

★
★
★
★
★ Alto-Minhoto

★
★
★
★
★ Baixo-Beirão e Alto-Alentejano

★
★
★
★
★ Beirão

★
★
★
★
★ Estremenho

★
★
★
★
★ Madeirense

★
★
★
★
★ Nortenho

★
★
★
★
★ Transmontano

★
★
★
★
★ Dialects in Brazil:

★
★
★
★
★
★ Caipira

★
★
★
★
★
★ Cearense

★
★
★
★
★
★ Bahiano

★
★
★
★
★
★ Fluminense

★
★
★
★
★
★ Gaúcho

★
★
★
★
★
★ Manezês

★
★
★
★
★
★ Mineiro

★
★
★
★
★
★ Nordestino

★
★
★
★
★
★ Nortista

★
★
★
★
★
★ Paulistano

★
★
★
★
★
★ Sertanejo

★
★
★
★
★
★ Sulista

★
★
★
★
★ Dialects in Africa:

★
★
★
★
★
★ Dialects in Angola

★
★
★
★
★
★
★ Benguelense

★
★
★
★
★
★
★ Luandense

★
★
★
★
★
★
★ Sulista

★
★
★
★
★
★ Capeverdean Portuguese

★
★
★
★
★
★ Guinean Portuguese

★
★
★
★
★
★ Mozambican Portuguese

★
★
★
★
★
★ São Tomean Portuguese

★
★
★ Astur-Leonese

★
★
★
★ Asturian language

★
★
★
★ Extremaduran

★
★
★
★ Leonese

★
★
★
★ Mirandese: 5,000 Portugal.

★
★
★ Galician-Portuguese

★
★
★
★ Galician: 3 million in Galicia.

★
★
★
★
★ Eonavian

★
★
★
★ Fala: 10,000 Spain.

★
★
★ Judaeo-Portuguese: extinct.

★
★
★ Spanish (Castilian): 360 million Spain, Americas.

★
★
★
★ Dialects in Spain:

★
★
★
★
★ Andalusian Spanish

★
★
★
★
★ Canarian Spanish

★
★
★
★
★ Churro Spanish

★
★
★
★
★ Murcian Spanish

★
★
★
★
★ Northern Spanish

★
★
★
★ Other dialects:

★
★
★
★
★ Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish)

★
★
★
★ Spanish Dialects in Americas:

★
★
★
★
★ Amazonian Spanish

★
★
★
★
★ Andean Spanish

★
★
★
★
★ Antioqueño Spanish

★
★
★
★
★ Camba Spanish

★
★
★
★
★ Caribbean Spanish

★
★
★
★
★
★ Cuban Spanish

★
★
★
★
★
★ Dominican Spanish

★
★
★
★
★
★ Panamanian Spanish

★
★
★
★
★
★ Puerto Rican Spanish

★
★
★
★
★
★ Venezuelan Spanish

★
★
★
★
★
★ Maracucho Spanish

★
★
★
★
★ Central American Spanish

★
★
★
★
★ Chilean Spanish

★
★
★
★
★
★ Chilote Spanish

★
★
★
★
★ Cundiboyacense Spanish

★
★
★
★
★ Ecuatorial Spanish

★
★
★
★
★ Mexican Spanish (Central Mexico)

★
★
★
★
★ North Mexican Spanish

★
★
★
★
★ South Mexican Spanish

★
★
★
★
★ New Mexican Spanish

★
★
★
★
★ Paraguayan Spanish

★
★
★
★
★ Peruvian Coast Spanish

★
★
★
★
★ Rioplatense Spanish

★
★
★
★
★ Santandereano-Tachirense Spanish

★
★
★
★
★ Yucateco Spanish

★
★ Pyrenean-Mozarabic

★
★
★ Aragonese: 10,000 in Aragon.

★
★
★ Mozarabic: Southern Spain and Portugal (extinct)

Indo-Iranian languages

Indo-Aryan Languages

★ Romany

Iranian languages

★ Kurdish

★ Ossetian language

Slavic languages

West Slavic languages

★ Czech

★ Kashubian

★ Polish

★ Polabian (extinct)

★ Pomeranian (extinct)

★ Silesian

★ Slovak

★ Sorbian

★
★ Lower Sorbian

★
★ Upper Sorbian

East Slavic languages

★ Belarusian

★ Russian

★ Rusyn

★
★ Carpatho-Rusyn (Ruthenian)

★
★ Pannonian-Rusyn (Rusnak)

★ Ukrainian

South Slavic languages

★ Bulgarian

★ Croatian

★ Old Church Slavonic

★ Macedonian

★ Bosnian

★ Serbian

★ Slovene

★ Romano-Serbian (a mixed language)

★ Serbo-Croatian language

See also

★ Alphabetic list of living languages in Europe

★ Eurolinguistics

★ European languages

References

1. For other definitions of ''Europe'' in linguistics, see the article Eurolinguistics