The following is a list of
musical instruments,
categorized according to the
Hornbostel-Sachs system by how they make
sound.
__TOC__
1. Idiophones
Idiophones are instruments which make sound primarily by way of the instrument itself
vibrating without the use of membranes or strings.
11. Struck idiophones
Idiophones set in motion by a percussion action, including 111. directly struck instruments, 112. indirectly struck. With 112.1 shaken and 112.2 scraped.
★ 111. directly struck
★
★
Bell
★
★
Castanets
★
★
Cymbals:
★
★
★
Crash cymbal
★
★
★
Hi-hat cymbal
★
★
★
Ride cymbal
★
★
★
Splash cymbal
★
★
Glockenspiel
★
★
Gong
★
★
★
Agung/
Agong
★
★
★
Babendil
★
★
★
Gandingan
★
★
★
Kulintang/
Kolintang
★
★
Slit drum
★
★
★
Kagul/
Tagutok
★
★
★
Agung a Tamlang
★
★
Tambourine
★
★
Triangle
★
★
Xylophone
★
★
★
Gandingan a Kayo
★
★
★
Luntang/
Kwintangan Kayo
★
★
★
Kulintang a Kayo
★ 112. indirectly struck
★
★ 112.1 shaken
★
★ 112.2 scraped
★
★
★
Kagul
★
Celesta
★
Chimes
★
Fangxiang
★
Glasschord
★
Guiro
★
Hang
★
Hosho
★
Lithophone
★
Maracas
★
Marimba
★
★
Glass marimba
★
Marimbaphone
★
Metallophone
★
★
Kulintang a Tiniok/
Kulintang a Putao
★
★
Sarunay/
Saronay/
Sarunai/
Saronai
★
Ranat ek lek
★
Ranat thum lek
★
Steelpan (steel drum)
★
Toy piano
★
Ugal
★
Vibraphone
★
Washboard
★
Xylorimba
12. Plucked idiophones
Instruments set into vibration by plucking.
★ 121 In a frame
★
★
Jew's harp
★
★
★
Kubing
★ 122 In comb form
★
★
Marímbula
★
★
Mbira
★
★
Musical box or music box
13. Friction idiophones
Instruments set into vibration by rubbing.
★ 131 friction sticks
★
★
Nail violin
★
★
Styrophone
★ 132 friction plaques
★
★
Daxophone
★
★
Musical Saw
★ 133 friction vessels
★
★
Glass harp
★
★
Glass harmonica
★
★
Hydrodaktulopsychicharmonica
★
Verrophone
14. Blown idiophones
Instruments set into vibration by blowing or moving air.
★
Aeolsklavier
2. Membranophones
Membranophones are instruments which make sound primarily by way of a vibrating membrane. This includes all
drums.
21. Struck drums
★
Bass drum
★
Bodhrán
★
Bongo drum
★
Conga
★
Dabakan
★
Kettle drum
★
O Daiko
★
Octoban
★
Snare drum
★
Tabla
★
Taiko
★
Tamak'
★
Tambourine (the jingles also make this an idiophone)
★
Timpani
★
Tom-Tom
★
Tumdak'
22. Plucked drums
Some commentators believe that instruments in this class ought instead to be regarded as chordophones (see below).
23. Friction drums
★
Cuíca
★
Rommelpot
24. Singing membranes
Instruments in which a membrane modifies some other sound (typically the human voice) in some way (
mirlitons).
★
Kazoos
3. Chordophones
Chordophones are instruments that produce sound primarily by the vibration of a string or strings.
★
Gayageum
★
Geomungo
31. Simple chordophones
Instruments consisting of a simple string bearer and strings - there may be an additional resonator, but removing it should not destroy the instrument (so the resonator should not be supporting the strings).
★
Clavichord
★
Harpsichord
★
Musical bow
★
Piano
★
Zither
★
★
Overtone zither
32. Composite chordophones
Instruments in which the resonator cannot be removed without destruction of the instrument.
★
Aeolian harp
★
Balalaika
★
Banjo
★
Chapman Stick
★
Cello
★
Cymbalum
★
★
Electric Cymbalum
★
Đàn nguyệt
★
Đàn tỳ bà
★
Double Bass
★
Fiddle
★
Guitars:
★
★
Bass guitar
★
★
Classical guitar
★
★
Electric guitar
★
★
Slide guitar
★
★
Steel guitar
★
★
3rd bridge guitar
★
Hammered dulcimer
★
Hardanger fiddle
★
Harp
★
Hurdy gurdy
★
Khim
★
Komungo
★
Kora
★
Koto
★
★
Overtone Koto
★
Kutiyapi/
Kutyapi/
Kutiapi
★
Lute
★
Lyre
★
Mandolin
★
Moonlander
★
Nyckelharpa
★
Overtone guitar
★
Sitar
★
Ukulele
★
Vertical viola (and other members of the
violin octet family)
★
Vieille
★
Viol
★
Viola
★
Viola d'amore
★
Violin
★
Washtub bass
★
Xalam (or ''khalam'')
4. Aerophones
Aerophones are instruments in which the vibrating air itself is the primary cause of sound. This can include a column of air being set in vibration (as in wind instruments) or an air-flow being interrupted by an edge (as in free-reeds).
41. Free aerophones
The vibrating air is not contained within the instrument.
★
Klaxon
★
Bullroarer
★
Siren
★
Whip
★
Lasso d'amore
412.13. Free-reed instruments
Free-reed instruments feature a reed which vibrates within a closely fitting slot (there may be an attached pipe, but it should only vibrate in sympathy with the reed, and not have an effect on the pitch - instruments of this class can be distinguished from 422.3 by the lack of finger-holes).
★
Accordion
★
Bandoneon
★
Concertina
★
Harmonica
★
Harmonium
★
Melodica
★
Reed organ
★
Sheng
413. Plosive aerophones
The sound is caused by a single compression and release of air.
★
Udu "drum" or kimkim
★
Boomwhacker
★ End-struck pipe-based instruments, variations on earlier known instruments recently popularized by
Blue Man Group, in forms that they refer to as Tubulum, Drombone, etc.
42. Non-free aerophones (wind instruments proper)
The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
421. Edge-blown instruments or flutes
The player makes a ribbon-shaped flow of air with his lips, or his breath is directed against an edge.
★
Conch shell (if played like a flute)
★
Flute
★
Hocchiku
★
Huaca
★
Jug
★
Khloy
★
Khlui
★
Ocarina
★
Palendag/
Pulalu
★
Pan pipes
★
Piccolo
★
Recorder
★
Slide whistle
★
Shakuhachi
★
Suling/
Babarak
★
Tin whistle
★
Tumpong/
Inci
★
Whistle
★
Willow flute
422. Reed instruments
The player's breath is directed against a lamella or pair of lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion.
422.1 Double reed instruments
There are two lamellae which beat against one another.
422.111 With cylindrical bore
★
Cornamuse
★
Crumhorn
★
Hirtenschalmei
422.112 With conical bore
★
Oboe
★
★
Musette (modern small oboe in e♭)
★
★
Oboe d'amore
★
★
Cor anglais /
English horn (same instrument)
★
★
Bass Oboe /
Baritone Oboe (same instrument)
★
★
Heckelphone
★
Bassoon
★
★
Tenoroon
★
★
Contrabassoon
★
Bombarde
★
Cromorne
★
Sarrusophone
★
★
Sopranino Sarrusophone
★
★
Soprano Sarrusophone
★
★
Alto Sarrusophone
★
★
Tenor Sarrusophone
★
★
Baritone Sarrusophone
★
★
Bass Sarrusophone
★
★
Contrabass Sarrusophone
★
Shawm
★
Tarogato (traditional))
★
Bagpipes:
★
★
Great Highland Bagpipe
★
★
Uilleann pipes
★
★
Northumbrian Smallpipes
★
★
Musette de cour
★
★
Biniou
★
★
Gaita
★
★
Dudelsack
422.2 Single reed instruments (clarinets)
There is one lamella which beats against a solid surface.
422.211.2 Single clarinets, cylindrical bore, with fingerholes
★
Clarinets
★
★
Piccolo clarinet in A
★
★
Sopranino clarinet (in E♭ or D))
★
★
Soprano clarinet (in C, B♭, or A)
★
★
Basset-clarinet (in A or G)
★
★
Basset-horn
★
★
Alto clarinet
★
★
Bass clarinet
★
★
Contra-alto clarinet
★
★
Contrabass clarinet
★
★
Octocontra-alto clarinet
★
★
Octocontrabass clarinet
★
Bagpipes:
★
★
Duda
★
★
Swedish bagpipes
★
★
Zampogna
★
★ (see also main article "
Types of bagpipes" for many others)
★ Experimental:
★
★
Folgerphone
422.212 Conical bore
★
Octavin
★
Saxophone
★
★
Soprillo (sopranissimo saxophone)
★
★
Sopranino saxophone
★
★
Soprano saxophone in B♭ or C
★
★
Conn-o-sax
★
★
Mezzo-soprano saxophone in F
★
★
Alto saxophone
★
★
C melody saxophone
★
★
Tenor saxophone
★
★
Baritone saxophone
★
★
Bass saxophone
★
★
Contrabass saxophone
★
★
Subcontrabass saxophone
★
★
Tubax
★
Tarogato (modern)
422.22 Sets of clarinets
★
Zummara (Double Clarinet)
422.3
Similar to the free-reeds with a pipe attached - distinguished from them by the presence of finger-holes in the pipe.
423. Trumpets
The player's vibrating lips set the air in motion.
423.1 trumpets
There are no means of changing the pitch apart from the player's lips.
★
Bugle
★
Conch shell (if played like a trumpet)
★
Didgeridoo
★
Shofar
★
Alphorn
★
Lur
★
Natural trumpet
★
Natural horn
★
Hosaphone(tm)
423.2 Chromatic trumpets
The pitch can be changed by means of keys (423.21) a slide (423.22) or valves (423.23).
★
Bazooka
★
Sackbut
★
Trombone
★
Baritone horn
★
Cornett (or ''Cornetto'')
★
Serpent
★
Tenor Horn /
Alto Horn (same instrument)
★
Cornet
★
Euphonium
★
Flugelhorn
★
Horn
★
Mellophone
★
Sousaphone
★
Trumpet
★
Tuba
★
Wagner tuba
5. Electrophones
Electrophones are instruments in which sound is generated by electrical means. While it is not officially in any published form of the Hornbostel-Sachs system, and hence, lacking proper numerical subdivisions, it is often considered a fifth main category.
★
Denis d'or
★
Drum machine
★
Hammond organ
★
Keyboard bass
★
Mellotron
★
Moog synthesizers
★
Octapad
★
Ondes Martenot
★
Rhodes piano
★
Synclavier
★
Synthesizer
★
Tannerin (a.k.a.
Electro-Theremin)
★
Teleharmonium
★
Theremin
External links
★
Comprehensive Table of Musical Instrument Classifications
★
Vietnamese Chordophones
★
Arabic Chordophones
★
more chordophones
★
Oddmusic A website dedicated to unique, odd, ethnic, experimental and unusual musical instruments and resources.
★ From the
University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Ethnomusicology Collection: A collection of photographs of over 250 musical instruments from around the world.
★
★
Idiophones
★
★
Membranophones
★
★
Chordophones
★
★
Aerophones
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