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EspañolLIST OF PALMS OF THE CARIBBEAN
The 'palm tree' is often seen as symbolically important in the 'Caribbean', appearing on the coats of arms of several Caribbean nations[1] and on the flag of the West Indies cricket team. This list consists of palms which are native to the insular Caribbean (including the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands). Morici (2004) reported that there are about 191 genera and 2339 species in the Arecaceae (the palm family). Their distribution is biased toward islands - 36% of genera and 52% of species are found only on islands, while 32% of genera and 6% of species are found only on continents. Sixty-two percent of monotypic genera are found only on islands.
Phytogeographically, the Caribbean region is often considered to include the coastal plains of the United States (including south Florida), Mexico (especially the Yucatan), Belize, Colombia and Venezuela. Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas, , Andrew, Henderson, Princeton University Press, 1995, Most species either have a wide distribution which includes part of the Caribbean, or are endemic to the Greater Antilles. Cuba has the most species of palms, followed by Hispaniola. The Windwards and Leewards have the fewest. The palm flora of Trinidad and Tobago consists primarily of species with a South American distribution. The Palm Book of Trinidad and Tobago, , Paul L., Comeau, International Palm Society, 2003, Four genera of palms are endemic to the Greater Antilles - ''Calyptronoma'', ''Gastrococos'', ''Hemithrinax'' and ''Zombia''. Although nearly ubiquitous in the region, the Coconut (''Cocos nucifera'') is not native to the Caribbean.
Nomenclature follows the Arecaceae section of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. World Checklist of Arecaceae
| Contents |
| Genera |
| See also |
| References |
Genera
''Acoelorrhaphe''
''Aceolorrhaphe'' is a monotypic genus which is distributed around the margins of the Caribbean Sea, from Florida to San Andrés and Providencia, Colombian islands in the western Caribbean. The tree is a slender fan palm growing up to 7 metres (23 feet) tall, usually with many stems clustered together.[2] ''Aceolorrhaphe'' is a sister genus to ''Serenoa'' (Saw Palmetto), which is endemic to the southeastern United States.[3] The species usually grows in low-lying areas near sea level, often in flooded woodlands or thickets in savannas.
★ ''Acoelorrhaphe wrightii'':[4] Bahamas (Andros, Eleuthera, New Providence), Cuba (west Cuba and Isle of Youth), San Andrés and Providencia (Colombia); also present on the Caribbean coastal areas of south Florida, Mexico, Belize, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
''Acrocomia''
''Acrocomia'' is a genus of spiny palms found throughout the Neotropics, from Mexico to Argentina and throughout the Caribbean. Since it covers such a large range and is highly variable, as many as 40 species have been described in this genus. Most authors recognise only two species, ''A. aculeata'' and ''A. hassleri'', but others considers ''A. media'' to be distinct from ''A. aculeata''. Monocots and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, , Pedro, Acevedo-Rodríguez, Contributions of the United States National Herbarium, Caribbean species have single, spiny stems 4-11 m (13-36 feet) tall.
★ ''Acrocomia aculeata'':[5] Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Leeward Islands, Windward Islands and Trinidad and Tobago (also Mexico, Central and South America).
★ ''Acrocomia media'':[6] Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
''Aiphanes''
''Aiphanes'' is a genus of small to medium sized spiny palms. Caribbean species have solitary stems and are 3-18 m (10-59 feet) tall. Most of the 23 species of ''Aiphanes'' are found in the Andes; two species occur in the Caribbean, including ''A. minima'', which is endemic to the region. Although many sources (''e.g.'', Henderson ''et al.'' 1995) consider the name ''A. aculeata'' to have precedence over ''A. horrida'', in keeping with the nomenclature of the Kew checklist, the latter name is used.
★ ''Aiphanes horrida'': ''Aiphanes horrida'' Trinidad (also tropical South America).
★ ''Aiphanes minima'':[7] Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Martinique, Dominica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent, Barbados and Grenada.
''Astrocaryum''
''Astrocaryum'' is a genus of spiny palms native to Mexico, Trinidad, Central and South America; the sharp, flattened spines that cover the trunk can be up to 30 cm (12 inches) long. The Caribbean species has solitary stems, 8-20 m (26-66 feet) tall. There are about 36 species in the genus. One of them, ''A. aculeatum'', occurs in the insular Caribbean, while four others are found in the wider Caribbean: ''Astrocaryum alatum'' on the Caribbean coast from Panama to Nicaragua, ''A. confertum'' on the Caribbean coast of Panama and Costa Rica, ''A. mexicanum'' along the Caribbean coast from Mexico to Niacaragua, and ''A. standleyanum'' on the Caribbean coast of Panama.
★ ''Astrocaryum aculeatum'':[8] Trinidad (also tropical South America).
''Attalea''
''Attalea'' is a large genus which includes some of the largest Neotropical palms. Three of the 67 species are present in the insular Caribbean, but two of these are restricted to Trinidad and Tobago which is on the continental shelf. The third species, ''A. crassipantha'', is endemic to southwest Haiti; due to its very small population size, it is classified as a critically endangered species[9] Three other species occur in the wider Caribbean: ''Attalea allenii'' along the Caribbean coast of Panama and Colombia, ''A. cohune'' on the Caribbean coast from Mexico to Nicaragua and ''A. iguadummat'' on the Caribbean coast of Panama.
★ ''Attalea crassispatha'':[10] southwest Haiti.
★ ''Attalea maripa'':[11] Trinidad (also tropical South America).
★ ''Attalea osmantha'':[12] Trinidad and Tobago (also northern Venezuela).
''Bactris''
''Bactris'' is a genus of palms which is found from southern Mexico to northern Paraguay. It is one of the largest and most diverse palm genera in the neotropics. Most species are medium-sized spiny palms with clustered stems. Most of the species present in the Caribbean are spiny trees 1-10 m (3-33 feet) tall with clustered stems and pinnate leaves; ''B simplicifrons'' is smaller (0.5-2 m) and often has simple leaves and no spines.
Seven of the 75 species in the genus ''Bactris'' occur in the insular Caribbean. Three species - ''B. cubensis'', ''B. jamaicana'' and ''B. plumeriana'' are Greater Antillean endemics, while the other four are South American species which extend north into Trinidad and Tobago. Salzman and Judd consider the three Greater Antillean species of ''Bactris'' to form a clade with ''B. plumeriana'' and ''B. jamaicana'' as sister species.[13] Fifteen other species occur in the wider Caribbean: ''Bactris barronis'' on the Caribbean coast of Panama and Colombia, ''B. caudata'' on the Caribbean coast from Nicaragua to Panama, ''B. charnleyae'' on the Caribbean coast of Panama, ''B. coloniata'' on the Caribbean coast of Panama, ''B. coloradonis'' on the Caribbean coast from Costa Rica to Colombia, ''B. gasipaes'' on the Caribbean coast from Mexico to Venezuela, ''B. glandulosa'' on the Caribbean coast from Costa Rica, to Colombia, ''B. gracilor'' on the Caribbean coast from Nicaragua, to Panama, ''B. grayumi'' on the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, ''B. guineensis'' on the Caribbean coast of Colombia and Venezuela, ''B. hondurensis'' along the Caribbean coast from Honduras to Colombia, ''B. maraja'' along the Caribbean coast from Costa Rica to Colombia, ''B. mexicana'' along the Caribbean coast from Belize to Nicaragua, ''B. militaris'' along the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica and ''B. panamensis'' along the Caribbean coast of Panama.
★ ''Bactris campestris'':[14] Trinidad and Tobago (also tropical South America).
★ ''Bactris cubensis'':[15] eastern Cuba.
★ ''Bactris jamaicana'':[16] Jamaica.
★ ''Bactris major'':[17] Trinidad and Tobago (also Mexico to tropical South America).
★ ''Bactris plumeriana'':[18] Hispaniola.
★ ''Bactris setulosa'':[19] Trinidad and Tobago (also Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru).
★ ''Bactris simplicifrons'':[20] Trinidad and Tobago (also tropical South America).
''Calyptronoma''
Palms in the genus ''Calyptronoma'' have pinnately compound leaves and large, solitary stems 4-15 m (13-49 feet) tall. The genus is endemic to the Greater Antilles, inhabiting wet areas near streams. ''Calyptronoma'' is closely related to the Central American genus ''Calyptrogyne''.
★ ''Calyptronoma occidentalis'':[21] Jamaica.
★ ''Calyptronoma plumeriana'':[22] Cuba and Hispaniola.
★ ''Calyptronoma rivalis'':[23] Hispaniola and Puerto Rico.
''Coccothrinax''
''Coccothrinax'' is a genus of fan palms found throughout the Caribbean and in adjacent parts of southern Florida and Mexico. Most species are small to medium sized, with maximum heights between 5 and 15 m (17-49 feet). Only one of the 52 species, ''C. readii'',[24] is absent from the insular Caribbean. Two species, ''C. argentata'' and ''C. barbadensis'', are widespread, while the others are restricted to Cuba and Hispaniola.
★ ''Coccothrinax acunana'':[25] Pico Turquino, Cuba.
★ ''Coccothrinax alexandri''::[26] east Cuba.
★ ''Coccothrinax alta'':[27] Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
★ ''Coccothrinax argentata'':[28] Bahamas, Florida Keys Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida, , Richard P., Wunderlin, University Press of Florida, , and San Andrés Island (also south Florida and southeast Mexico).
★ ''Coccothrinax argentea'':[29] Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
★ ''Coccothrinax baracoensis'':[30] southeast Cuba.
★ ''Coccothrinax barbadensis'':[31] Leeward Islands, Windward Islands, Netherland Antilles and Trinidad and Tobago.
''Colpothrinax''
''Colpothrinax'' is a genus of solitary-stemmed pinnate-leaved palms native to Central America and the Caribbean. There are three species of ''Colpothrinax'': ''C. aphanopetala''[75] and ''C. cookii''[76] which are restricted to Central America, and ''C. wrightii'' which is a Cuban endemic.
★ ''Colpothrinax wrightii'':[77] southwest Cuba including the Isle of Youth.
''Copernicia''
''Copernicia'' is a moderately large genus of spiny, fan palms found in the Caribbean and South America. The Caribbean species are all Greater Antillean endemics - two species are restricted to Hispaniola, while the others are restricted to Cuba. Three species are absent from the insular Caribbean: ''C. alba''[78] and ''C. prunifera'',[79] which are found in South America away from the Caribbean, and ''C. tectorum''[80] which is found in northern Venezuela and along the Caribbean coast of Colombia.
''Desmoncus''
''Desmoncus'' is a genus of spiny, scrambling, pinnate-leaved palms which range from Mexico in the north to Bolivia and Brazil in the south. Ten of the twelve species in have solely continental distributions. Two species are found on both the mainland and in the insular Caribbean.
★ ''Desmoncus orthacanthos'':[106] Trinidad and Tobago (also tropical South America).
★ ''Desmoncus polyacanthos'':[107] Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago (also tropical South America).
''Euterpe''
''Euterpe oleracea''
''Euterpe'' consists of seven slender-stemmed, pinnate-leaved palms native to the Caribbean, Central and South America. The genus has been described as containing "the most beautiful American palms". Four of the seven species are restricted to South America away from the Caribbean, two are found in Central and South America and the insular Caribbean, and ''E. broadwayi'' is endemic to the eastern Caribbean. Euterpe, Prestoea, and Neonicholsonia (Palmae), , Andrew, Henderson, Flora Neotropica, 1996
★ ''Euterpe broadwayi'':[108] Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vicent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago.
★ ''Euterpe oleracea'':[109] Trinidad and Tobago (also tropical South America).
★ ''Euterpe precatoria'':[110] Trinidad and Tobago (also Central and South America).
''Gastrococos''
''Gastrococcos'' is a monotypic genus which is endemic to Cuba It is a tall, spiny palm with a trunk that is slender at the base, but swollen in the middle, giving it the common name "Cuban belly palm" in English.[111]
★ ''Gastrococos crispa'':[112] Cuba.
''Gaussia''
''Gaussia'' is a genus of solitary, pinnate palms found in the Caribbean, northern Central America and southern Mexico. There are five species in the genus - three are endemic to the Greater Antilles, while ''G. gomez-pompae'' and ''G. maya'' are found in the Caribbean coastal region of Mexico, Belize and Guatemala.
★ ''Gaussia attenuata'':[113] Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico.
★ ''Gaussia princeps'':[114] western Cuba.
★ ''Gaussia spirituana'':[115] Sierra de Jatibonico in east-central Cuba.
''Geonoma''
''Geonoma'' is a genus of small to medium-sized palms which grow in the forest understorey. The genus is one of the largest in the neotropics. The genus consists of 64 species, two of which are found in the insular Caribbean. Ten other species are found in the wider Caribbean: ''G. chococola'', ''G. concinna'', ''G. divisia'' and ''G. triandra'' are found on the Caribbean coast of Panama, ''G. congesta'' is found along the Caribbean coast from Honduras to Colombia, ''G. cuneata'' is found along the Caribbean coast from Nicaragua to Colombia, ''G. deversa'' is found along the Caribbean coast from Belize to Colombia, ''G. epetiolaris'' and ''G. longevaginata'' are found along the Caribbean coast from Costa Rica to Panama and ''G. triandra'' is found along the Caribbean coast of Panama and Colombia.
★ ''Geonoma interrupta'':[116] Haiti, Windward Islands and Trinidad and Tobago (also Mexico, Central and South America).
★ ''Geonoma undata'':[117] Windward Islands (also Mexico, Central America and western tropical South America).
''Hemithrinax''
''Hemithrinax'' is a genus of fan palms which are endemic to Cuba. Many authors include these species in the genus ''Thrinax''.
★ ''Hemithrinax compacta'':[118] Cuba.
★ ''Hemithrinax rivularis'':[119] Cuba.
''Manicaria''
''Manicaria'' is a monotypic genus of pinnate-leaved palms. The sole species, ''M. saccifera'' is found from Belize to Brazil and Peru.
★ ''Manicaria saccifera'':[120] Trinidad and Tobago (also tropical Central and South America).
''Mauritia''
''Mauritia'' is a genus of fan palms. Both species of ''Mauritia'' are native to northern South America.
★ ''Mauritia flexuosa'':[121] Trinidad (also tropical South America).
''Oenocarpus''
''Oenocarpus'' is a genus of pinnate-leaved palms found in Central and South America. ''Oenocarpus bataua'' is found in Trinidad and along the Caribbean coast of Venezuela, while ''O. mapora'' is found on the Caribbean coast of Venezuela and Panama.
★ ''Oenocarpus bataua'':[122] Trinidad (also tropical Panama and South America).
''Prestoea''
''Prestoea'' is a genus of pinnate-leaved palms found in Central and South America and the Caribbean. It is closely related to the genus ''Euterpe''. Two species are found in the Caribbean - ''P. pubigera'' is found in Trinidad, and ''P. acuminata'' is found throughout most of the Caribbean. Four other species, ''P. decurrens'', ''P. ensiformis'', P. longipetiolata'' and P. pubens'' are found along the Caribbean coast of Central America.
★ ''Prestoea acuminata'':[123] Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Leeward Islands, Windward Islands and Trinidad and Tobago (also Central and South America).
★ ''Prestoea pubigera'':[124] Trinidad (also northwest Venezuela).
''Pseudophoenix''
''Pseudophoenix'' is a genus of fan palms found throughout the Caribbean. Three species are endemic to the Greater Antilles, while the fourth, ''P. sargentii'', is widely distributed in the northern Caribbean and adjacent portions of the Central and North American mainland.
★ ''Pseudophoenix ekmanii'':[125] Dominican Republic.
★ ''Pseudophoenix lediniana'':[126] southwest Haiti.
★ ''Pseudophoenix sargentii'':[127] Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Florida Keys, Puerto Rico, Navassa Island, Navassa Island and Its Flora. 2. Checklist of the Vascular Plants, , Thomas A., Zanoni, Brittonia, 1999 Turks and Caicos Islands and the Windward Islands (also Mexico and Belize).
★ ''Pseudophoenix vinifera'':[128] Haiti and southwest Dominican Republic.
''Reinhardtia''
''Reinhardtia'' is a genus of simple or palmate-leaved palms found in the wider Caribbean, between Mexico and Colombia, with a single disjunct species which is endemic to Hispaniola. All species are small (1-6 m [3-20 feet] tall) and inhabit the forest understorey
★ ''Reinhardtia paiewonskiana'':[129] southwest Dominican Republic.
''Roystonea''
''Roystonea regia''
''Roystonea'' is a genus of pinnate-leaved palms which range from south Florida and Mexico south to Venezuela. Seven species are endemic to the Greater Antilles and the Virgin Islands - four of these are Cuban endemics. The only species which is absent from the insular Caribbean, ''R. dunlapiana'', is found on the Caribbean coast of Mexico, Honduras and Nicaragua.[130]
★ ''Roystonea altissima'':[131] Jamaica.
★ ''Roystonea borinquena'':[132] Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
★ ''Roystonea lenis'':[133] east Cuba.
★ ''Roystonea maisiana'':[134] east Cuba.
★ ''Roystonea oleracea'':[135] Leeward Islands, Windward Islands and Trinidad and Tobago (also Venezuela and Colombia).
★ ''Roystonea princeps'':[136] southwest Jamaica.
★ ''Roystonea regia'':[137] Bahamas, Cayman Islands and Cuba (also Florida, Mexico and Central America).
★ ''Roystonea stellata'':[138] east Cuba.
★ ''Roystonea violacea'':[139] east Cuba.
''Sabal''
''Sabal palmetto''
''Sabal'' is a genus of fan palms. Six of the sixteen species are native to the insular Caribbean - three of which are endemic to the Greater Antilles and the Virgin Islands. A seventh species, ''S. bermudana'', is endemic to Bermuda. ''Sabal etonia'' and ''S. miamiensis'' are found along the Atlantic coast of Florida, ''S. gretheriae'' is found on the Caribbean coast of the Yucatan, ''S. mexicana'' is found along the Caribbean coast of Mexico into south Texas, ''S. minor'' is found along the Gulf Coast of the United States.
★ ''Sabal causiarum'':[140] Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
★ ''Sabal domingensis'':[141] Cuba, Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
★ ''Sabal maritima'':[142] Cuba and Jamaica.
★ ''Sabal mauritiiformis'':[143] Trinidad (also Mexico to Venezuela).
★ ''Sabal palmetto'':[144] Bahamas and Cuba (also southeast United States).
★ ''Sabal yapa'':[145] western Cuba (also Mexico and Belize).
''Syagrus''
''Syagrus'' is a genus of primarily South American palms. Thirty of the 31 species are South American, while the thirty-first species, ''S. amara'', is endemic ot the Lesser Antilles. One species, ''S. orinocensis'' is found on the Caribbean coast of Venezuela.
★ ''Syagrus amara'':[146] Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique and Saint Lucia; coastal areas below 300 m.
''Thrinax''
''Thrinax radiata''
''Thrinax'' is a genus of fan palms. Four of the five species of are endemic to the insular Caribbean, while the fifth occuurs in the insular Caribbean and in Florida, Mexico and Central America. Three species are single-island endemics - two to Jamaica and one to Cuba.
★ ''Thrinax ekmaniana'':[147] Cuba.
★ ''Thrinax excelsa'':[148] Jamaica.
★ ''Thrinax morrisii'':[149] Florida Keys, Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Navassa Island and the Leeward Islands.
★ ''Thrinax parviflora'':[150] Jamaica.
★ ''Thrinax radiata'':[151] Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Navassa Island (also Florida, Mexico and Central America).
''Zombia''
''Zombia'' is a monotypic genus of fan palms which is endemic to Hispaniola.[152] Individuals are up to 3 m (10 ft) tall and grow in dry, hilly regions. It is restricted to serpentine soils, at least in the Dominican Republic
★ ''Zombia antillarum'':[153] Dominican Republic and Haiti.
See also
★ Trees of the Caribbean Basin
References
1. The Bahamas, Cuba, Dominica, Haiti and Trinidad and Tobago have palm trees in their coats of arms.
2. Acoelorraphe wrightii (Grisebach & H. Wendland) H. Wendland ex Beccari, Webbia. 2: 109. 1907
3. Acoelorraphe H. Wendland, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin). 37: 148. 1879
4. ''Acoelorrhaphe wrightii''
5. ''Acrocomia aculeata''
6. ''Acrocomia media'' This species is considered valid by Acevedo-Rodríguez & Strong (2005) but not by Govaerts (1995) and Govaerts & Dransfield (2005)].
7. ''Aiphanes minima''
8. ''Astrocaryum aculeatum''
9.
10. ''Attalea crassispatha''
11. ''Attalea maripa''
12. ''Attalea osmantha''
13. Salzman V.T. and W.S. Judd. 1995. A revision of the Greater Antillean species of Bactris (Bactridinae: Arecaceae). ''Brittonia'' 47 (4): 345-371.
14. ''Bactris campestris''
15. ''Bactris cubensis''
16. ''Bactris jamaicana''
17. ''Bactris major'' ; ''Bactris major'' var. ''major''
18. ''Bactris plumeriana''
19. ''Bactris setulosa''
20. ''Bactris simplicifrons''
21. ''Calyptronoma occidentalis''
22. ''Calyptronoma plumeriana''
23. ''Calyptronoma rivalis''
24. ''Coccothrinax readii ''
25. ''Coccothrinax acunana''
26. ''Coccothrinax alexandri'' ; ''Coccothrinax alexandri'' subsp. ''alexandri'' ; ''Coccothrinax alexandri'' subsp. ''nitida''
27. ''Coccothrinax alta''
28. ''Coccothrinax argentata''
29. ''Coccothrinax argentea''
30. ''Coccothrinax baracoensis''
31. ''Coccothrinax barbadensis''
32. ''Coccothrinax bermudezii''
33. ''Coccothrinax borhidiana''
34. ''Coccothrinax boschiana''
35. ''Coccothrinax camagueyana''
36. ''Coccothrinax clarensis'' ; ''Coccothrinax clarensis'' subsp. ''brevifolia'' ; ''Coccothrinax clarensis'' subsp. ''clarensis'' ; ''Coccothrinax clarensis'' subsp. ''perrigida''
37. ''Coccothrinax concolor''
38. ''Coccothrinax crinita'' ; ''Coccothrinax crinita'' subsp. ''brevicrinis'' ; ''Coccothrinax crinita'' subsp. ''crinita''
39. ''Coccothrinax cupularis''
40. ''Coccothrinax ekmanii'']
41. ''Coccothrinax elegans''
42. ''Coccothrinax fagildei''
43. ''Coccothrinax fragrans''
44. ''Coccothrinax garciana''
45. ''Coccothrinax gracilis''
46. ''Coccothrinax guantanamensis''
47. ''Coccothrinax gundlachii''
48. ''Coccothrinax hioramii ''
49. ''Coccothrinax inaguensis''
50. ''Coccothrinax jamaicensis''
51. ''Coccothrinax leonis''
52. ''Coccothrinax littoralis''
53. ''Coccothrinax macroglossa''
54. ''Coccothrinax microphylla''
55. ''Coccothrinax miraguama'' ''Coccothrinax miraguama'' subsp. ''arenicola'' ''Coccothrinax miraguama'' subsp. ''havanensis'' ''Coccothrinax miraguama'' subsp. ''miraguama'' ''Coccothrinax miraguama'' subsp. ''roseocarpa''
56. ''Coccothrinax moaensis''
57. ''Coccothrinax montana''
58. ''Coccothrinax munizii''
59. ''Coccothrinax muricata''
60. ''Coccothrinax nipensis''
61. ''Coccothrinax orientalis''
62. ''Coccothrinax pauciramosa''
63. ''Coccothrinax proctorii''
64. ''Coccothrinax pseudorigida''
65. ''Coccothrinax pumila''
66. ''Coccothrinax rigida''
67. ''Coccothrinax salvatoris'' ''Coccothrinax salvatoris'' subsp. ''loricata''
68. ''Coccothrinax saxicola''
69. ''Coccothrinax scoparia''
70. ''Coccothrinax spissa''
71. ''Coccothrinax trinitensis''
72. ''Coccothrinax victorini ''
73. ''Coccothrinax yunquensis''
74. ''Coccothrinax yuraguana''
75. ''Colpothrinax aphanopetala''
76. ''Colpothrinax cookii''
77. ''Colpothrinax wrightii''
78. ''Copernicia alba''
79. ''Copernicia prunifera''
80. ''Copernicia tectorum''
81. ''Copernicia baileyana''
82. ''Copernicia berteroana''
83. ''Copernicia brittonorum''
84. ''Copernicia × burretiana''
85. ''Copernicia cowellii''
86. ''Copernicia curbeloi''
87. ''Copernicia curtissii''
88. ''Copernicia ekmanii''
89. ''Copernicia × escarzana ''
90. ''Copernicia fallaensis''
91. ''Copernicia gigas''
92. ''Copernicia glabrescens'' ''Copernicia glabrescens'' var. ''glabrescens'' ''Copernicia glabrescens'' var. ''ramosissima''
93. ''Copernicia hospita''
94. ''Copernicia humicola''
95. ''Copernicia longiglossa''
96. ''Copernicia macroglossa''
97. ''Copernicia molineti''
98. ''Copernicia × occidentalis''
99. ''Copernicia rigida''
100. ''Copernicia roigii''
101. ''Copernicia × shaferi''
102. ''Copernicia × sueroana''
103. ''Copernicia × textilis''
104. ''Copernicia × vespertilionum''
105. ''Copernicia yarey''
106. ''Desmoncus orthacanthos''
107. ''Desmoncus polyacanthos'' ''Desmoncus polyacanthos'' var. ''polyacanthos''
108. ''Euterpe broadwayi''
109. ''Euterpe oleracea''
110. ''Euterpe precatoria'' ''Euterpe precatoria'' var. ''precatoria''
111. Gastrococos crispa
112. ''Gastrococos crispa''
113. ''Gaussia attenuata''
114. ''Gaussia princeps''
115. ''Gaussia spirituana''
116. ''Geonoma interrupta'' ''Geonoma interrupta'' var. ''interrupta''
117. ''Geonoma undata''
118. ''Hemithrinax compacta''
119. ''Hemithrinax rivularis''
''Hemithrinax rivularis'' var. ''rivularis''
''Hemithrinax rivularis'' var. ''savannarum''
120. ''Manicaria saccifera''
121. ''Mauritia flexuosa''
122. ''Oenocarpus bataua'' ''Oenocarpus bataua'' var. ''oligocarpus''
123. ''Prestoea acuminata'' ''Prestoea acuminata'' var. ''montana''
124. ''Prestoea pubigera''
125. ''Pseudophoenix ekmanii''
126. ''Pseudophoenix lediniana''
127. ''Pseudophoenix sargentii''
128. ''Pseudophoenix vinifera''
129. ''Reinhardtia paiewonskiana''
130. Roystonea (Arecaceae: Arecoideae), , Scott, Zona, Flora Neotropica, 1996
131. ''Roystonea altissima''
132. ''Roystonea borinquena''
133. ''Roystonea lenis''
134. ''Roystonea maisiana''
135. ''Roystonea oleracea''
136. ''Roystonea princeps''
137. ''Roystonea regia''
138. ''Roystonea stellata''
139. ''Roystonea violacea''
140. ''Sabal causiarum''
141. ''Sabal domingensis''
142. ''Sabal maritima''
143. ''Sabal mauritiiformis''
144. ''Sabal palmetto''
145. ''Sabal yapa''
146. ''Syagrus amara''
147. ''Thrinax ekmaniana''
148. ''Thrinax excelsa''
149. ''Thrinax morrisii''
150. ''Thrinax parviflora'' ''Thrinax parviflora'' subsp. ''parviflora'' ''Thrinax parviflora'' subsp. ''puberula''
151. ''Thrinax radiata''
152. Notes on Zombia antillarum, , Fabienne Boncy, Taylor, Economic Botany, 2004
153. ''Zombia antillarum''
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