LIST OF REPUBLICS

'List of republics' is a list of countries or states governed as a republic.
For Antiquity (or later in the case of societies that did not refer to a Western terminology to qualify their form of government) the assessment of whether a state organisation is a ''republic'' is an analysis by retrospect, left to the discretion of historians and political theorists.
For more recent systems of government worldwide organisations with a broad political acceptance, like the United Nations, can provide information on whether or not a sovereign state is referred to as a republic.

Contents

Antiquity

Middle Ages and Renaissance

Enlightenment and later

Unitary republics

Federal republics

Confederal republics

References

Antiquity

★ Doric Greek city-states of Crete

★ Sparta

★ Carthage (c. 8th century BC- 146 BC)

★ Athens under the separate reforms of Solon and Cleisthenes.

★ Roman Republic (c. 509 – 27 BC) and many other Italian cities.

★ Licchavi (c. 600 BCE - 400 AD)

Middle Ages and Renaissance

★ Venice (c. 9th century - 1797)

★ Novgorod Republic (1136 – 1478)

★ Genoa (c. 1100 – 1797)

★ Iceland (930 – 1262)

★ Siena (1167 – 1557)

★ Netherlands (1581 – 1795)

★ Florence (1115 – 1537)

★ San Marino (301 – present)

★ Pisa (11th century – 1406, 1494 – 1509)

★ Amalfi (839 – 1131)

★ Ragusa (14th century – 1808)

★ Commonwealth of England (1649-1660)

Enlightenment and later

In modern usage, a republican form of government is applied loosely to any state which claims this designation. ^[1] So for example the Dominican Republic under Rafael Trujillo is considered a republic, as is the Republic of Iraq under Saddam Hussein and the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under Joseph Stalin. The Kingdom of Sweden (which in 2006 ranked highest in the Economist's index of democracy) ^[2] is not a republic, but the Democratic People's Republic of North Korea (which ranks lowest in the same survey) is.

Unitary republics

Unitary republics are unitary states which are governed constitutionally as one single unit, with a single constitutionally created legislature.

★ Afghanistan (republic since 1973)

★ Albania (since 1946)

★ Algeria

★ Bangladesh

★ Benin

★ Bolivia

★ Botswana

★ Bulgaria (since 1946)

★ Burkina Faso

★ Burundi (since 1966)

★ Cameroon (unitary republic 1960-1961 and 1972-present; federal republic 1961-1972)

★ Cape Verde

★ Central African Republic (1958-1976; restored 1979)

★ Chad

★ Chile

★ People's Republic of China

★ Colombia (unitary republic since 1886)

★ Congo (Brazzaville)

★ Congo (Kinshasa)

★ Costa Rica

★ Côte d'Ivoire

★ Croatia

★ Cuba

★ Cyprus

★ Czech Republic

★ Djibouti

★ Dominica

★ Dominican Republic (1801-1861, 1865-present)

★ East Timor

★ Ecuador

★ Egypt (since 1953)

★ El Salvador (1821-present)

★ Equatorial Guinea

★ Eritrea

★ Estonia (1921-1940; 1991-present)

★ Fiji Islands (since 1987)

★ Finland

★ former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

★ French Republic (1st: 1792-1804; 2nd: 1848-1852; 3rd: 1870-1940; 4th: 1945-1958 and 5th, since 1958)

★ Gabon

★ Gambia (since 1970)

★ Georgia

★ Ghana (since 1960)

★ Greece (1st: 1822–1832; 2nd: 1924-1935; 3rd: since 1974)

★ Guatemala

★ Guinea

★ Guinea-Bissau

★ Guyana (since 1970) is a "Co-operative Republic"

★ Haiti (1806-1849; restored 1859)

★ Honduras

★ Hungary (since 1946)

★ Iceland (republic since 1944)

★ Indonesia (Unitary republic since August 1950)

★ Iran (since 1979)

★ Iraq (since 1958)

★ Ireland (republic since 1949)

★ Israel

★ Italian Social Republic (1943 - 1945)

★ Italy (since 1946)

★ Kazakhstan

★ Kenya (since 1964)

★ Kiribati

★ Kyrgyzstan

★ Laos (since 1975)

★ Latvia

★ Lebanon

★ Liberia

★ Libya (since 1969)

★ Lithuania

★ Lokot Republic (1941-1943)

★ Madagascar

★ Malawi (since 1966)

★ Maldives (since 1968)

★ Mali (since 1960)

★ Malta (since 1974)

★ Marshall Islands

★ Mauritania

★ Mauritius (since 1992)

★ Moldova

★ Mongolia (since 1924)

★ Montenegro (since 1944)

★ Mozambique

★ Namibia

★ Nauru

★ Nicaragua

★ Niger

★ North Korea (since 1948)

★ Pakistan (since 1956)

★ Palau

★ Panama

★ Paraguay

★ Peru

★ Philippines

★ Poland

★ Portugal (since 1910)

★ Rhodesia (1970-1979)

★ Romania (since 1947)

★ Rwanda (since 1961)

★ Samoa (since 2007)

★ San Marino qualifies itself as the "Most Serene Republic"

★ São Tomé and Príncipe

★ Senegal

★ Serbia (since 1944)

★ Seychelles

★ Sierra Leone (since 1971)

★ Singapore (since 1965)

★ Slovak Republic (1939–1945)

★ Slovakia

★ Slovenia

★ Somalia

★ South Africa (since 1961)

★ South Korea (since 1948)

★ Spain (Twice: First Spanish Republic (1873–1874), Second Spanish Republic (1931-1939))

★ Sri Lanka (since 1972)

★ Sudan

★ Suriname

★ Syria

★ Republic of China (Taiwan)

★ Tajikistan

★ Tanzania

★ Togo

★ Trinidad and Tobago (since 1976)

★ Tunisia (since 1957)

★ Turkey (republic since 1923)

★ Turkmenistan

★ Uganda (since 1963)

★ Ukraine

★ Uruguay is the "Eastern Republic".

★ Uzbekistan

★ Vanuatu

★ Vietnam

★ Yemen

★ Zambia

★ Zimbabwe

Federal republics

Federal republics are federal states in which the administrative divisions (states or provinces) theoretically retain a degree of autonomy which is constitutionally protected, and cannot be revoked unilaterally by the national government.

★ Argentina

★ Austria

★ Brazil (since November 15th, 1889)

★ Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 1995)

★ Federal Republic of Cameroon (1961-1972)

★ Commonwealth of England (1649-1653)

★ Czechoslovakia (1969-1992)

★ Ethiopia (unitary republic 1974-1994; federal republic since 1994)

★ Germany (since 1918)

★ Republic of Colombia (1819-1886), known as Great Colombia from 1819 to 1831, when it included present-day Ecuador, Venezuela, and Panama.

★ India (since January 26, 1950)

★ United States of Indonesia (1945-1950)

★ Mexico (since 1917)

★ Nigeria (1963-66:1st Republic, 1979-83: 2nd Republic, 1993: 3rd Republic, 1999-present: 4th Republic)

★ Pakistan (since March 23, 1956); Declaration of the ''Islamic Republic''

★ Russian Federation

★ Swiss Confederation (since 1848)

★ Union of Myanmar

★ United Provinces of Central America (1823-1840)

★ United States of America (since 1789)

★ Venezuela

★ Yugoslavia (1945-2003)

Confederal republics

Confederal republics are associations of sovereign states, usually having power over critical common issues such as defence and foreign affairs:

★ Confederate States of America (1861 - 1865)

★ Serbia and Montenegro (2003 – 2006)

★ Switzerland (circa 1291 - 1848, except for the Helvetic Republic phase, 1798 - 1803)

★ United States (under the Articles of Confederation, 1776 – 1789)

★ United Pakistan ''(Old Pakistan)'' (Unofficial) (1962 - 1970)

Arab Republics

★ Egypt

★ Syria is the "Arab Republic" reflecting its theoretically pan-Arab Ba'athist government.

★ Yemen

Islamic Republics

Republics governed in accordance with Islamic law:

★ Afghanistan

★ Islamic Republic of Pakistan (since 1970)

★ Islamic Republic of Iran (since Iranian Revolution)

★ Islamic Republic of Mauritania

Democratic Republics

These are republics which use the word "democratic" in their official name. Their actual political systems can vary considerably.

★ People's Democratic Republic of Algeria

★ Democratic Republic of Congo

★ East Timor

★ Ethiopia

★ German Democratic Republic (1949-1990)

★ Laos

★ North Korea

★ São Tomé and Príncipe

★ Sri Lanka

Socialist Republics

These are republics which use the word "socialist" in their official name.

★ Albania (1976-1990}

★ Libya

★ Sri Lanka

★ Vietnam

★ Romania (1965-1989)

★ Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992)

★ Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)

People's Republics

Meant to be governed by the people, this name is most often (but not always) used by communist states.

★ People's Democratic Republic of Algeria

★ Bangladesh

★ People's Republic of China

★ Laos

★ North Korea

★ Libya
Former People's Republics:

★ Hungary (1949–1989)

★ Mongolia (1924–1992)

★ Albania (1946–1976)

★ Bulgaria (1946–1990)

★ Romania (1947–1965)

★ Poland (1952–1989)

★ South Yemen (1967–1970)

★ Benin (1975–1990)

★ Congo (1970–1992)

★ Mozambique (1975–1990)

★ Angola (1975–1992)

★ Ethiopia (1987–1991)

References

1. Republic, ''Oxford English Dictionary'', SECOND EDITION 1989
2. Laza Kekic, The Economist Intelligence Units Index of democracy, ''The Economist: The World in 2007''