'
Atlantis' is the subject of a
legend about an advanced island civilization that was destroyed or lost. Stories about Atlantis are first mentioned in
Plato's dialogues ''
Timaeus'' and ''
Critias'', in which characters say it was destroyed by an
earthquake or a
tsunami about 9,000 years before the time in which Plato wrote. The story claims Atlantis was somewhere outside the
Pillars of Hercules. According to Plato, the story originated with
Ancient Egyptian priests.
Some people believe that the stories are
fictions made up to serve the purposes of Plato's dialogs. But others take them as if they were serious historical accounts. There have been dozens — perhaps hundreds — of locations proposed for the classical Atlantis. Some are more-or-less serious attempts at legitimate scholarly or
archaeological works; others have been made by
psychic or other
pseudoscientific means. As
continental drift became better understood and accepted during the 1950s, most "Lost Continent" theories of Atlantis have been proven conclusively false.
Some cultures have "lost civilization"
myths. In some cases, it has been argued that there is a common historical event or real "lost civilization" at the root of some or all of these
legends, but there is considerable disagreement between the competing hypotheses. It may be that these legends have arisen from many different historical events, and are only just now being associated by modern theorizers because of their similarity. It may also be that these legends are entirely fictional, but for some reason have arisen and remained popular in many different cultures at different times.
A
17th century artwork of researchers and scientists searching for Atlantis' location
In/Near the Mediterranean Sea
Many theories of Atlantis center around the
Mediterranean. In part because of the
Ancient Greek myth which is the first written record of Atlantis, but it was also a ''superhighway'' of transport in ancient times, allowing for
trade and cultural exchange between emergent peoples of the region. The roots of
Western civilization began in the
Mesopotamia in nearby modern day
Iraq. Some of the more popular theories include the
Minoan civilization on
Crete, the island of
Sardinia as well as some other river valley civilizations.
Andalusia
Andalusia is a region in modern day southern Spain and host to the lost city of
Tartessos, which disappeared in the
6th century BC. The Tartessians were traders and were known to the Ancient Greeks who knew of their legendary king
Arganthonios.
Rainer W. Kühne and
Werner Wickboldt (2003) suggest that the war of the Atlanteans refers to the war of the
Sea Peoples who attacked the Eastern Mediterranean countries around
1200 BC, and that the city and geography of Atlantis refer to Tartessian people of the
Iron Age (800-500 BC).
[1] The Andalusian hypothesis was originally developed by the Spanish authors José Pellicer de Ossau i Tovar
[2] in
1673 and Juan Fernández Amador y de los Ríos
[3] in
1919, and afterwards by the German author Adolf Schulten in
1922, and further studied by Otto Jessen and Richard Hennig in the 1920s, and from
2000 is defended by Georgeos Diaz-Montexano.
[4] Satellite images of the area show two rectangular structures and concentric circles which have been hypothesized to be the "temple of
Poseidon" and "the temple of Cleito and Poseidon".
[5] The original article by Rainer W. Kühne appeared in the "Journal of Antiquity".
[6]
Geologists have shown that the Donana National Park experienced intense erosion around 600 BC, where it became a marine environment (A. Rodriguez-Ramirez et al., Recent coastal evolution of the donana national park (SW Spain), in: Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 15 (1996) pp.803 -809). Due to alluvial sedimentation, the entire area has been above water again since the end of the Roman Empire.
[7] See these photos
[8] that appear in the Georgeos Diaz-Montexano's book and in the Atlantis Rising Forum.
Teogony of
Hesiod, ten labors of
Heracles, the castle of
Geryon. Hercules killed the grandson of
Poseidon, Geryon, at
Erytheia, in this place he founded the city of
Gaderia (now
Cádiz, Spain). Erytheia is also one of the seven daughters of Atlas in the myth of the
Hesperides.
The
National Library of Norway and the
Norwegian Institute of Palaeography and Historical Philology (PHI), assigned to the
Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and to the
University of Oslo,
Norway, have decided to consider the hypothesis of
Georgeos Díaz-Montexano, a
Cuban investigator of
Spanish origin
[9] on an epigraphical interpretation of one of the most ancient inscriptions of the world
[10][11] atal-tarte (atlas/atlantis-tartessos?)
[12]
Zippasla
Peter James, in his book ''The Sunken Kingdom'', identifies Atlantis with the kingdom of
Zippasla. He argues that
Solon did indeed gather the story on his travels, but in
Lydia, not
Egypt as Plato states; that Atlantis is identical with
Tantalis, the city of
Tantalus in Asia Minor, which was (in a similar tradition known to the Greeks) said to have been destroyed by an earthquake; that the legend of Atlantis' conquests in the Mediterranean is based on the revolt by King Madduwattas of Zippasla against
Hittite rule; that Zippasla is identical with
Sipylus, where Greek tradition placed Tantalis; and that the now vanished lake to the north of Mount Sipylus was the site of the city.
Crete and Santorini
Among those who believe aliens destroyed them in a historical Atlantis, a common hypothesis holds that Plato's story of the destruction of Atlantis was inspired by massive
volcanic eruptions on the Mediterranean island of
Santorini during Minoan times.
Skeptics of an
Atlantic Ocean location usually promote this theory. Some consider this to be the likeliest hypothesis, though investigators (such as Frank Joseph) discount this theory as misleading. A main criticism of this hypothesis is that the ancient Greeks were well aware of volcanoes, and if there was a volcanic eruption, it would seem likely that it would be mentioned. Additionally, Pharaoh
Amenhotep III commanded an emissary to visit the cities surrounding
Crete and found the towns occupied shortly after the time Santorini was speculated to have completely destroyed the area.
Part of this hypothesis proposes, because Solon received his information from Egypt, that we assume that the
Ancient Egyptian symbol for "hundred" was mistakenly read as "thousand". If this was possible, the translation would reduce the age and size of Atlantis by a factor of ten. This alteration would make Atlantis fit Minoan Crete well in size and age. Though, a translation error is believed by some to be unlikely because there is highly distinguishable variations in the visual appearance of
hieroglyphic symbols of
Egyptian numeric values. It should be noted, however, that Solon could have easily confused the spoken Egyptian words for 'hundred' and 'thousand',
★ ''šīʔ'' and
★ ''khīʔ''.
Near Cape Spartel
Another recent hypothesis is based on a recreation of the geography of the
Mediterranean at the time of Atlantis' supposed existence. Plato states that Atlantis was located beyond the
Pillars of Hercules, the name given to the
Strait of Gibraltar linking the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean. 11,000 years ago the sea level in the area was some 130 metres lower, exposing a number of islands in the strait. One of these,
Spartel, could have been Atlantis, though there are a number of inconsistencies with Plato's account.
Near Cyprus
Robert Sarmast, an , claims to have definitely found the
lost city of Atlantis on
November 14 2004, saying that by using
sonar scans he was able to find man made walls that matched the description of the structures described by
Plato,
CNN reports.
[13][14] The site lies 1,500 m deep in the Mediterranean Sea between
Cyprus and
Syria. Several
geologists were quick to dispute the claim, as the place was deep under water during the period in question.
On
August 4 2005, a research has been done by Robert Sarmast in the Eastern Mediterranean sea between Cyprus and Syria. The sonar scans showed evidence of man-made structures one mile below sea level which is possibly a
canal wall. Sarmast claims it is a 3 km-long straight wall intersected at right angles by another wall.
[15] Nevertheless, in January 2007 Hi-Tech Expedition At "Cyprus Atlantis" Concluded: Alleged "Stone Walls and Man made Structures" Are A Huge Mud Pile—But It's Still Atlantis (Or Maybe Eden). Here is a detailed description: http://www.mysterious-america.net/cyprus-atlantis2.html
Middle east
Jaime Manuschevich argues that the real place of the mythical civilization is the territory that today corresponds to
Israel and
Sinai,
[16] and that this region was an island in the
Great Rift Valley,
[17] surrounded by the
Jezreel Valley on the north, the
Dead Sea and
Red Sea on the east and the
Gulf of Suez and the
Mediterranean Sea on the west until
5600 BC. In addition, Manuschevich proposes that Atlantean civilization corresponds to the
Natufian peoples, the first food-producing people, whose main political and harbor center was
Jericho. This people lived in the region in the dates established by Plato (11,600 BC).
Malta
Anton Mifsud who, with co-authors Simon Mifsud, Chris Agius Sultana and Charles Savona Ventura, published ''Malta: Echoes of Plato's Island'' added another recent hypothesis. Their book is the product of a research about the archaeological sites and ancient remains in
Malta related to Atlantis.
Frances Galea in his book ''Malta Fdal Atlantis'' also wrote about the results of his lifelong research on several ancient studies and known hypotheses on Atlantis, particularly that of
Girogio Grongnet, the renowned Maltese architect, who in
1854 claimed that the Maltese Islands are the remnants of Atlantis.
In addition, a supplementary linguistic research by the newcomer 'Alberto Nikas' would further enforce this claim
SuperAtlantis According to Nikas, Malta, if translated to Etruscan it amounts to Atlas. Malta boasts the oldest free-standing human structures on earth, predating the
pyramids by a millennium.
FORUM
Furthermore, Doctor Hubert Zeitlmair, President of the Foundation “The Research project MALTA” & his wife Dagmar, are one of the few individuals who can decipher and translate proto-Sanskrit at high level. Findings and results of their research as their unique discovery of the sunken temples of Ğebel Ğol-Bahar which has been considered to be of great archaeological importance have been published in international newspapers and magazines. Their recent findings in Malta include the discovery of primeval characters carved out on stone blocks and ancient stone slabs, and the writings seem to point in the direction of 'Atlantis'.
Ponza
Ponza has many similarities to the Atlantis legend. Legend say that Ponza was the lost island of
Tyrrhenia which was large and had a city at its edge. It was connected by land to the
Italian mainland near
Naples. A volcano exploded and the island sunk leaving only the mountain top which is now called Ponza. Near Naples is
Pozzuoli where
Roman Temples in the harbor rose above water in the late 1960s due to volcanic processes.
Sardinia
In
2002 the Italian journalist published a book, ''Le colonne d'Ercole'' ("
Pillars of Hercules"), in which he states that before
Eratosthenes, all the ancient Greek writers located the
Pillars of Hercules on the
Strait of Sicily, while only
Alexander the Great's conquest of the east obliged Eratosthenes to move the pillars at Gibraltar in his description of the world.
[18]
According to his thesis, the Atlantis described by Plato could be identified with
Sardinia. In fact, a
tsunami once hit Sardinia which destroyed the enigmatic
Nuragic civilization. The few survivors migrated to the nearby
Italian peninsula, founding the
Etruscan civilization, the basis for the later
Roman civilization, while other survivors were part of those
Sea Peoples that attacked
Egypt.
In
April 2005, the theories of the Sergio Frau were debated in a high-level conference organized by the
UNESCO in
Paris. At the same time, an exposition with the major findings of the theory "ATLANTIKA" and its evidence was on display in the UNESCO building to confirm that the organization's experts took the hypothesis quite seriously, and that this seems not to be "just another Atlantis theory".
[19]
Troy
The geoarchaeologist
Eberhard Zangger has proposed the hypothesis that Atlantis was in fact the city state of
Troy. He both agrees and disagrees with Rainer W. Kühne: He too believes that the Trojans-Atlanteans were the sea peoples, but only a minor part of them. He proposes that all Greek speaking city states of the
Aegean civilization or
Mycenae constituted the sea peoples and that they destroyed each other's economies in a series of semi-fratricidal wars lasting several decades.
[20] British archaeologist
Peter James proposed that Atlantis is a lost
Lydian city in modern-day
Turkey, which he names Tantalis and identifies with the existing city of
Manisa.
[21]
Outside the Mediterranean
Hypothesized location of Atlantis in worldwide, click image for greater detail
When Plato spoke of the ''Ocean of Atlantis'', he may have been speaking of the area that we now call the ''
Atlantic Ocean''. The
ocean's name, derived from
Greek mythology, means the "
Sea of
Atlas". Plato remarked that, in describing the origins of Atlantis, this area was allotted to Poseidon. But in Ancient Greek times the terms "Ocean" and "Atlas" both referred to the 'Giant Water' which surrounded the main landmass known at that time by the Greeks, which could be described as '
Africa-Eurasia' (although this whole super continent was far from completely known to the Ancient Greeks), and thus this water mass was considered to be the 'end of the (known) world', for the same reason the name "Atlas" was given to the mountains near the Ocean, the
Atlas Mountains, as they also denoted the 'end of the (known) world'. So when Plato spoke of the ''Ocean of Atlantis'' it might also have been outside what we know today as the ''Atlantic Ocean''.
The prevalent opinion in scientific circles that "continents cannot possibly sink", delineated by the
Isostasy theory. Geological studies of the mid-Atlantic fail to demonstrate that a large continent of Atlantis existed there. However, Atlantic Ocean
geology does not exclude the possibility of a sunken
island. If an island existed, it would have been much smaller than the island continent of
Australia.
Plato never claimed that a whole continent disappeared. He referenced a sunken island in front of another continent.
Antarctica
The theory that
Antarctica was Atlantis was particularly fashionable during the 1960s and 1970s, spurred on partly both by the isolation of the continent,
H. P. Lovecraft's novella ''
At the Mountains of Madness'', and also the
Piri Reis map, which purportedly shows Antarctica as it would be ice free, suggesting human knowledge of that period.
Charles Berlitz,
Erich Von Daniken and
Peter Kolosimo have been amongst those popular authors who made this proposal.
More recently Rand and Rose Flem-Ath have proposed this in their book, "When the Sky Fell"; the theory was revised and made more specific in Rand's work with author
Colin Wilson, in "The Atlantis Blueprint" (published in 2002). The second workings theorized that Atlantis was to be found in Lesser Antarctica, near the coast of the Ross Ice Shelf. A geological theory known as "Earth Crust Displacement" forms the basis of their work. The Atlantis Blueprint uses both scientific and psuedoscientific (such as mere speculation and assumptions) means to back up the theory.
[22]
Charles Hapgood came up with the "
Earth Crustal Displacement theory". Hapgood's theory suggests that Earth's outer
crust is able to move upon the upper mantle layer rapidly up to a distance of 2,000 miles, placing Atlantis in Antarctica, when considering the movements of the crust in the past. It is to be noted that
Albert Einstein was one of the few voices to answer Hapgood's theory. Einstein wrote a preface for Hapgood's book ''Earth's shifting crust'', published in 1958. This theory is particularly popular with
Hollow Earthers, and can be seen as a mirror of the
Hyperborean identification.
[23]
The Earth Crust Displacement theory was only one of the theories presented in a more recent book by author
Stel Pavlou, in his 2001 seminal bestselling novel ''
Decipher''. He proposed that a solar cycle caused a polar shift which led to the Earth/Crust displacement responsible for Atlantis's disappearance from warmer climates. He proposed that many ancient religions and languages, among others the
Egyptian myths surrounding
Pyramids stemmed from an early ''universal'' language, including
Aymara, that contained messages about what had happened in the past. These ideas have since been copied in later, lesser novels. Ideas such as these have also been entertained in the
Stargate Universe.
Azores Islands
One of the suggested places for Atlantis is around the
Azores Islands, a group of islands belonging to
Portugal located about 900 miles (1500 km) west of the Portuguese coast. Some people believe the islands could be the mountain tops of Atlantis.
Ignatius L. Donnelly, an American
congressman, was perhaps the first one to talk about this possible location in his book "Atlantis: The Antediluvian World".
[24]
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
This is related to the Azores theory, as the Azores could be mountaintops of Atlantis. During the last
ice age, the
sea levels could have been much lower, up to 500 feet less, and a large section of the Atlantic is in fact less than 500 feet deep.
[25]
Bahama Bank and Caribbean
There is some evidence of sunken island off
Central America, which have been pushed by Z.A. Simon as an Atlantis site . In the area,
peat and caves with
stalactites and stalagmites were found, both of which only form in the open air and were dated between 5600 BC and 10,000 BC. The surrounding topology has also been suggested to be submerged valleys of ancient rivers and mountain ranges with a tectonic history. A problem with this theory is that Atlantis was supposed to have submerged rapidly, following an earthquake, while the area shows a slow submerging.
Bolivia
A hypothesis by Jim Allen,
[26] argues that Plato's description exactly fits
South America because he describes a level rectangular-shaped plain which he said lay in the center of the continent, next to the sea and midway along the longest side of the continent. He also described the capital city of Atlantis which was built on a small volcanic island and also called Atlantis. The city lay on the level rectangular plain, five miles from the sea and according to Plato the whole region was high above the level of the ocean sea, rising sheer out of the ocean sea to a great height on that side of the continent. Thus we have both a lost city of Atlantis as well as a lost continent of Atlantis.
Mexico
Mexico has also been subject to
Gene Matlock hypothesis who argues that he found Atlantis there. Basing on
etymology, he suggest in his "The last Atlantis book"
[27]
that the
Sanskrit language spoken in the
Indian subcontinent is the father of most world-class languages to explain the meaning of "Atlantis" and from there he makes a connection between Mexico and
India.
[28]
Black Sea
German researchers Siegfried and Christian Schoppe locate Atlantis in the
Black Sea. Before 5500 BC, a great plain lay in the northwest at a former freshwater-lake. In 5510 BC, rising sea level topped the barrier at today's
Bosporus. They identify the
Pillars of Hercules with the Strait of
Bosporus.
[29]
Oreichalcos means the
obsidian stone that used to be a cash-equivalent at that time and was replaced by the
spondylus shell around 5500 BC, which would suit the red, white, black motif. The geocatastrophic event led to the
neolithic diaspora in Europe, also beginning 5500 BC.
In 2000, the ''Guardian'' reported that
Robert Ballard, in a small submarine, found remains of human habitation around 300 feet underwater in the Black Sea off the north coast of Turkey. The area flooded around 5000 BC. This flood may have inspired the
Biblical story of
Noah's Ark; but the area need not be Atlantis.
Another candidate bordering the Black Sea, suggested by Hasan Umur in the
1940s, would be
Ancomah , a legendary place near
Trabzon.
British Isles
In his book ''Atlantis of the West: The Case For Britain's Drowned Megalithic Civilization'', Paul Dunbavin argues that the
British Isles were once one island and that this island was Atlantis. He argues that this
Neolithic civilization in Europe was partially drowned by rising sea levels caused by a
comet impact that caused a
pole shift and changed the
earth's axis around
3100 BC.
[30]
Canary Islands
The
Canary Islands are also considered a candidate, as they are beyond the
Pillars of Hercules and the
Atlas mountains. One of the mysteries of the islands are the presence of "pyramids", and also the
Guanches, who were a primitive people, who did not use boats, but whose ancestors appear to have built great structures.
[31]
England
On December 29, 1997, Russian scientists believed to have found Atlantis in the ocean 100 miles off
Land's End, England. Little Sole Bank, a relatively shallow area, is believed to be the capital of Atlantis. This may have been based on the myth of
Lyoness.
[32]
Indonesia/Sundaland
Areas unsunk before end of last ice age.
Several groups independently advocate the seas around
Indonesia as a site for Atlantis, which was a large unsubmerged
plain known as
Sundaland during the
Wisconsin glaciation, which ended around 10,000 BC, and connected also to
Indonesia. Key to this argument is that the ''Ocean of Atlantis'' refers to the ocean which encircles
Eurasia and
Africa, which was the historical understanding until
Christopher Columbus. Natives of Sundaland who fled the rising waters or volcanic explosions eventually had contact with
Ancient Egyptians, who later passed the story onto Plato who gets some but not all of the details correct, including location and time period. Some proponents argue that Atlantis myth is seen as a growth of, or in combination with
Lemuria and other
Eden myths. The main advocate of this theory is the
Brazilian professor of
nuclear physics Arysio Nunes dos Santos.
[33]
Ireland
This idea was presented in the book ''Atlantis from a Geographer's Perspective: Mapping the Fairy Land'' (2004) by
Swedish geographer Dr. Ulf Erlingsson from
Uppsala University. It hypothesized that the empire of Atlantis refers to the
Neolithic Megalithic tomb culture, based on their similar geographic extent, and deduced that the island of Atlantis then must correspond to
Ireland. The similarities of size and landscape were found to be statistically significant, while the null hypothesis (that Plato invented Atlantis as fiction) was rejected.
[34]
Based on this result, the speculation was made that the capital of Atlantis could be connected with
Newgrange,
Knowth, and
Tara, Ireland. As regards the sinking of Atlantis, it was suggested that it is a memory from another time and place, notably the
Dogger Bank area. It was an island that sank in the
North Sea about 6100 BCE. While the world sea level rose gradually as the
Ice Age ice sheets melted, there was a sudden sea level rise at this time due to the final drainage of
Lake Agassiz. At about the same time a
tsunami from the
Storegga Slide is believed to have devastated the island in the manner described by Plato. (See also entry on North Sea below.)
Other hypotheses place the location of Atlantis between Britain and France on the Celtic Shelf.
[35] This hypothesis was first developed seriously by
Lewis Spence and has been recently revived by some oceanographers.
Isla de la Juventud near Cuba
Recent underwater discoveries off the west coast of
Cuba have led some to speculate on an Atlantean connection. However, even before these discoveries were announced, author
Andrew Collins had explored the Cuba connection in a book titled ''Gateway to Atlantis.'' Collins supports his hypothesis with a great deal of indirect but compelling historical and geographical evidence. He finally suggests present-day
Isle of Youth and the shallow sea bottom that surrounds it as a possible location for Atlantis.
[36]
Finland
Finnish eccentric
Ior Bock locates Atlantis in the southern part of
Finland where he claims a small community of people lived during the
Ice Age. This is a small part of a large that he claims to have been told in his family through the ages, dating back to the development of language itself. Bock also believes he is a direct descendant of an ancient Finnish god
Lemminkäinen.
[37]
North Sea
The
North Sea is known to contain lands that were once above water. The medieval town of
Dunwich in
East Anglia, for example, has since crumbled into the sea, and prehistoric remains have been dredged up from the
Dogger Bank. Atlantis itself has been identified with the island of
Heligoland off the north-west
German coast by the author
Spanuth, Jürgen,
[38] who postulates that it was destroyed during the
Bronze Age around
1200 BCE, only to partially re-emerge during the
Iron Age. Ulf Erlingsson hypothesized that the island that sank referred to
Dogger Bank, and the city itself referred to the
Silver Pit meteorite impact crater at the base of Dogger Bank. There is also the
Oera Linda Book, which states that a land called
Atland once existed in the North Sea, but was destroyed in 2194 BCE.
Sea of Azov
''Atlantis Motherland,'' by authors Flying Eagle and Whispering Wind, published in 2003, locates the Island of Atlantis beneath the
Sea of Azov and on the adjacent fertile plains to the west in
Ukraine and to the east in Krasnodar Kray,
Russia.
[39] Their research is based on
tectonic evidence of a massive
earthquake centered at
Kerch, at the end of the
Pleistocene and evidence of a great
flood at the end of the
Younger Dryas ice age, in 9600 BC. This date corresponds with the date set by an aged Egyptian priest for the destruction of Atlantis, as recorded in the dialogues of
Plato. A massive earthquake caused the island to sink, creating a new sea, which according to Eagle/Wind is the Sea of Azov. The violent earthquakes and floods left the new sea “impassable and impenetrable, because there is a shoal of mud in the way.” The aged priest refers to the shoals of mud as still existing at that time. The Sea of Azov was blocked by shoals of mud at that time, and would still be today without regular dredging.
The Eagle/Wind team has published a theory regarding the destruction of Atlantis, which they call "The Great Atlantis Flood";
[40] One terrible day and night of misfortune; the extraordinary inundation of Atlantis and
Attica. Their theory proposes that, with over one third of Europe draining into the land-locked Black Sea, and over-flow from the
Caspian Sea at the end of the Younger Dryas, the level of the
Black Sea rose to within 20 meters of its current level. A devastating earthquake and resulting tsunami increased the hydraulic pressure on a proposed subterranean outflow channel, flowing beneath the
Bosporus land bridge and the present day
Sea of Marmara and northern
Aegean Sea, causing this subterranean channel to catastrophically rupture, generating the “extraordinary inundation” of ancient Attica. The Island of Atlantis, Attica and lands of the ancient
Hellenes were all destroyed by the catastrophe. The survivors fled the treacherous sea shores and widespread disease and began founding new settlements.
Estremadura, Portugal
This theory states that Atlantis was no other than the
Chalcolithic civilization of
Vila Nova de Sao Pedro and that
Mycenean Greeks would have fought against them for the control of tin routes in alliance with neighbour
Iberian civilization of
El Argar, which shows some clear Hellenization in its B phase. The catastrophe described would be an earthquake with tsunami like the one suffered by Lisbon in
1755.
But there is something that might shake all this, and that is a quote from Plato`s book and it is:"It is located out of pillars of Hercules".
The recent location of a ''sea branch'' reaching Zambujal (the main city of this culture) and the evidence that it was silted somehow when VNSP ended
[4], seem to add some weight to this theory.
Sweden
Olaus Rudbeck wrote ''Atlantica'', where he argues that Scandinavia, specifically Sweden, is identical with Atlantis. Some think that his suggestion was not entierly serious.
[41]
See also
★
Atlantis in art, literature and popular culture
References and notes
1. ''La Atlantida de Platon - Teorias cientificas'' by Georgeos Díaz-Montexano
2. Joseph Pellicer de Ossau y Tovar (Spaniard). Aparato a la mvonarchia antigua de las Españas en los tres tiempos del mundo, el adelon, el mithico y el historico : primera parte... / por don Ioseph Pellicer de Ossau y Touar... (En Valençia : por Benito Macè..., 1673 (the first extense study about Atlantis in Iberia, with the hypothesis about Doñana)
3. Juan Fernández Amador de los Ríos (Spaniard). Antigüedades ibéricas / por Juan Fernández Amador de los Rios. Pamplona : Nemesio Aramburu, 1911. (first part about the Atlantis in Iberia, with the hypothesis about Doñana, Sea Peoples, etc.)
4. Magazine ''Más Allá de la Ciencia'', March-April of the 2000 (nº 134), where was published a report about the Georgeos Díaz-Montexano's theory of Atlantis between Andalusia and Morocco. [1]
5. Satellite images 'show Atlantis
6. A location for "Atlantis"? Rainer W. Kühne
7. Paleogeografía de las costas atlánticas de Andalucía durante el Holoceno medio-superior : prehistoria reciente, protohistoria y fases históricas / Francisco Borja Barrera
En: Tartessos : 25 años después, 1968-1993 : Jerez de la Frontera, 1995, ISBN 84-87194-64-8, pags. 73-97
8. See these photos [2] and [3]
9. "Babylonian and Greek Old documents affirm that the Iberians were the same Atlanteans"
10. http://www.schoyencollection.com/firstalpha_files/ms5237_2.jpg
11. http://www.schoyencollection.com/firstalpha.htm#5237_2
12. http://www.tartessos.info/images/atal-tartesso.jpg
13. ''Legendary Atlantis Found?'' - scatoday.net
14. ''Atlantis, the fabled lost continent chronicled by Plato, has been found — again and again''.
15. discoveryofatlantis.com
16. "The Atlantis, the deciphered myth"; Jaime Manuschevich, (2002)
17. Ryan and Pitman
18. Frau, Sergio, ''Le colonne d'Ercole'', NurNeon, ISBN 88-900740-0-0
19. ''exhibition "Atlantika: Sardinia, Mythical Island"''.
20. The Flood from Heaven: Deciphering the Atlantis Legend, , Eberhard, Zangger, William Morrow & Company, , ISBN 0-688-11350-8
21. The Sunken Kingdom. The Atlantis Mystery Solved, , Peter, James, Jonathan Cape, 1995,
22. The Atlantis Blueprint: Unlocking the Ancient Mysteries of a Long-Lost Civilization, , , , Delta; Reprint edition, , ISBN 0-440-50898-3
23. Earth's shifting crust: A key to some basic problems of earth science, , , , Pantheon Books, , ASIN B0006AVEEU
24. The Atlantis Blueprint: Unlocking the Ancient Mysteries of a Long-Lost Civilization, , Ignatius L., Donnelly, Kessinger Publishing, , ISBN 0-7661-3606-X
25. andrewcollins.com - Atlantis in the Mid-Atlantic
26. Historic Atlantis in Bolivia Jim Allen
27. The Last Atlantis Book You'll Ever Have to Read!: The Atlantis-Mexico-India, , Gene, Matlock, Dandelion Books, , ISBN 1-893302-20-2
28. Why Not Look for A-Tlan-Tis in Mexico? Gene Matlock
29. Atlantis in the Black Sea Siegfried Schoppe and Christian Schoppe
30. Atlantis of the West: The Case For Britain's Drowned Megalithic Civilization, , Paul, Dunbavin, Carroll & Graf Publishers, , ISBN 0-7867-1145-0
31. The Mysterious origin of the Guanches
32. ''Russians seek Atlantis off Cornwall''
33. Atlantis, The Lost Continent Finally Found, , Arysio Nunes, Dos Santos, Atlantis Publications, , ISBN 0-9769550-0-8
34. Atlantis from a Geographer's Perspective, , Ulf, Erlingsson, Dr., Lindorm Publishing, , ISBN 0-9755946-0-5
35. ''Atlantis was a Real Place''
36. Gateway to Atlantis: The Search for the Source of a Lost Civilization, , Andrew, Collins, Carroll & Graf Publishers, , ISBN 0-7867-0963-4
37. Atlantis rising magazine
38. Atlantis of the north, , Jurgen, Spanuth, Scientists of New Atlantis, , ISBN 1-57179-078-0
39. Atlantis Motherland, , Flying, Eagle, Cosmic Vortex, , ISBN 0-9719580-0-9
40. ''The great Atlantis flood'' Flying Eagle and Whispering Wind
41. Gunnar Eriksson, article in ''Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon hft 150'', p.651
Further reading
★ Zia Abbas (2002) 'Atlantis the Final Solution: A Scientific History of Humanity over the Last 100,000 Years' ISBN 059523108X
★
Gene Matlock, ''The last Atlantis book you’ll ever have to read: the Atlantis-Mexico-India connection''. Tempe, AZ:
Dandelion Books, 2001.
★ Joseph, Frank, "''The Destruction of Atlantis: Compelling Evidence of the Sudden Fall of the Legendary Civilization''".
Bear & Company, 2002. ISBN 1-879181-85-1
★ Zangger, Eberhard, "''The Flood from Heaven: Deciphering the Atlantis legend''". Sidgwick & Jackson, 1992, ISBN 0-688-11350-8.
★ Mifsud, Anton, Simon Mifsud, Chris Agius Sultana, and Charles Savona Ventura, "''Echoes of Plato's Island''". (2nd edition) Malta, 2001. ISBN 99932-15-01-5
★
Ashe, Geoffrey, "''Atlantis : lost lands, ancient wisdom / Geoffrey Ashe''". New York, N.Y.,
Thames and Hudson; 1992. ISBN 0-500-81039-7
★ Zeilinga de Boer, Jelle, et al., "''Volcanoes in human history : the far-reaching effects of major eruptions''". ''The Bronze Age eruption of Thera : destroyer of Atlantis and Minoan Crete?''. Princeton, N.J.,
Princeton University Press; 2002.
★ Ley, Willy, ''"Another look at Atlantis, and fifteen other essays''". Garden City, N.Y.,
Doubleday; 1969. LCCN 69011988
★ Galanopoulos, Angelos Geōrgiou, and Edward Bacon, "''Atlantis; the truth behind the legend''". Indianapolis,
Bobbs-Merrill; 1969. LCCN 71080738 //r892
★
Donnelly, Ignatius L., "''". New York,
Harper, 1882. LCCN 06001749
★ Erlingsson, Ulf, "''
Atlantis from a Geographer's Perspective: Mapping the Fairy Land''".
Lindorm Publishing, 2004. ISBN 0-9755946-0-5
★ Flem-Ath, Rand & Wilson, Colin, ''The Atlantis Blueprint'', 2000.
★ Flem-Ath, Rand & Flem-Ath, Rose, ''When The Sky Fell''.
★ Shirley Andrews, ''Atlantis''.
Llewellyn Publications, 2002. ISBN 1-56718-023-X
★ Charles Berlitz, ''The Bermuda Triangle''
★ ''Atlantis of the West: The Case For Britain's Drowned Megalithic Civilization'', ISBN 0-7867-1145-0 ,
Paul Dunbavin
External links
General information
★
The Atlantis Archives
★
Atlantis Channel
★
lost-civilizations.net
★
about.com
★
International Conference '' 'Atlantis 2005' '', Milos/Greece
★
Atlantis Research Charter about methods of Atlantis research
★
''Atlantis: Myth or Memory ?'' from
UnXplained-Factor
Support a specific location
★
Real Expedition Nov. 2006
★
Atlantis in the Atlantic based on writings of
Helena Blavatsky
★
Antarctica was Atlantis
★
Atlantis was in the Black Sea
★
Atlantis was near Cyprus
★
Bolivia was Atlantis
★
Indonesia/Sundaland was Atlantis
★
Atlantis was inspired by Silver Pit / Dogger Bank / Ireland / West Europe
★
Atlantis Iberian-Mauretanian; the Acropolis before Gibraltar
★
Israel was Atlantis (In Spanish)
★
Tartessos was Atlantis
★
Sea of Azov was Atlantis site
Support invention hypothesis
★
Atlantis: No way, No how, No where''" —
Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal
★
Skeptics dictionary
News
★
PRGB News, "''
Tartessus - Atlantis. They look for its rests in Andalusia. The search of Tartessus in Doñana, Huelva, and a concentric circular city - identical to the Acropolis of the Atlantis - found in Jaen, could throw tracks for the Atlantis.''". May 14,
2007.
★
PRWeb News, "''
Atlantis and Tartessus--Norway Scientific Institutions Recognize Spanish Paleographical Hypothesis''". July 20,
2006.
★
PRWeb News, "''
The Arab Authors Located to the Atlantis Island and the Amazonian Island in Andalusia''". July 20,
2006.
★
BBC News, "''
Tsunami clue to 'Atlantis' found''". August 15,
2005.
★ BBC News, "''
Satellite images 'show Atlantis' in Spain''". June 6,
2004.
★ BBC News, "''
Have scientists really found the lost city of Atlantis?''". November 15,
2004.
★ BBC News, "''
Atlantis 'obviously near Gibraltar'''", September 20,
2001.
★ Radford, Tim,
The Guardian, "''
Evidence found of Noah's ark flood victims''", September 14,
2000.
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