(Redirected from Lockheed Super Constellation)
The 'Lockheed Constellation', affectionately known as the “Connie”, was a four-engine
propeller-driven
airliner built by
Lockheed between
1943 and
1958 at its
Burbank, California, USA, facility. A total of 856 aircraft were produced in four models, all distinguished by a distinctive triple-tail design and graceful, dolphin-shaped fuselage. It was used as both a civilian airliner and U.S. military air transport plane, seeing service in the
Berlin Airlift and as the presidential aircraft for
President Eisenhower.
Design and development
Excalibur: The Constellation's predecessor
Since
1937, Lockheed had been working on the 'L-044 Excalibur', a four-engine pressurized airliner. In
1939 Trans World Airlines, at the encouragement of major stockholder
Howard Hughes, requested a 40-passenger transcontinental airliner with 3,500 mile (5,630 km) range
- well beyond the capabilities of the limited Excalibur design. TWA's requirements led to the 'L-049 Constellation', designed by such Lockheed engineers as
Kelly Johnson and
Hall Hibbard.
[Yenne, Bill, ''Lockheed''. Greenwich, Connecticut: Bison Books,1987, p. 44-46. ISBN 0-51760-471-X.] Willis Hawkins, another Lockheed engineer, maintains that the Excalibur program was purely a cover for the Constellation.
[Boyne, Walter J. ''Beyond the Horizons: The Lockheed Story''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998, p. 135-137. ISBN 0-31224-438-X.]
The military's 'C-69' prototype was based on the initial L-049 design.
Development of the Constellation
The Constellation's wing was effectively the same as that of the
P-38 Lightning, differing only in scale.
[Johnson, Clarence L. "Kelly" (), ''Kelly: More Than My Share of it All.'' Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 1985. ISBN 0-87474-491-1.] The distinctive triple tail kept the aircraft's overall height low enough so that it could fit in existing hangars,
[ while new features included hydraulically-boosted controls and a thermal de-icing system used on wing and tail leading edges.]
With the onset of World War II, the TWA aircraft entering production were converted to an order for 'C-69' military transport aircraft, with 202 aircraft intended for the United States Army Air Forces. The first prototype (civil registration NX25600) flew on 9 January 1943, a simple ferry hop from Burbank to Muroc Field for testing.[ Eddie Allen, on loan from Boeing, flew left seat, with Lockheed's own Milo Burcham as copilot. Rudy Thoren and Kelly Johnson were also on board.]
With only 22 C-69s delivered before the end of hostilities, the military cancelled the remainder of the order. Aircraft already in production were thus finished as civilian airliners, with TWA receiving the first on 1 October 1945. The first transatlantic proving flight departed Washington, DC on 3 December 1945, arriving in Paris on 4 December via Gander and Shannon.
Rumors persist that Hughes himself was influential in the design of the Constellation, but these are untrue. His only input was suggestions on the required performance and cockpit layout. He left the rest of the design work to Lockheed.
Operational history
Super Constellation (C-121C) during Pilot training in Epinal - Mirecourt, France
TWA was one of the best-known Constellation operators. The pictured aircraft is an 'L-1049 Super Constellation'.
Lockheed Super Constellation at Air 04, Payerne, Switzerland
Trans World Airlines opened post-war commercial intercontinental air service on 6 February, 1946, with a New York - Paris flight in a Constellation. On 17 June, 1947, Pan American World Airways opened the first ever regularly-scheduled around-the-world service with their L-749 ''Clipper America''. The famous flight Pan Am 101 remained in service for 50 years.
As the first pressurized airliner in widespread use, the Constellation helped to usher in affordable and comfortable air travel for the masses. Some of the more famous operators of Constellations were TWA, Pan American World Airways, Air France, BOAC, KLM, Qantas, Lufthansa, Iberia Airlines, Panair do Brasil, TAP Portugal and Trans-Canada Airlines (later renamed Air Canada).
Initial difficulties
The Constellation suffered three accidents in the first ten months of airline service, temporarily curtailing its career as a passenger airliner.[1] On 18 June 1946, the engine of a Pan American aircraft caught fire and fell off. The flight crew was able to make an emergency landing with no loss of life. However, on 11 July of the same year a Transcontinental and Western Air aircraft fell victim to inflight fire, crashing in a field and taking the lives of five of the six on board.
The Constellation, like other piston-powered airliners of the day, proved prone to engine failures, earning it the nickname of "the world's finest three-engine airliner" in some circles.
Records
Sleek and powerful, Constellations set a number of records. On 17 April 1944, the second production L-049, piloted by Howard Hughes and TWA president Jack Frye flew from Burbank, California to Washington D.C. in 6 hours and 57 minutes. On the return trip, the aircraft stopped at Wright Field to give Orville Wright his last plane flight, more than 40 years after his historic first flight. He commented that the wingspan on the Constellation was longer than the distance of his first flight.
On 29 September 1957, an L-1649A Starliner flew from Los Angeles to London in 18 hours and 32 minutes (c. 5,420 miles). The L-1649A still holds the record for the longest-duration non-stop passenger flight — during TWA's inaugural London to San Francisco flight on 1-2 October 1957, the aircraft stayed aloft for a remarkable 23 hours and 19 minutes (c. 5,350 miles)
Obsolescence
The advent of jet airliners, with the de Havilland Comet, Boeing 707, and Convair 880, rendered the piston-engined Constellation obsolete. The first routes lost to jets were the long overseas routes, but Constellations continued to fly domestic routes. The last scheduled passenger flight of a four-engined piston-engined airliner in the United States was made by a TWA L-749 on 11 May 1967 from Philadelphia to Kansas City, MO. [Germain, Scott E., ''Lockheed Constellation & Super Constellation''. North Branch, MN: Specialty Press, 1998. p. 89. ISBN 1-58007-000-0.] Many Constellations continued to serve as fast freighters for years to come.
Several Constellations have been restored in recent years, a few to flying condition and are a popular sight at airshows. An (unflyable) example is visible at Greenwood Lake Airport, where it has been turned into part of the terminal building.
President
Dwight Eisenhower flew in two Constellations, named ''Columbine II'' and ''Columbine III''.
Two Constellations, the VC-121E ''Columbine III'', used as Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidential aircraft, and an EC-121 Warning Star are fully restored and on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio. Several former Air Force One craft are on display at the Pima Air Museum, Tucson, used by President Eisenhower and his successors.
Swiss watch manufacturer Breitling has sponsored a restoration of a Constellation that has since been featured in its ads. [1]
Timeline
★ June 1939 - Initial design started
★ May 1943 - Construction begins on model L-049
★ January 9, 1943 - First flight
★ October 19, 1946 - First flight of model L-649
★ April 18, 1947 - First production model L-749
★ October 13, 1950 - First flight of model L-1049, the "Super Constellation".
★ October 11, 1956 - First flight of model L-1649, the "Starliner"
Variants
Main articles: List of models of the Lockheed Constellation
The Constellation was produced in both civil and military versions. The initial military versions carried the Lockheed designation of 'L-049'; as World War II came to a close, some were completed as civil 'L-049 Constellations'. The first purpose-built passenger Constellation was the more powerful 'L-649', followed by the 'L-1049 Super Constellation' and 'L-1649 Starliner'. Military versions included the 'C-69' and 'C-121' for the Army Air Forces/Air Force and the 'R7O' 'R7V-1' 'WV-1 (L-1049G)' 'WV-2 (L-1049H)' (famously 'Willie Victor') and many variant EC-121 designations for the Navy (Navy ref Swanborough & Bowers, United States Navy Aircraft since 1911, Funk & Wagnalls, NY, 1968, also Fahey The Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet, 8th Ed, US Naval Institute, Anapolis, 1965).
Operators
Main articles: List of Lockheed Constellation operators
Constellations were used by dozens of airlines and air forces around the world. After TWA's initial order was filled following World War II, customers rapidly accumulated, with over 800 aircraft built. In military service, the US Navy and Air Force operated the EC-121 Warning Star variant until 1978, nearly 40 years after work on the L-049 began.
On screen
The story of Hughes' collaboration with Lockheed for the production of the Constellation is told, in part, in the 2004 film ''The Aviator''.
Specifications (L-1049G)
Orthographically projected diagram of the Lockheed L-1049G Constellation.
References
1. The Star of Lisbon, , , , TIME,
★ Marson, Peter J. ''The Lockheed Constellation Series''. Tonbridge, UK: Air-Britain (Historians), 1982. ISBN 0-85130-100-2.
★ Smith, M.J. Jr. ''Passenger Airliners of the United States, 1926-1991''. Highland County, Ohio: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1986. ISBN 0-933126-72-7.
External links
★ Lockheed Martin official site
★ Connie Survivors
★ Goleta Air and Space Museum: Lockheed Constellation Survivors
★ Warbird Alley: Connie page
★ Gallery of civilian and military Lockheed Constellations worldwide and links to other galleries.
★ A photograh and description of VH-EAB and two colored promotional posters for Qantas Empire Airways's Constellation services, Qantas Empire Airways Lockheed L749 Constellation VH-EAB.
★ One of four similar aerial photographs of VH-EAB by Frank Hurley, with brief annotation
★ MATS Connie; aircraft specifications
★ Save a Connie, Inc
★ Super Constellation Flyers Association
★ Many detailed close-up photographs of the Constellation from the Airline History Museum
★ [3]
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