 | Chinese Civilization中华文明2-5Xia and Shang Dynasties青铜时代 A Chinese character, Han character or Hanzi (simplified Chinese: 汉字; traditional Chinese: 漢字; pinyin: Hànzì) is a logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi), Japanese (kanji), less frequently Korean (hanja), and formerly Vietnamese (hán tự). The number of Chinese characters contained in the Kangxi dictionary is approximately 47,035, although a large number of these are rarely used variants accumulated throughout history. Studies carried out in China have shown that full literacy in the Chinese language requires a knowledge of only between three and four thousand characters. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_character Cangjie is a legendary figure in ancient China (c. 2650 BC), claimed to be an official historian of the Yellow Emperor and the inventor of Chinese characters. Legend has it that he had four eyes and eight pupils, and that when he invented the characters, the deities and ghosts cried and the sky rained millet. He is considered a legendary figure rather than a historical figure, or at least, not considered to be sole inventor of Chinese characters. The Cangjie method, a Chinese character input method, is named after him. A rock on Mars, visited by the Mars rover Spirit, was named after him by the rover team. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cang_Jie XiaoZhuan,Lesser or Small Seal Script (小篆 Xiaozhuan), or Hsiao-chuan is associated with the work on Chinese characters compiled by Li Si during the Qin Dynasty under the First Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. Before the Qin conquest of the last remaining six of the Seven Warring States of China, local styles of characters eveloved independent of one another for centuries producing what are called the Six States Scripts 六國文字. Under one unified government however, the diversity was not deemed desirable for mainly two reasons; first it hindered timely communication, trade, taxing, and transportation, and second independent scripts represented possibly dissenting political ideas especially in areas where the Confucian tradition remained strong. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XiaoZhuan The clerical script (traditional Chinese: 隸書; simplified Chinese: 隶书; pinyin: lìshū; Japanese: 隷書体, Reishotai;), formerly also chancery script, is an archaic style of Chinese calligraphy which evolved in the Warring States period to Qin dynasty, was dominant in the Han dynasty, and remained in use through the Wèi-Jìn (晉) periods http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerical_script The regular script or standard script, or in Chinese kaishu (simplified Chinese: 楷书; traditional Chinese: 楷書; pinyin: kǎishū) and Japanese kaisho, also commonly known as standard regular (正楷), is the newest of the Chinese calligraphy styles (appearing by the Cao Wei dynasty ca. 200 CE and maturing stylistically around the 7th century), hence most common in modern writings and publications (after the non-calligraphic printing Song Ti). It is also occasionally known as true script (真書 zhēnshū) and standard script (正書 zhèngshū). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_script |
 | Akkadian Tablet Translations: The Epic of Atrahasis 1/6 Translated by: Dr. Stephanie Dalley, a former teacher of the Akkadian language at the Universities of Edinburgh and Oxford and is now Shillito Fellow in Assyriolology at the Oriental Institute, Oxford and a Senior Research Fellow of Somerville College. She also has worked on various excavations in the Middle East and has published cuneiform tablets found there by the British Archaeological Expedition to Iraq. http://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/html/staff/?member=dalley ATRAHASIS Atrahasis the wise man, who built an ark and saved mankind from destruction, is a figure of immense prestige and antiquity to whom various literary and religious traditions were attached. He was known by a variety of names and epithets which were translated into different languages, sometimes with reinterpreted meanings, sometimes abbreviated, and in this way his fame spread over huge distances through a span of some five thousand years. In Mesopotamian literature he was the survivor of the Flood, together with his wife, and was granted a form of immortality by the great gods. The story of the Flood was one of the most popular tales of ancient times, and is found in several ancient languages, reworked to suit different areas and cultures so that different settings and details are found in each version. The specific information which follows helps to illustrate how widely diffused the man and the story became in the ancient world. ATRAHASIS IN HISTORY According to one version of the Sumerian king list, in the years just before the Flood swept over the earth, Ubara-Tutu (who is named as the father of Atrahasis in Gilgamesh) was king of Shuruppak, modern Tell Fara in central southern Mesopotamia, where some of the earliest writings known in the whole world have been unearthed. According to a different version of the Sumerian king list, Atrahasis, called there by his Sumerian name Ziusudra, himself ruled the city Shuruppak, preceded by his father who was named like the city, Shuruppak and who was presumably regarded as the eponymous ancestor of the citizens there. A wisdom composition known as The Instructions of Shuruppak is now attested on clay tablets from the Early Dynastic period in the early third millennium bc, and contains sage advice given by Shuruppak to his son Ziusudra. Thus Atrahasis was a notable figure at the dawn of history, and literary tradition was attached to him at an extremely early period. THE NAMES OF ATRAHASIS 'Extra-wise' is the meaning of his name in Atrahasis; he is Ut-napishtim and Uta-na'ishtim in Gilgamesh, a name which can mean 'He found life'. Sumerian Ziusudra is an approximate translation of Akkadian Ut-napishtim together with his epithet, in which the element sudra corresponds to Atrahasis' epithet ruau, 'the far-distant'. The name used by Berossus2 for the survivor of the Flood is Xisuthros, probably a phonetic rendering of Ziusudra. Prometheus, Deucalion's father, may possibly be an approximate Greek translation of Atrahasis, and it is just possible that an abbreviation of (Uta)-na'ish(tim) was pronounced 'Noah' in Palestine from very early times. Atrahasis is also found as the name or epithet of a man who features in a Hittite story about Kumarbi. It has been suggested that the name Ulysses, used by the Romans for Odysseus, comes from the Hittite ullu(ya)s, as a translation of Atrahasis' epithet 'the far-distant', and that the names Odysseus and Outis may be based on a pronunciation of the logogram for Ut-napishtim, which is UD. ZI.3 The name or epithet Atrahasis is used for the skilful god of craftsmanship Kothar-wa-hasis in Ugaritic mythology, and is abbreviated to Chousor in the Greek account of Syrian origins related by Philo of Byblos. A similar abbreviation is used in the name of the Islamic sage Al-khidr (also called al-Khadir), who guarded the Fountain of Life, and gave water from it to King Sakhr (meaning 'rock') who thus became immortal. This episode is related, in one of the Arabian Nights, to the Gilgamesh of Islamic narrative, Buluqiya, who, having travelled through many lands, lost his faithful adviser Affan in a fruitless attempt to obtain the ring of Suleiman, with which he might travel to the Fountain of Life and drink the water of immortality. The name Al-Khidr here bears a new etymology, 'the green one'. Al-khidr as a holy man of Islam is buried at Baniyas on the Golan Heights, where a tributary of the Jordan river gushes out of a rock. In all these appellations it is impossible to distinguish a 'real' name from an epithet. Peace |
 | Akkadian Tablet Translations: The Epic of Atrahasis 2/6 Translated by: Dr. Stephanie Dalley, a former teacher of the Akkadian language at the Universities of Edinburgh and Oxford and is now Shillito Fellow in Assyriolology at the Oriental Institute, Oxford and a Senior Research Fellow of Somerville College. She also has worked on various excavations in the Middle East and has published cuneiform tablets found there by the British Archaeological Expedition to Iraq. http://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/html/staff/?member=dalley ATRAHASIS Atrahasis the wise man, who built an ark and saved mankind from destruction, is a figure of immense prestige and antiquity to whom various literary and religious traditions were attached. He was known by a variety of names and epithets which were translated into different languages, sometimes with reinterpreted meanings, sometimes abbreviated, and in this way his fame spread over huge distances through a span of some five thousand years. In Mesopotamian literature he was the survivor of the Flood, together with his wife, and was granted a form of immortality by the great gods. The story of the Flood was one of the most popular tales of ancient times, and is found in several ancient languages, reworked to suit different areas and cultures so that different settings and details are found in each version. The specific information which follows helps to illustrate how widely diffused the man and the story became in the ancient world. ATRAHASIS IN HISTORY According to one version of the Sumerian king list, in the years just before the Flood swept over the earth, Ubara-Tutu (who is named as the father of Atrahasis in Gilgamesh) was king of Shuruppak, modern Tell Fara in central southern Mesopotamia, where some of the earliest writings known in the whole world have been unearthed. According to a different version of the Sumerian king list, Atrahasis, called there by his Sumerian name Ziusudra, himself ruled the city Shuruppak, preceded by his father who was named like the city, Shuruppak and who was presumably regarded as the eponymous ancestor of the citizens there. A wisdom composition known as The Instructions of Shuruppak is now attested on clay tablets from the Early Dynastic period in the early third millennium bc, and contains sage advice given by Shuruppak to his son Ziusudra. Thus Atrahasis was a notable figure at the dawn of history, and literary tradition was attached to him at an extremely early period. THE NAMES OF ATRAHASIS 'Extra-wise' is the meaning of his name in Atrahasis; he is Ut-napishtim and Uta-na'ishtim in Gilgamesh, a name which can mean 'He found life'. Sumerian Ziusudra is an approximate translation of Akkadian Ut-napishtim together with his epithet, in which the element sudra corresponds to Atrahasis' epithet ruau, 'the far-distant'. The name used by Berossus2 for the survivor of the Flood is Xisuthros, probably a phonetic rendering of Ziusudra. Prometheus, Deucalion's father, may possibly be an approximate Greek translation of Atrahasis, and it is just possible that an abbreviation of (Uta)-na'ish(tim) was pronounced 'Noah' in Palestine from very early times. Atrahasis is also found as the name or epithet of a man who features in a Hittite story about Kumarbi. It has been suggested that the name Ulysses, used by the Romans for Odysseus, comes from the Hittite ullu(ya)s, as a translation of Atrahasis' epithet 'the far-distant', and that the names Odysseus and Outis may be based on a pronunciation of the logogram for Ut-napishtim, which is UD. ZI.3 The name or epithet Atrahasis is used for the skilful god of craftsmanship Kothar-wa-hasis in Ugaritic mythology, and is abbreviated to Chousor in the Greek account of Syrian origins related by Philo of Byblos. A similar abbreviation is used in the name of the Islamic sage Al-khidr (also called al-Khadir), who guarded the Fountain of Life, and gave water from it to King Sakhr (meaning 'rock') who thus became immortal. This episode is related, in one of the Arabian Nights, to the Gilgamesh of Islamic narrative, Buluqiya, who, having travelled through many lands, lost his faithful adviser Affan in a fruitless attempt to obtain the ring of Suleiman, with which he might travel to the Fountain of Life and drink the water of immortality. The name Al-Khidr here bears a new etymology, 'the green one'. Al-khidr as a holy man of Islam is buried at Baniyas on the Golan Heights, where a tributary of the Jordan river gushes out of a rock. In all these appellations it is impossible to distinguish a 'real' name from an epithet. Peace |
 | Akkadian Tablet Translations: The Epic of Atrahasis 3/6 Translated by: Dr. Stephanie Dalley, a former teacher of the Akkadian language at the Universities of Edinburgh and Oxford and is now Shillito Fellow in Assyriolology at the Oriental Institute, Oxford and a Senior Research Fellow of Somerville College. She also has worked on various excavations in the Middle East and has published cuneiform tablets found there by the British Archaeological Expedition to Iraq. http://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/html/staff/?member=dalley ATRAHASIS Atrahasis the wise man, who built an ark and saved mankind from destruction, is a figure of immense prestige and antiquity to whom various literary and religious traditions were attached. He was known by a variety of names and epithets which were translated into different languages, sometimes with reinterpreted meanings, sometimes abbreviated, and in this way his fame spread over huge distances through a span of some five thousand years. In Mesopotamian literature he was the survivor of the Flood, together with his wife, and was granted a form of immortality by the great gods. The story of the Flood was one of the most popular tales of ancient times, and is found in several ancient languages, reworked to suit different areas and cultures so that different settings and details are found in each version. The specific information which follows helps to illustrate how widely diffused the man and the story became in the ancient world. ATRAHASIS IN HISTORY According to one version of the Sumerian king list, in the years just before the Flood swept over the earth, Ubara-Tutu (who is named as the father of Atrahasis in Gilgamesh) was king of Shuruppak, modern Tell Fara in central southern Mesopotamia, where some of the earliest writings known in the whole world have been unearthed. According to a different version of the Sumerian king list, Atrahasis, called there by his Sumerian name Ziusudra, himself ruled the city Shuruppak, preceded by his father who was named like the city, Shuruppak and who was presumably regarded as the eponymous ancestor of the citizens there. A wisdom composition known as The Instructions of Shuruppak is now attested on clay tablets from the Early Dynastic period in the early third millennium bc, and contains sage advice given by Shuruppak to his son Ziusudra. Thus Atrahasis was a notable figure at the dawn of history, and literary tradition was attached to him at an extremely early period. THE NAMES OF ATRAHASIS 'Extra-wise' is the meaning of his name in Atrahasis; he is Ut-napishtim and Uta-na'ishtim in Gilgamesh, a name which can mean 'He found life'. Sumerian Ziusudra is an approximate translation of Akkadian Ut-napishtim together with his epithet, in which the element sudra corresponds to Atrahasis' epithet ruau, 'the far-distant'. The name used by Berossus2 for the survivor of the Flood is Xisuthros, probably a phonetic rendering of Ziusudra. Prometheus, Deucalion's father, may possibly be an approximate Greek translation of Atrahasis, and it is just possible that an abbreviation of (Uta)-na'ish(tim) was pronounced 'Noah' in Palestine from very early times. Atrahasis is also found as the name or epithet of a man who features in a Hittite story about Kumarbi. It has been suggested that the name Ulysses, used by the Romans for Odysseus, comes from the Hittite ullu(ya)s, as a translation of Atrahasis' epithet 'the far-distant', and that the names Odysseus and Outis may be based on a pronunciation of the logogram for Ut-napishtim, which is UD. ZI.3 The name or epithet Atrahasis is used for the skilful god of craftsmanship Kothar-wa-hasis in Ugaritic mythology, and is abbreviated to Chousor in the Greek account of Syrian origins related by Philo of Byblos. A similar abbreviation is used in the name of the Islamic sage Al-khidr (also called al-Khadir), who guarded the Fountain of Life, and gave water from it to King Sakhr (meaning 'rock') who thus became immortal. This episode is related, in one of the Arabian Nights, to the Gilgamesh of Islamic narrative, Buluqiya, who, having travelled through many lands, lost his faithful adviser Affan in a fruitless attempt to obtain the ring of Suleiman, with which he might travel to the Fountain of Life and drink the water of immortality. The name Al-Khidr here bears a new etymology, 'the green one'. Al-khidr as a holy man of Islam is buried at Baniyas on the Golan Heights, where a tributary of the Jordan river gushes out of a rock. In all these appellations it is impossible to distinguish a 'real' name from an epithet. Peace |
 | Akkadian Tablet Translations: The Epic of Atrahasis 6/6 Translated by: Dr. Stephanie Dalley, a former teacher of the Akkadian language at the Universities of Edinburgh and Oxford and is now Shillito Fellow in Assyriolology at the Oriental Institute, Oxford and a Senior Research Fellow of Somerville College. She also has worked on various excavations in the Middle East and has published cuneiform tablets found there by the British Archaeological Expedition to Iraq. http://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/html/staff... ATRAHASIS Atrahasis the wise man, who built an ark and saved mankind from destruction, is a figure of immense prestige and antiquity to whom various literary and religious traditions were attached. He was known by a variety of names and epithets which were translated into different languages, sometimes with reinterpreted meanings, sometimes abbreviated, and in this way his fame spread over huge distances through a span of some five thousand years. In Mesopotamian literature he was the survivor of the Flood, together with his wife, and was granted a form of immortality by the great gods. The story of the Flood was one of the most popular tales of ancient times, and is found in several ancient languages, reworked to suit different areas and cultures so that different settings and details are found in each version. The specific information which follows helps to illustrate how widely diffused the man and the story became in the ancient world. ATRAHASIS IN HISTORY According to one version of the Sumerian king list, in the years just before the Flood swept over the earth, Ubara-Tutu (who is named as the father of Atrahasis in Gilgamesh) was king of Shuruppak, modern Tell Fara in central southern Mesopotamia, where some of the earliest writings known in the whole world have been unearthed. According to a different version of the Sumerian king list, Atrahasis, called there by his Sumerian name Ziusudra, himself ruled the city Shuruppak, preceded by his father who was named like the city, Shuruppak and who was presumably regarded as the eponymous ancestor of the citizens there. A wisdom composition known as The Instructions of Shuruppak is now attested on clay tablets from the Early Dynastic period in the early third millennium bc, and contains sage advice given by Shuruppak to his son Ziusudra. Thus Atrahasis was a notable figure at the dawn of history, and literary tradition was attached to him at an extremely early period. THE NAMES OF ATRAHASIS 'Extra-wise' is the meaning of his name in Atrahasis; he is Ut-napishtim and Uta-na'ishtim in Gilgamesh, a name which can mean 'He found life'. Sumerian Ziusudra is an approximate translation of Akkadian Ut-napishtim together with his epithet, in which the element sudra corresponds to Atrahasis' epithet ruau, 'the far-distant'. The name used by Berossus2 for the survivor of the Flood is Xisuthros, probably a phonetic rendering of Ziusudra. Prometheus, Deucalion's father, may possibly be an approximate Greek translation of Atrahasis, and it is just possible that an abbreviation of (Uta)-na'ish(tim) was pronounced 'Noah' in Palestine from very early times. Atrahasis is also found as the name or epithet of a man who features in a Hittite story about Kumarbi. It has been suggested that the name Ulysses, used by the Romans for Odysseus, comes from the Hittite ullu(ya)s, as a translation of Atrahasis' epithet 'the far-distant', and that the names Odysseus and Outis may be based on a pronunciation of the logogram for Ut-napishtim, which is UD. ZI.3 The name or epithet Atrahasis is used for the skilful god of craftsmanship Kothar-wa-hasis in Ugaritic mythology, and is abbreviated to Chousor in the Greek account of Syrian origins related by Philo of Byblos. A similar abbreviation is used in the name of the Islamic sage Al-khidr (also called al-Khadir), who guarded the Fountain of Life, and gave water from it to King Sakhr (meaning 'rock') who thus became immortal. This episode is related, in one of the Arabian Nights, to the Gilgamesh of Islamic narrative, Buluqiya, who, having travelled through many lands, lost his faithful adviser Affan in a fruitless attempt to obtain the ring of Suleiman, with which he might travel to the Fountain of Life and drink the water of immortality. The name Al-Khidr here bears a new etymology, 'the green one'. Al-khidr as a holy man of Islam is buried at Baniyas on the Golan Heights, where a tributary of the Jordan river gushes out of a rock. In all these appellations it is impossible to distinguish a 'real' name from an epithet. Peace |
 | Akkadian Tablet Translations: The Epic of Atrahasis 4/6 Translated by: Dr. Stephanie Dalley, a former teacher of the Akkadian language at the Universities of Edinburgh and Oxford and is now Shillito Fellow in Assyriolology at the Oriental Institute, Oxford and a Senior Research Fellow of Somerville College. She also has worked on various excavations in the Middle East and has published cuneiform tablets found there by the British Archaeological Expedition to Iraq. http://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/html/staff/?member=dalley ATRAHASIS Atrahasis the wise man, who built an ark and saved mankind from destruction, is a figure of immense prestige and antiquity to whom various literary and religious traditions were attached. He was known by a variety of names and epithets which were translated into different languages, sometimes with reinterpreted meanings, sometimes abbreviated, and in this way his fame spread over huge distances through a span of some five thousand years. In Mesopotamian literature he was the survivor of the Flood, together with his wife, and was granted a form of immortality by the great gods. The story of the Flood was one of the most popular tales of ancient times, and is found in several ancient languages, reworked to suit different areas and cultures so that different settings and details are found in each version. The specific information which follows helps to illustrate how widely diffused the man and the story became in the ancient world. ATRAHASIS IN HISTORY According to one version of the Sumerian king list, in the years just before the Flood swept over the earth, Ubara-Tutu (who is named as the father of Atrahasis in Gilgamesh) was king of Shuruppak, modern Tell Fara in central southern Mesopotamia, where some of the earliest writings known in the whole world have been unearthed. According to a different version of the Sumerian king list, Atrahasis, called there by his Sumerian name Ziusudra, himself ruled the city Shuruppak, preceded by his father who was named like the city, Shuruppak and who was presumably regarded as the eponymous ancestor of the citizens there. A wisdom composition known as The Instructions of Shuruppak is now attested on clay tablets from the Early Dynastic period in the early third millennium bc, and contains sage advice given by Shuruppak to his son Ziusudra. Thus Atrahasis was a notable figure at the dawn of history, and literary tradition was attached to him at an extremely early period. THE NAMES OF ATRAHASIS 'Extra-wise' is the meaning of his name in Atrahasis; he is Ut-napishtim and Uta-na'ishtim in Gilgamesh, a name which can mean 'He found life'. Sumerian Ziusudra is an approximate translation of Akkadian Ut-napishtim together with his epithet, in which the element sudra corresponds to Atrahasis' epithet ruau, 'the far-distant'. The name used by Berossus2 for the survivor of the Flood is Xisuthros, probably a phonetic rendering of Ziusudra. Prometheus, Deucalion's father, may possibly be an approximate Greek translation of Atrahasis, and it is just possible that an abbreviation of (Uta)-na'ish(tim) was pronounced 'Noah' in Palestine from very early times. Atrahasis is also found as the name or epithet of a man who features in a Hittite story about Kumarbi. It has been suggested that the name Ulysses, used by the Romans for Odysseus, comes from the Hittite ullu(ya)s, as a translation of Atrahasis' epithet 'the far-distant', and that the names Odysseus and Outis may be based on a pronunciation of the logogram for Ut-napishtim, which is UD. ZI.3 The name or epithet Atrahasis is used for the skilful god of craftsmanship Kothar-wa-hasis in Ugaritic mythology, and is abbreviated to Chousor in the Greek account of Syrian origins related by Philo of Byblos. A similar abbreviation is used in the name of the Islamic sage Al-khidr (also called al-Khadir), who guarded the Fountain of Life, and gave water from it to King Sakhr (meaning 'rock') who thus became immortal. This episode is related, in one of the Arabian Nights, to the Gilgamesh of Islamic narrative, Buluqiya, who, having travelled through many lands, lost his faithful adviser Affan in a fruitless attempt to obtain the ring of Suleiman, with which he might travel to the Fountain of Life and drink the water of immortality. The name Al-Khidr here bears a new etymology, 'the green one'. Al-khidr as a holy man of Islam is buried at Baniyas on the Golan Heights, where a tributary of the Jordan river gushes out of a rock. In all these appellations it is impossible to distinguish a 'real' name from an epithet. Harry Gregson-Williams - Saladin Peace |
 | Akkadian Tablet Translations: The Epic of Atrahasis 5/6 Translated by: Dr. Stephanie Dalley, a former teacher of the Akkadian language at the Universities of Edinburgh and Oxford and is now Shillito Fellow in Assyriolology at the Oriental Institute, Oxford and a Senior Research Fellow of Somerville College. She also has worked on various excavations in the Middle East and has published cuneiform tablets found there by the British Archaeological Expedition to Iraq. http://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/html/staff/?member=dalley ATRAHASIS Atrahasis the wise man, who built an ark and saved mankind from destruction, is a figure of immense prestige and antiquity to whom various literary and religious traditions were attached. He was known by a variety of names and epithets which were translated into different languages, sometimes with reinterpreted meanings, sometimes abbreviated, and in this way his fame spread over huge distances through a span of some five thousand years. In Mesopotamian literature he was the survivor of the Flood, together with his wife, and was granted a form of immortality by the great gods. The story of the Flood was one of the most popular tales of ancient times, and is found in several ancient languages, reworked to suit different areas and cultures so that different settings and details are found in each version. The specific information which follows helps to illustrate how widely diffused the man and the story became in the ancient world. ATRAHASIS IN HISTORY According to one version of the Sumerian king list, in the years just before the Flood swept over the earth, Ubara-Tutu (who is named as the father of Atrahasis in Gilgamesh) was king of Shuruppak, modern Tell Fara in central southern Mesopotamia, where some of the earliest writings known in the whole world have been unearthed. According to a different version of the Sumerian king list, Atrahasis, called there by his Sumerian name Ziusudra, himself ruled the city Shuruppak, preceded by his father who was named like the city, Shuruppak and who was presumably regarded as the eponymous ancestor of the citizens there. A wisdom composition known as The Instructions of Shuruppak is now attested on clay tablets from the Early Dynastic period in the early third millennium bc, and contains sage advice given by Shuruppak to his son Ziusudra. Thus Atrahasis was a notable figure at the dawn of history, and literary tradition was attached to him at an extremely early period. THE NAMES OF ATRAHASIS 'Extra-wise' is the meaning of his name in Atrahasis; he is Ut-napishtim and Uta-na'ishtim in Gilgamesh, a name which can mean 'He found life'. Sumerian Ziusudra is an approximate translation of Akkadian Ut-napishtim together with his epithet, in which the element sudra corresponds to Atrahasis' epithet ruau, 'the far-distant'. The name used by Berossus2 for the survivor of the Flood is Xisuthros, probably a phonetic rendering of Ziusudra. Prometheus, Deucalion's father, may possibly be an approximate Greek translation of Atrahasis, and it is just possible that an abbreviation of (Uta)-na'ish(tim) was pronounced 'Noah' in Palestine from very early times. Atrahasis is also found as the name or epithet of a man who features in a Hittite story about Kumarbi. It has been suggested that the name Ulysses, used by the Romans for Odysseus, comes from the Hittite ullu(ya)s, as a translation of Atrahasis' epithet 'the far-distant', and that the names Odysseus and Outis may be based on a pronunciation of the logogram for Ut-napishtim, which is UD. ZI.3 The name or epithet Atrahasis is used for the skilful god of craftsmanship Kothar-wa-hasis in Ugaritic mythology, and is abbreviated to Chousor in the Greek account of Syrian origins related by Philo of Byblos. A similar abbreviation is used in the name of the Islamic sage Al-khidr (also called al-Khadir), who guarded the Fountain of Life, and gave water from it to King Sakhr (meaning 'rock') who thus became immortal. This episode is related, in one of the Arabian Nights, to the Gilgamesh of Islamic narrative, Buluqiya, who, having travelled through many lands, lost his faithful adviser Affan in a fruitless attempt to obtain the ring of Suleiman, with which he might travel to the Fountain of Life and drink the water of immortality. The name Al-Khidr here bears a new etymology, 'the green one'. Al-khidr as a holy man of Islam is buried at Baniyas on the Golan Heights, where a tributary of the Jordan river gushes out of a rock. In all these appellations it is impossible to distinguish a 'real' name from an epithet. Peace |
 | System Black Trailer A trailer for a homemade movie...obviously logographic with phonetic signs. The most widespread logographic script in modern use is the Chinese script. While the Chinese script has some true logographs, the largest class of characters used in modern Chinese (some 90%) are so-called pictophonetic compounds (形声字, Xíngshēngzì). Characters of this sort are composed of two parts: a pictograph, which suggests the general meaning of the character, and a phonetic part, which is derived from a character pronounced in the same way as the word the new character represents. In this sense, the character for most Chinese words consists of a determiner and a syllabogram, similar to the approach used by cuneiform script and Egyptian hieroglyphs. |
 | Let's learn it : How to write Japaness Kanji Kanji (help·info) (漢字?) are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with hiragana (ひらがな, 平仮名), katakana (カタカナ, 片仮名), Arabic numerals, and the occasional use of the Latin alphabet. The Japanese term kanji (漢字) literally means "Han characters". |
 | Becca 2 Shes really gay In languages with a literary tradition, there is interrelation between orthography and the question of what is considered a single word. Word separators (typically space marks) are common in modern orthography of languages using alphabetic scripts, but these are (excepting isolated precedents) a modern development (see also history of writing). In English orthography, words may contain spaces if they are compounds or proper nouns such as ice cream or air raid shelter. Vietnamese orthography, although using the Latin alphabet, delimits monosyllabic morphemes, not words. Conversely, synthetic languages often combine many lexical morphemes into single words, making it difficult to boil them down to the traditional sense of words found more easily in analytic languages; this is especially difficult for polysynthetic languages such as Inuktitut and Ubykh, where entire sentences may consist of single such words. Logographic scripts use single signs (characters) to express a word. Most de facto existing scripts are however partly logographic, and combine logographic with phonetic signs. The most widespread logographic script in modern use is the Chinese script. While the Chinese script has some true logographs, the largest class of characters used in modern Chinese (some 90%) are so-called pictophonetic compounds (形声字, Xíngshēngzì). Characters of this sort are composed of two parts: a pictograph, which suggests the general meaning of the character, and a phonetic part, which is derived from a character pronounced in the same way as the word the new character represents. In this sense, the character for most Chinese words consists of a determiner and a syllabogram, similar to the approach used by cuneiform script and Egyptian hieroglyphs. There is a tendency informed by orthography to identify a single Chinese character as corresponding to a single word in the Chinese language, parallel to the tendency to identify the letters between two space marks as a single word in the English language. In both cases, this leads to the identification of compound members as individual words, while e.g. in German orthography, compound members are not separated by space marks and the tendency is thus to identify the entire compound as a single word. Compare e.g. English capital city with German Hauptstadt and Chinese 首都 (lit. chief metropolis): all three are equivalent compounds, in the English case consisting of "two words" separated by a space mark, in the German case written as a "single word" without space mark, and in the Chinese case consisting of two logographic characters. [edit]Morphology Main article: Morphology (linguistics) Further information: Inflection In synthetic languages, a single word stem (for example, love) may have a number of different forms (for example, loves, loving, and loved). However, these are not usually considered to be different words, but different forms of the same word. In these languages, words may be considered to be constructed from a number of morphemes. In Indo-European languages in particular, the morphemes distinguished are the root optional suffixes a desinence. Thus, the Proto-Indo-European *wr̥dhom would be analysed as consisting of *wr̥-, the zero grade of the root *wer- a root-extension *-dh- (diachronically a suffix), resulting in a complex root *wr̥dh- The thematic suffix *-o- the neuter gender nominative or accusative singular desinence *-m. [edit]Classes Main article: Lexical category Grammar classifies a language's lexicon into several groups of words. The basic bipartite division possible for virtually every natural language is that of nouns vs. verbs. The classification into such classes is in the tradition of Dionysius Thrax, who distinguished eight categories: noun, verb, adjective, pronoun, preposition, adverb, conjunction, interjection. In Indian grammatical tradition, Panini introduced a similar fundamental classification into a nominal (nāma, suP) and a verbal (ākhyāta, tiN) class, based on the set of desinences taken by the word. |
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