With an area of 47,624 km² and nearly eight million inhabitants, 'Lower Saxony' (
German: ''Niedersachsen'' ) lies in
north-western Germany and is second in area and fourth in population among the sixteen ''
Länder'' (states) of
Germany. In rural areas
Low German is still spoken, but the number of speakers is declining.
Geography
Lower Saxony borders on (from north and clockwise) the
North Sea, the states of
Schleswig-Holstein,
Hamburg,
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,
Brandenburg,
Saxony-Anhalt,
Thuringia,
Hesse and
North Rhine-Westphalia, and the Kingdom of the
Netherlands. The state of
Bremen forms two
enclaves within Lower Saxony. The state's principal cities include
Hannover,
Braunschweig (Brunswick),
Osnabrück,
Oldenburg, and
Göttingen.
The northwestern portion of Lower Saxony is a part of
Frisia; it is called ''Ostfriesland'' (
East Frisia) and lies on the coast of the
North Sea. It includes seven islands, known as the
East Frisian Islands. In the southwest of Lower Saxony is the
Emsland, a sparsely populated area, once full of inaccessible swamps. The northern half of Lower Saxony is absolutely flat, but there are two mountain chains in the south: the
Weserbergland ("Weser Hilly Region") and the
Harz. The middle of the state houses the largest cities and the economic centres:
Hannover,
Hildesheim,
Wolfsburg,
Salzgitter and
Braunschweig. The region in the northeast is called ''Lüneburger Heide'' (
Lüneburg Heath), the largest heath of Germany and in medieval times wealthy due to the salt trade. To the north the
Elbe river separates Lower Saxony from Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Brandenburg. The area on the southern banks is called ''
Altes Land'', and it is characterised by thousands of fruit trees.
See also
List of places in Lower Saxony.
Lower Saxony is divided into 38 districts (''Landkreise'' or simply ''Kreise''):
Furthermore there are eight or ten urban districts:
#
Braunschweig (Brunswick)
#
Delmenhorst
#
Emden
#
Göttingen ¹
#
Hannover ²
#
Oldenburg
#
Osnabrück
#
Salzgitter
#
Wilhelmshaven
#
Wolfsburg
¹ ''following the "Göttingen Law" of
January 1 1964, the town of Göttingen is incorporated into the district (''Landkreis'') of Göttingen, but the rules on urban districts still apply, as long as no other rules exist.''
² ''following the "Law on the region of Hannover", Hannover counts since
November 1 2001 as an urban district as long as no other rules apply.''
History
'Ordinance No. 55', with which on November 22, 1946 the British military government founded the state Lower Saxony retroactively to November 1, 1946.
The area is named after the
Saxons. The Saxons lived in today's state of
Schleswig-Holstein and merged with the
Chauci on the left bank of the river Elbe until the middle of the 1st millennium AD. They then expanded over the whole of today's Lower Saxony and further. Originally the region was simply called ''Saxony'', but as the center of gravity of the
Duchy of Saxony gradually moved up the Elbe, towards the present-day states of
Saxony-Anhalt and
Saxony, the region was given the name of Lower Saxony, which it bore as an
Imperial Circle Estate from the late 15th century on.
The state was founded in 1946 by the
British military administration, who merged the former states of
Brunswick,
Oldenburg, and
Schaumburg-Lippe with the former
Prussian province of
Hanover.
After the
Second World War, the military authorities appointed the first Legislative Assembly (''Landtag'') in 1946, followed by a direct election of Lower Saxony's legislature a year later. It resulted in the election of
Social Democrat leader
Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf, who became the first prime minister. Kopf led a five-party coalition, whose basic task was to rebuild a state affected by the war's rigours. Kopf's cabinet had to organise an improvement of food supplies and the reconstruction of the cities and towns destroyed by the Allied air raids of the war years. In addition, the first state government also faced the challenge of integrating hundreds of thousands of refugees from Germany's former territories in the east (such as
Silesia and
East Prussia), which had been annexed by
Poland and the
Soviet Union.
Between 1978 and 2004, the state's districts and independent towns were grouped into four administrative regions (''
Regierungsbezirke''): Since 2004 the
Bezirksregierungen have been broken up again.
★
Braunschweig (Brunswick)
★
Hannover (''Hanover'')
★
Lüneburg
★
Weser-Ems
Economy
Niedersachsen is one of
Europe's leading producers of oil.
Wheat,
potatoes,
rye, and
oats are some of their major agricultural products. Mineral products include
iron and
lignite.
Manufacturing is another large part of their economy.
Coat of arms
The
coat of arms shows a white
horse (
Niedersachsenross) on red ground, which is an old symbol of the Saxon people.
Politics
The political direction of the State of Lower Saxony has evolved and has been a reflection of its times. In general terms, the political preferences of Lower Saxony's citizens tend to be oriented along the lines of Germany's federal politics. Basically, the parties constituting the federal government could often rely on a state administration sympathetic to its policy aims. Particularly in recent times, however, this rule has given way to a more flexible and, to some extent, volatile attitude amongst voters in one of Germany's most populous states.
February 2, 2003 state elections
''See also:
Lower Saxony state election, 2003''
The SPD vote share fell dramatically, and
Christian Wulff (CDU) was able to form a CDU-FDP coalition and become Prime Minister instead of
Sigmar Gabriel (SPD).
| Party | Party List votes | Vote percentage | Total Seats | Seat percentage |
|---|
| Christian Democratic Union (CDU) | 1,925,055 | 48.3% (+12.4) | 91 (+29) | 49.7% |
| Social Democratic Party (SPD) | 1,330,156 | 33.4% (-14.5) | 63 (-20) | 34.4% |
| Alliance '90/The Greens | 304,532 | 7.6% (+0.6) | 14 (+2) | 7.7% |
| Free Democratic Party (FDP) | 323,107 | 8.1% (+3.2) | 15 (+15) | 8.2% |
| Law and Order Offensive Party | 40,342 | 1.0% (+1.0) | 0 (=) | 0.0% |
| All Others | 60,817 | 1.5% (-2.7) | 0 (=) | 0.0% |
| 'Totals' | 3,984,009 | 100.0% | 183 (+26) | 100.0% |
|---|
Seat results — SPD in red, CDU in black, Greens in green, FDP in yellow
List of minister presidents of Lower Saxony
# 1946 - 1955:
Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf (
SPD)
# 1955 - 1959:
Heinrich Hellwege (
DP)
# 1959 - 1961:
Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf (SPD)
# 1961 - 1970:
Georg Diederichs (SPD)
# 1970 - 1976:
Alfred Kubel (SPD)
# 1976 - 1990:
Ernst Albrecht (
CDU)
# 1990 - 1998:
Gerhard Schröder (SPD)
# 1998 - 1999:
Gerhard Glogowski (SPD)
# 1999 - 2003:
Sigmar Gabriel (SPD)
# since 2003:
Christian Wulff (CDU)
External links
★
Official governmental portal
★
Official website for tourism, holiday and leisure in Lower Saxony
★
map with tourist highlights, notepad and personal guide
References
1. State population
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