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While there is no doubt that 'Lyme disease' exists, and most clinicians agree on the treatment of early Lyme disease,[1] there is considerable controversy as to the prevalence and historical emergence of the disease, the proper procedure for diagnosis and treatment of later stages, and the likelihood of a chronic, antibiotic-resistant Lyme infection.
On one side are those who believe that Lyme disease is relatively rare, easily diagnosed with available blood tests, and easily treated with two to four weeks of antibiotics.[2] On the other side are those who believe that Lyme disease is under-diagnosed, that available blood tests are unreliable, and that extended antibiotic treatment is often necessary.[3][4][5][6]
The majority of public health agencies such as the U.S. Centers for Disease Control maintain the former position. While this narrower position is sometimes described as the "mainstream" view of Lyme disease, published studies involving non-randomized surveys of physicians in endemic areas found physicians evenly split in their views, with the majority recognizing seronegative Lyme disease, and roughly half prescribing extended courses of antibiotics for chronic Lyme disease.[7][8]
Both groups making up the dichotomy of the Lyme disease controversy have compelling empirical evidence to support their points of view and logical arguments. More research into Lyme and its infecting agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, is needed to elucidate the true nature of Lyme disease before definitive treatment guidelines are to be written.
Because the legal standard of care is defined by the consensus of treating physicians (rather than published guidelines), two standards of care for Lyme disease are now recognized in the U.S., a situation with significant legal implications for both patients and clinicians.[9][10]
Treatment guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), make up the viewpoint of the more conservative party of treatment for Lyme. The ISDA released their most recent version of treatment guidelines in 2006. [11] The guidelines are published by the University of Chicago Press Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases.
The new guidelines released by the IDSA are more restrictive in their treatment regimens than previously. The IDSA guidelines now require either an EM rash or positive laboratory tests for diagnosis. Seronegative Lyme disease is no longer acknowledged, except in early Lyme. The authors of the guidelines maintain that chronic Lyme disease does not result from persistent infection, and therefore treatment beyond 2-4 weeks is not recommended by the IDSA, even in late stage cases.
An opposing group of doctors making up the International Lyme and Associated Disease Society (ILADS) have purported the use of antibiotic treatment beyond four weeks for both early and late Lyme. ILADS supports studies that purport persistent or long term chronic infection with the infecting agent of Lyme, the borrelia spirochete. The ILADS treatment guidelines are available through National Guideline Clearinghouse.
The discourse gap between the standards of care representing the disparate views of the IDSA and ILADS guidelines are juxtaposed in the table below.
"A small group of scientists...deny the existence of chronic Lyme disease," wrote ILADS president Raphael Stricker, M.D., referring in part to the IDSA. "Fearing 'over-diagnosis,' they publish guidelines endorsing an insensitive testing program that misses half the patients with the tick-borne illness. Fearing 'over-treatment,' they recommend antibiotic therapy barely adequate for acute infection and wholly inadequate for chronic Lyme disease. Although the Lyme denialists claim support from mainstream medical groups, the reality is that the handful of them have managed to dictate policy to larger health care organizations through a closed process that rejects dissenting views."[18]
Confusion about the significance of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control Case Definition for Lyme disease lies at the heart of the controversy over diagnosis. The CDC has explicitly stated that the following definition is meant to be used for surveillance purposes, ''not'' diagnostic purposes.[19][20]
;CDC Case Definition for Lyme disease:
# Erythema migrans rash (at least 5 cm in diameter)
#:'- OR -'
# Positive blood tests (ELISA followed by Western blot) ''AND'' one or more of the following manifestations:
#
★ Recurrent arthritis
#
★ Bell's Palsy or other cranial neuritis, radiculoneuropathy, lymphocytic meningitis, encephalomyelitis, or positive Lyme titer in CSF
#
★ 2nd or 3rd degree heart block
A number of well-documented signs of chronic Lyme disease including encephalopathy[21][22][23]
(manifested by memory loss, mood changes and sleep disturbance) are not part of the CDC case definition. Therefore clinicians using the CDC criteria for diagnostic purposes will misdiagnose patients who have the disease.[24]
Additionally, reliance on the CDC case definition for clinical purposes would result in the misdiagnosis of those with false-negative test results, a widely reported phenomenon (see Lyme disease#Diagnosis).
There are two Western blot tests for borrelia species. IgG and IgM.
★ IgM is a sign of a current infection.
★ IgG is a sign of a current infection, or of a past exposure to or past infection by the organism.
There are nine known Borrelia burgdorferi genus specie specific kilodalton (KDA) Western Blot antibodies (bands): 18, 23, 30, 31, 34, 37, 39, 83, and 93.
CDC Western Blot IgG surveillance criteria includes 18, 23, 30, 37, 39, and 93 and excludes bands 31, 34, and 83, making positive diagnosis for borrelia more problematic.
Under the CDC criteria Western Blot IgG must have at least five of ten specific serologic bands to positive. 18, (22-25), 28, 30, 39, 41, 45, 58, 66 and 93. Western Blot IgM must have two of the three following bands to be considered positive (22-25), 39, and 41.[25]
The CDC surveillance criteria were formulated utilizing a cohort of patients who mostly manifested early disease. Moreover, the 'control' group for this study included a large number of patients who, rather than being healthy, had syndromal diagnoses which could have been caused or complicated by late CNS lyme: MS and CFS being prime examples. The 'control' group was further polluted by the inclusion of 25 syphilitic patients, which represented 20% of the control, whereas the incidence of syphilis in the general population is about 3 per 100,000. This selection vastly distorted the meaning of the antibody response at 41 kDa. Subsequent research has demonstrated the Borrelia differentially regulate their outer surface proteins according to stage of infection and even tissue type. Antibodies to numerous proteins important in human infection are not even tested under the current blot standard due to the failure of the authors of these criteria to temperature shift their cultures used for blotting purposes.
For these reasons, experts consider the CDC criteria to be almost worthless in assessing late CNS lyme encephalopathy. Because the antibody response is not consistent in American CSF samples, and PCR while definitive yields only 30% accuracy, the diagnosis of lyme encephalopathy must be made on clinical grounds and should include, in addition to standard serology and intrathecal testing, MRI, SPECT, and neuropsychological assessment, as well as the ruling out of such conditions as syphilis, lupus, brucellosis, and HIV encephalopathy {as examples}.
The debate over Lyme disease testing remains a heated one, with concern over both false-positives and false-negatives (see Lyme disease#Diagnosis). Tests currently rely on indirect methods of detection (i.e. the body's immune system response), because it is very difficult to culture the bacteria directly from patients. Specific issues with regard to the testing controversy include the following:
★ Sensitivity of the CDC's testing protocol.
Critics argue that the CDC's 2-tiered testing protocol (ELISA test, followed by confirmatory Western blot test if positive or equivocal) misses many patients who are infected. This criticism is not without merit. Several studies have examined this question and found that as many as 50 percent of definite Lyme Disease as defined by the presence of Borrelial DNA or Borrelial culture were negative when tested against the CDC's recommendations. Such studies have included both early and late stage Lyme Disease patients. A study from the College of American Pathologists concluded that "these tests will not be useful as screening tests until their sensitivity is improved."[26]
★ Inadequate lab standardization.
Standardization of testing has been found to be inadequate, with a high degree of interlaboratory variability.[27]26[28]
★ No diagnostic gold standard to determine sensitivity of tests in late disease.
Without a diagnostic gold standard to identify those with chronic Lyme disease, circular reasoning becomes a problem in studies that evaluate the sensitivity of serologic tests for this population. Bias is unavoidable if subjects are selected by CDC criteria, since late-stage patients must have tested positive previously in order to qualify for a study. In a study cited by the CDC to defend the tests' validity, the authors acknowledge this risk of selection bias.[29]
False negative test results due to the following, particularly in late and chronic Lyme disease:
★ Immune system evasion by Borrelia burgdorferi.
Intracellular sequestration, antigen variation, immune suppression, the formation of immune complexes, and predominance of cystic forms have all been cited as reasons for seronegativity in late and chronic Lyme disease (see Lyme disease microbiology#Mechanisms of persistence).
★ Positive test criteria is based on early Lyme disease.
The CDC's criteria for a positive Western blot were developed based upon on a study of patients with ''early'' Lyme disease.[30] The serologic response of patients with late-stage Lyme disease was not analyzed and incorporated, despite that fact that such cases require a positive Western blot for diagnosis by CDC standards.
★ Specific markers for late-stage Lyme disease left out.
Several highly specific antibody bands for Lyme (31-kDa and 34-kDa, corresponding to outer surface proteins A and B) were not included in the CDC criteria for a positive Western blot because they only appear late in the disease. These bands which have not been included on the CDC Western Blot are so specific to Borrelia Burgdorferri that they are being used/studied for the development of a Lyme Disease vaccine.[31] As a result, the vast majority of laboratories do not report these bands, even if they are positive. This is one reason some clinicians use laboratories that specialize in tick-borne disease, as they usually report all antibody bands.
★ Tests based on only one strain.
Current tests at most laboratories are based on only one strain of ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' (the B31 strain is used in the U.S.) despite the fact that there are over three hundred strains worldwide and over one hundred in North America[32] (see Lyme disease microbiology). Several studies have found that this practice can lead to false-negatives[33][34] - another reason some clinicians use tick-borne disease specialty labs, which utilize multiple strains of ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' in the preparation of test kits.
Many physicians with a conservative view of Lyme disease believe it is over-diagnosed and over-treated. One of the most widely cited studies from critics of Lyme Disease was written by Allan Steere. His study, published in JAMA concluded that 57% of patients diagnosed with Chronic Lyme in an endemic area did not actually have the disease.[35] Critics have responded with the following arguments:[36][37]
★ 45% of those considered "misdiagnosed" in the study received positive results from another laboratory, and negative results from the authors' laboratory. However there was no independent evaluation, and no reason to assume that the authors' laboratory was superior. In a separate study funded by the NIH, the laboratory used by Allan Steere was sent definite Lyme Disease serology in a blinded fashion in an attempt to discover the reliability of testing at major academic centers. The study concluded that the rate of true positives for this laboratory was significantly less than 100 percent.
★ The authors failed to consider the phenomenon of seronegative Lyme disease (false-negatives).[38][39][40][41][42]
★ Rather than consider the possibility of persistent infection, the authors considered treatment failure to be evidence of misdiagnosis, i.e. patients could not possibly have Lyme if they were not cured by a standard course of antibiotics even though the authors had previously published that treatment failures were common. This assumption is supported by Borrelia burgdorferi not being resistant to the antibiotics used in its treatment. However, this assumption does not consider the possibility that symptoms may be due to abnormal host immunological response[43]. This type of response might be similar to the arthritides associated with gastrointestinal diseases.
★ The authors excluded patients from a diagnosis of Lyme disease if they had psychiatric symptoms, despite the fact that Lyme can cause such symptoms.24[44][45]
Because the tests measure antibodies to ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' and not the organism itself, it is theoretically possible to test positive even if the organism has been eradicated. All agree that no treatment is required in asymptomatic patients regardless of test results; however, controversy arises when a patient continues to have symptoms after a course of treatment. In this scenario, those who hold a conservative view believe the infection must have been eradicated by the treatment, and the positive test no longer indicates active infection but rather a persisting antibody response, regardless of the clinical picture. Those with a broader view of Lyme believe the evidence and clinical picture in this case most likely point to a persisting infection requiring further antibiotic treatment.
There is little concrete evidence either for ''or'' against the use of antibiotics for chronic Lyme disease, because only three such double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials have been funded to date by the U.S. National Institutes of Health, with conflicting results. More randomized studies with long-term follow-up are warranted to determine the most successful regimens and adequate durations of antibiotic treatments for disseminated Lyme borreliosis.
The study intervention was one month of intravenous ceftriaxone, followed by two months of oral doxycycline or an identical sequence of IV and oral placebo, given to chronic Lyme patients with one or more of the following symptoms: musculoskeletal pain, cognitive impairment, radicular pain, paresthesias or dysesthesias. Two separate analyses were performed, one for Lyme antibody seronegative patients (n=51) and one for Lyme antibody seropositive patients (n=78).[46]
★ No significant benefit was seen in either physical or mental health-related quality of life in either patient group, as assessed with a standardized clinical questionnaire.
★ Physicians writing for the ILADS5 as well as others[47][48] cited several perceived methodological flaws in the study, including concerns about patient selection criteria, randomization, drug dosing, treatment duration, method of symptom evaluation and analysis, and the accuracy of ancillary diagnostic testing, all of which were suggested to have affected the study's validity and generalizability to other patient populations and long-term antibiotic treatment strategies.
The study intervention was four weeks of intravenous ceftriaxone or placebo, given to previously antibiotic-treated Lyme disease patients with "persistent severe fatigue".[49]
★ Significant improvements were seen in symptoms of fatigue. The treatment effect remained even after adjusting for age, pain, history of psychiatric disorder and depressive symptoms.
★ No improvement was seen in cognitive symptoms. The authors caution, "although the patients with Lyme disease showed cognitive slowing compared to healthy controls, these deficits were relatively mild, which may have contributed to the lack of a treatment effect on cognition."
★ A 7% incidence of severe adverse events (requiring hospitalization) was seen between the two groups, with three episodes of IV sepsis (in the IV placebo group) and one episode of anaphylaxis (in the ceftriaxone group).
★ The authors concluded that this data suggests that "repeated courses of antibiotic treatment are not indicated for persistent symptoms following Lyme disease including those related to fatigue and cognitive dysfunction, particularly in light of the frequency of serious adverse events."
This trial involved ten weeks of intravenous ceftriaxone or placebo given to chronic Lyme patients with ongoing memory impairment. Advanced neuroimaging techniques were used to study the patients' response to treatment. Preliminary results were orally presented on October 22, 2004 at the Columbia University / Lyme Disease Association Conference in Rye, NY.[50] According to an LDA press release, the antibiotic group showed "significant improvement in neurocognitive function," as well as in "other symptoms".[51] Definitive results of this study have not yet been published in a peer-reviewed medical journal as of May 2007.
While the results of placebo-controlled studies are mixed, several uncontrolled studies suggest that longer durations of antibiotic treatment may be beneficial for chronic Lyme disease.[52][53][54][55][56]
The widely publicized results of the Klempner study have led some to proclaim that long-term antibiotics are unhelpful for patients with chronic Lyme disease, warning patients and clinicians that the evidence does not support their use. Others see this as an abuse of the concept of evidence-based medicine. They argue that treatment failure in one questionably designed clinical trial does not justify such warnings in light of other evidence, and that withholding antibiotic treatment is unethical in the face of patient suffering. More randomized studies are needed to elucidate proper use and duration of antibiotics in treatment protocol.
Much of the questioning behind continuing antibiotic therapy for patients with ongoing symptoms is whether chronically ill Lyme patients have an autoimmune reaction in the patient via immunologic mechanisms triggered by the initial borrelia infection, or have an ongoing (chronic) borrelia infection. There is viable evidence for both theories. The persistence of borrelia infection in the central nervous system following some treatment regiments has been discussed in the literature since the 1970's.[57]
The new IDSA guidelines reject the term "chronic Lyme disease" in favor of "post-Lyme syndrome" because they argue the infection does not persist after treatment, although the same authors have used the term "chronic Lyme disease" in previously published work.
Patients with "post-Lyme syndrome" may or may not have serologic evidence of continuing spirochete infection. Previous antibiotic treatment may reduce or completely clear the borrelia infection in these patients but the inflammatory response persists. Inadequate serology testing does not help define if infection has been cleared or not. A patient may continue with symptoms after antibiotic treatment but have a negative serology, or they may be asymptomatic but have a positive serology. Further antibiotic treatments are not ameliorating of symptoms in these patients.[58][59]
There is currently no consensus on whether ongoing symptoms result from the various hypotheses put forth by the IDSA in their discussion of "post-Lyme syndrome" including autoimmune hypersensitivity, or cell-mediated proinflammatory process,[60] or if they sometimes result from persistent infection. IDSA argues that there is no convincing evidence of persistent infection. ILADS and others argue that the IDSA ignored evidence that Lyme infection sometimes persists despite a standard course of antibiotics.
The distinction has treatment implications: the IDSA recommends no specific treatment for "post-Lyme syndrome," and never recommends long-term antibiotic therapy, while ILADS and others recommend longer courses of antibiotics for "chronic Lyme disease" if it is believed that the patient has an ongoing infection. The term "chronic Lyme disease" definitively suggests persistent infection by viable bacteria, when an autoimmune reaction to the initial infection may be the cause of continuing symptoms. This has yet to be unequivocally defined, and may be a case by case scenario.
Further investigation to the nature of borrelia burgdoferi senso latu is warranted, both in the laboratory and in the clinical setting, for optimal treatment in patients with continuing symptoms of borrelia infection who may be antibiotic refractory in the late course of disease. Since the optimal choice of antibiotic(s) and treatment duration is unknown and may vary by strain, additional research is needed before strict treatment recommendations can be issued.
Both ILADS and ISDA guidelines are meant to guide the physician and neither are the final word on treatment for Lyme disease. Ultimately physicians should make their choices based upon the available science and best interest of their patients taking into account benefits and risks of any treatment.
Since October 2006, the Lyme controversy has become more polarized with the release of updated diagnosis and treatment guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). New Lyme Disease Guidelines Spark Showdown The new IDSA recommendations are even more restrictive than previous ISDA guidelines, requiring either an EM rash or positive laboratory tests for diagnosis. Seronegative Lyme disease is no longer acknowledged, except in early Lyme. The authors of the guidelines maintain that chronic Lyme disease does not result from persistent infection, and therefore treatment beyond 2-4 weeks is not recommended by the IDSA, even in late stage cases.
The 2006 IDSA guidelines[11] have come under fire from a variety of corners. The International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society (ILADS), a professional medical society, formally requested retraction of the IDSA guidelines, arguing that the authors ignored all published data that conflicted with their opinions, and refused input from physicians and patients with differing views. The all-volunteer Lyme Disease Association, which is the largest Lyme advocacy group in the U.S., expressed concerns that the guidelines do not allow for physicians' clinical discretion, and that with more cases going undiagnosed and untreated by the stricter guidelines, more patients than ever will develop disabling, late-stage Lyme disease.
Connecticut State Attorney General Richard Blumenthal initiated a formal investigation into the development of the IDSA guidelines in November 2006. The Attorney General's office is considering whether the IDSA violated antitrust laws through exclusionary conduct and monopolization in the development of the guidelines. "These guidelines were set by a panel that essentially locked out competing points of view," Blumenthal said. "Presumably, the IDSA is a non-profit making organization, but such organizations can still be used for anti-competitive purposes."[62]
★ Lyme disease microbiology
★ Allen Steere
★ Medical peer review
★ Spirochete
★ Borrelia
1. Management of tick bites and early Lyme disease: a survey of Connecticut physicians., Murray T, Feder H, , , Pediatrics, 2001
2. Clinical practice. Early Lyme disease., Wormser G, , , N Engl J Med, 2006
3. Lyme Disease: The Quest for Magic Bullets, Stricker RB, Lautin A, Burrascano JJ, , , Chemotherapy, 2006
4. Lyme disease: scratching the surface, Phillips SE, Harris NS, Horowitz R, Johnson L, Stricker RB, , , Lancet, 2005
5. Evaluation of antibiotic treatment in patients with persistent symptoms of Lyme disease: an ILADS position paper Phillips S, Bransfield R, Sherr V, Brand S, Smith H, Dickson K, and Stricker R
6. 'Lyme disease': ancient engine of an unrecognized borreliosis pandemic?, Harvey WT, Salvato P, , , Med Hypotheses, 2003
7. Physician preferences in the diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease in the United States, Ziska MH, Donta ST, Demarest FC, , , Infection, 1996
8. Physician beliefs, attitudes, and approaches toward Lyme disease in an endemic area, Eppes SC, Klein JD, Caputo GM, Rose CD, , , Clin Pediatr (Phila), 1994
9. Lyme disease: two standards of care
10. Treatment of Lyme disease: a medicolegal assessment., Johnson L, Stricker R, , , Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 2004
11. The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America., Wormser G, Dattwyler R, Shapiro E, Halperin J, Steere A, Klempner M, Krause P, Bakken J, Strle F, Stanek G, Bockenstedt L, Fish D, Dumler J, Nadelman R, , , Clin Infect Dis, 2006
12. ILADS (The International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society)
13. ILADS Mission Statement
14. IDSA (The Infectious Diseases Society of America)
15. IDSA Mission Statement
16. Evidence-based guidelines for the management of Lyme disease, Cameron D, Gaito A, Narris N, Bach G, Bellovin S, Bock K, Bock S, Burrascano J, Dickey C, Horowitz R, Phillips S, Meer-Scherrer L, Raxlen B, Sherr V, Smith H, Smith P, Stricker R; ILADS Working Group, , , Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 2004
17. Death from inappropriate therapy for Lyme disease., Patel R, Grogg K, Edwards W, Wright A, Schwenk N, , , Clin Infect Dis, 2000
18. Medical Revisionists Threaten Effective Lyme Treatment Raphael B. Stricker
19. Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi): 1996 Case Definition
20. CDC Testimony before the Connecticut Department of Health and Attorney General's Office
21. Regional cerebral blood flow and cognitive deficits in chronic lyme disease, Fallon BA, Keilp J, Prohovnik I, Heertum RV, Mann JJ, , , J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2003
22. Memory impairment and depression in patients with Lyme encephalopathy: comparison with fibromyalgia and nonpsychotically depressed patients, Kaplan RF, Meadows ME, Vincent LC, Logigian EL, Steere AC, , , Neurology, 1992
23. Chronic neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease, Logigian EL, Kaplan RF, Steere AC, , , N Engl J Med, 1990
24. The underdiagnosis of neuropsychiatric Lyme disease in children and adults, Fallon BA, Kochevar JM, Gaito A, Nields JA, , , Psychiatr Clin North Am, 1998
25. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Notice to Readers Recommendations for Test Performance and Interpretation from the Second National Conference on Serologic Diagnosis of Lyme Disease
26. Interlaboratory comparison of test results for detection of Lyme disease by 516 participants in the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene/College of American Pathologists Proficiency Testing Program, Bakken LL, Callister SM, Wand PJ, Schell RF, , , J Clin Microbiol, 1997
27. Role of serology in the diagnosis of Lyme disease, Brown SL, Hansen SL, Langone JJ, , , JAMA, 1999
28. Performance of 45 laboratories participating in a proficiency testing program for Lyme disease serology, Bakken LL, Case KL, Callister SM, Bourdeau NJ, Schell RF, , , JAMA, 1992
29. Serodiagnosis of Lyme disease by kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant VlsE1 or peptide antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi compared with 2-tiered testing using whole-cell lysates, Bacon RM, Biggerstaff BJ, Schriefer ME, Gilmore RD Jr, Philipp MT, Steere AC, Wormser GP, Marques AR, Johnson BJ, , , J Infect Dis, 2003
30. Western blotting in the serodiagnosis of Lyme disease, Dressler F, Whalen JA, Reinhardt BN, Steere AC, , , J Infect Dis, 1993
31. Serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis by western immunoblot: reactivity of various significant antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi, Ma B, Christen B, Leung D, Vigo-Pelfrey C, , , J Clin Microbiol, 1992
32. List of 321 Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) strains from NIH/NLM/NCBI database as of 22 June 2001
33. False-negative serology in patients with neuroborreliosis and the value of employing of different borrelial strains in serological assays, Kaiser R, , , J Med Microbiol, 2000
34. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with recombinant internal flagellin fragments derived from different species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato for the serodiagnosis of Lyme neuroborreliosis, Hauser U, Wilske B, , , Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1997
35. The overdiagnosis of Lyme disease, Steere AC, Taylor E, McHugh GL, Logigian EL, , , JAMA, 1993 Full text at OVID (subscription required)
36. The overdiagnosis of Lyme disease [Comment], Burrascano JJ, , , JAMA, 1993
37. Response to "The overdiagnosis of Lyme disease" Brenner C, Gabriel MC, O'Donnell JS
38. Seronegative chronic relapsing neuroborreliosis, Lawrence C, Lipton RB, Lowy FD, Coyle PK, , , Eur Neurol, 1995
39. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi-specific antigen in antibody-negative cerebrospinal fluid in neurologic Lyme disease, Coyle PK, Schutzer SE, Deng Z, Krupp LB, Belman AL, Benach JL, Luft BJ, , , Neurology, 1995
40. [Arthritis, headache, facial paralysis. Despite negative laboratory tests Borrelia can still be the cause], Paul A, , , MMW Mortschr Med, 2001
41. Seronegative Lyme disease and transitory atrioventricular block, Pikelj F, Strle F, Mozina M, , , Ann Intern Med, 1989
42. Antibodies against whole sonicated Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes, 41-kilodalton flagellin, and P39 protein in patients with PCR- or culture-proven late Lyme borreliosis, Oksi J, Uksila J, Marjamaki M, Nikoskelainen J, Viljanen MK, , , J Clin Microbiol, 1995
43. The emergence of Lyme disease, Steere AC, Coburn J, Glickstein L, , , J. Clin. Invest., 2004
44. The neuropsychiatric manifestations of Lyme borreliosis, Fallon BA, Nields JA, Burrascano JJ, Liegner K, DelBene D, Liebowitz MR, , , Psychiatr Q, 1992
45. Panic attacks may reveal previously unsuspected chronic disseminated lyme disease, Sherr VT, , , J Psychiatr Pract, 2000
46. Two controlled trials of antibiotic treatment in patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease, Klempner MS, Hu LT, Evans J, Schmid CH, Johnson GM, Trevino RP, Norton D, Levy L, Wall D, McCall J, Kosinski M, Weinstein A, , , N Engl J Med, 2001
47. Treatment of patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease, Bransfield R, Brand S, Sherr V, , , N Engl J Med, 2001
48. Treatment of patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease, Donta ST, , , N Engl J Med, 2001
49. Study and treatment of post Lyme disease (STOP-LD): a randomized double masked clinical trial, Krupp LB, Hyman LG, Grimson R, Coyle PK, Melville P, Ahnn S, Dattwyler R, Chandler B, , , Neurology, 2003
50.
51.
52. Macrolide therapy of chronic Lyme Disease, Donta ST, , , Med Sci Monit, 2003
53. Tetracycline therapy for chronic Lyme disease, Donta ST, , , Clin Infect Dis, 1997
54. Treatment of late Lyme borreliosis, Wahlberg P, Granlund H, Nyman D, Panelius J, Seppala I, , , J Infect, 1994
55. Comparison of oral cefixime and intravenous ceftriaxone followed by oral amoxicillin in disseminated Lyme borreliosis, Oksi J, Nikoskelainen J, Viljanen MK, , , Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1998
56. Repeated antibiotic treatment in chronic Lyme disease, Fallon BA, Tager F, Fein L, Liegner K, Keilp J, Weiss N, Liebowitz M, , , J Spirochet Tick-Borne Dis, 1999
57. Sanford JP , “Relapsing Fever—Treatment and Control”, essay published in "Biology of Parasitic Spirochetes", ed. Russell C. Johnson Academic Press, 1976
58. Oksi J, Marjamaki M, Nikoskelainen J, Viljanen MK. Borrelia burgdorferi detected by culture and PCR in clinical relapse of disseminated Lyme borreliosis. Ann Med. 1999 Jun;31(3):225-32. PMID 10442678
59. Hartiala P, Hytonen J, Pelkonen J, Kimppa K, West A, Penttinen MA, Suhonen J, Lahesmaa R, Viljanen MK Transcriptional response of human dendritic cells to Borrelia garinii--defective CD38 and CCR7 expression detected. J Leukoc Biol. 2007 Apr 17 PMID 17440035
60. Dame TM, Orenzoff BL, Palmer LE, Furie MB. IFN-gamma alters the response of Borrelia burgdorferi-activated endothelium to favor chronic inflammation. J Immunol. 2007 Jan 15;178(2):1172-9|PMID 17202382
61. The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America., Wormser G, Dattwyler R, Shapiro E, Halperin J, Steere A, Klempner M, Krause P, Bakken J, Strle F, Stanek G, Bockenstedt L, Fish D, Dumler J, Nadelman R, , , Clin Infect Dis, 2006
62. Lyme Disease Guidelines Focus of Antitrust Probe Elizabeth Hamilton
★ The Clinical Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention of Lyme Disease, Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, and Babesiosis: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
★ CDC Lyme Disease
★ ILADS - International Lyme And Associated Diseases Society
★ Columbia University Lyme Disease Research Studies
★ Lyme Neuroborreliosis: Recognition, Treatment, and Retreatment of Relapse
On one side are those who believe that Lyme disease is relatively rare, easily diagnosed with available blood tests, and easily treated with two to four weeks of antibiotics.[2] On the other side are those who believe that Lyme disease is under-diagnosed, that available blood tests are unreliable, and that extended antibiotic treatment is often necessary.[3][4][5][6]
The majority of public health agencies such as the U.S. Centers for Disease Control maintain the former position. While this narrower position is sometimes described as the "mainstream" view of Lyme disease, published studies involving non-randomized surveys of physicians in endemic areas found physicians evenly split in their views, with the majority recognizing seronegative Lyme disease, and roughly half prescribing extended courses of antibiotics for chronic Lyme disease.[7][8]
Both groups making up the dichotomy of the Lyme disease controversy have compelling empirical evidence to support their points of view and logical arguments. More research into Lyme and its infecting agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, is needed to elucidate the true nature of Lyme disease before definitive treatment guidelines are to be written.
Two standards of care
Because the legal standard of care is defined by the consensus of treating physicians (rather than published guidelines), two standards of care for Lyme disease are now recognized in the U.S., a situation with significant legal implications for both patients and clinicians.[9][10]
Treatment guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), make up the viewpoint of the more conservative party of treatment for Lyme. The ISDA released their most recent version of treatment guidelines in 2006. [11] The guidelines are published by the University of Chicago Press Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases.
The new guidelines released by the IDSA are more restrictive in their treatment regimens than previously. The IDSA guidelines now require either an EM rash or positive laboratory tests for diagnosis. Seronegative Lyme disease is no longer acknowledged, except in early Lyme. The authors of the guidelines maintain that chronic Lyme disease does not result from persistent infection, and therefore treatment beyond 2-4 weeks is not recommended by the IDSA, even in late stage cases.
An opposing group of doctors making up the International Lyme and Associated Disease Society (ILADS) have purported the use of antibiotic treatment beyond four weeks for both early and late Lyme. ILADS supports studies that purport persistent or long term chronic infection with the infecting agent of Lyme, the borrelia spirochete. The ILADS treatment guidelines are available through National Guideline Clearinghouse.
The discourse gap between the standards of care representing the disparate views of the IDSA and ILADS guidelines are juxtaposed in the table below.
| ILADS (The International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society)[12] ILADS Mission Statement[13] | IDSA (The Infectious Diseases Society of America)[14] IDSA Mission Statement[15] | |
| 'Peer-reviewed treatment guidelines' | ILADS Guidelines[16]Details of their methods as recorded by the National Guidelines Clearinghouse | IDSA Guidelines11Details of their methods as recorded by the National Guidelines Clearinghouse |
| 'EM rash' | ''Present less than 50% of the time.'' Studies that show otherwise are often excluded, as subjects must meet The CDC criteria which prioritize the rash over other disease manifestations. Among those who would be excluded from such studies are seronegative Lyme patients without a rash, seropositive patients without a rash who present with fever, flu-like symptoms, joint and muscle pain, paresthesia and/or encephalopathy, and late-stage patients whose diagnosis was delayed because no rash was present. | ''"The great majority of Lyme patients" present with an EM rash'', according to studies of patients with early Lyme disease diagnosed by CDC criteria. |
| 'Testing' | ''Not reliable'', particularly for late cases; used to support a clinical diagnosis (see Testing section for discussion). | ''Nearly always reliable'' after the first few weeks of infection. |
| 'Chronic Lyme disease' | ''Persistent Lyme infection exists'' due to various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, particularly when diagnosis and treatment are delayed, as numerous studies have demonstrated. Lengthy treatment regimens are sometimes required. | ''Persistent Lyme infection is not recognized.'' Some patients report continuing and/or relapsing non-specific symptoms following an episode of Lyme disease that has been treated with a standard course of antibiotics. Post-treatment symptoms are termed "Post-Lyme disease syndrome" and are often attributed to an unspecified autoimmune process and/or the development of fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome, psychiatric disorders such as somatization, or simply stress. |
| 'Long-term antibiotic treatment' | ILADS maintains that a 2-4 week course of antibiotics is not always curative, particularly when diagnosis is delayed and disease is at a later, disseminated stage. ILADS recommends long-term antibiotic therapy for these symptomatic patients, while acknowledging the lack of published data supporting either long-term or short-term treatment durations. While more research is needed, treatment should not be withheld from patients in the meantime. (See Evidence section for list of published clinical trials.) | According to the IDSA, virtually all patients are cured of infection with a single course of 14-28 days of antibiotics, regardless of the stage of their illness. Rarely, a second course of treatment is recommended, but long-term antibiotic therapy is not recommended according to IDSA guidelines. |
| 'Primary concern regarding misdiagnosis' | The under-diagnosis of Lyme may lead to untreated chronic, persistent infection resulting in severe disability and possibly even death. | The over-diagnosis of Lyme may lead to the unnecessary use of antibiotics resulting in side effects (most commonly nausea). Where intravenous therapy is used, there are more serious risks including central line infection, which has resulted in the death of one patient being treated for chronic Lyme disease.[17] There are also concerns about the cost of antibiotic treatment. |
| 'Risk-benefit analysis' | The potential harm in letting a persistent Lyme infection go untreated far outweighs the potential side-effects of long-term antibiotic use. If long-term oral antibiotic therapy is considered safe enough for acne patients, its use is certainly justified for chronic Lyme patients. Intravenous therapy is justified for serious, refractory cases or those with clear central nervous system involvement. Risks are minimized by skilled clinicians who take appropriate precautions. | Since chronic Lyme infection is presumed not to exist, any potential adverse effects of long-term antibiotic therapy (both oral and intravenous) outweigh the (non-existent) benefits. According to the IDSA guidelines, long-term antibiotic therapy may be dangerous and lead to drug-resistant superbugs. |
Public Statements
"A small group of scientists...deny the existence of chronic Lyme disease," wrote ILADS president Raphael Stricker, M.D., referring in part to the IDSA. "Fearing 'over-diagnosis,' they publish guidelines endorsing an insensitive testing program that misses half the patients with the tick-borne illness. Fearing 'over-treatment,' they recommend antibiotic therapy barely adequate for acute infection and wholly inadequate for chronic Lyme disease. Although the Lyme denialists claim support from mainstream medical groups, the reality is that the handful of them have managed to dictate policy to larger health care organizations through a closed process that rejects dissenting views."[18]
The CDC case definition
Confusion about the significance of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control Case Definition for Lyme disease lies at the heart of the controversy over diagnosis. The CDC has explicitly stated that the following definition is meant to be used for surveillance purposes, ''not'' diagnostic purposes.[19][20]
;CDC Case Definition for Lyme disease:
# Erythema migrans rash (at least 5 cm in diameter)
#:'- OR -'
# Positive blood tests (ELISA followed by Western blot) ''AND'' one or more of the following manifestations:
#
★ Recurrent arthritis
#
★ Bell's Palsy or other cranial neuritis, radiculoneuropathy, lymphocytic meningitis, encephalomyelitis, or positive Lyme titer in CSF
#
★ 2nd or 3rd degree heart block
A number of well-documented signs of chronic Lyme disease including encephalopathy[21][22][23]
(manifested by memory loss, mood changes and sleep disturbance) are not part of the CDC case definition. Therefore clinicians using the CDC criteria for diagnostic purposes will misdiagnose patients who have the disease.[24]
Additionally, reliance on the CDC case definition for clinical purposes would result in the misdiagnosis of those with false-negative test results, a widely reported phenomenon (see Lyme disease#Diagnosis).
Western Blot
There are two Western blot tests for borrelia species. IgG and IgM.
★ IgM is a sign of a current infection.
★ IgG is a sign of a current infection, or of a past exposure to or past infection by the organism.
There are nine known Borrelia burgdorferi genus specie specific kilodalton (KDA) Western Blot antibodies (bands): 18, 23, 30, 31, 34, 37, 39, 83, and 93.
CDC Western Blot IgG surveillance criteria includes 18, 23, 30, 37, 39, and 93 and excludes bands 31, 34, and 83, making positive diagnosis for borrelia more problematic.
Under the CDC criteria Western Blot IgG must have at least five of ten specific serologic bands to positive. 18, (22-25), 28, 30, 39, 41, 45, 58, 66 and 93. Western Blot IgM must have two of the three following bands to be considered positive (22-25), 39, and 41.[25]
The CDC surveillance criteria were formulated utilizing a cohort of patients who mostly manifested early disease. Moreover, the 'control' group for this study included a large number of patients who, rather than being healthy, had syndromal diagnoses which could have been caused or complicated by late CNS lyme: MS and CFS being prime examples. The 'control' group was further polluted by the inclusion of 25 syphilitic patients, which represented 20% of the control, whereas the incidence of syphilis in the general population is about 3 per 100,000. This selection vastly distorted the meaning of the antibody response at 41 kDa. Subsequent research has demonstrated the Borrelia differentially regulate their outer surface proteins according to stage of infection and even tissue type. Antibodies to numerous proteins important in human infection are not even tested under the current blot standard due to the failure of the authors of these criteria to temperature shift their cultures used for blotting purposes.
For these reasons, experts consider the CDC criteria to be almost worthless in assessing late CNS lyme encephalopathy. Because the antibody response is not consistent in American CSF samples, and PCR while definitive yields only 30% accuracy, the diagnosis of lyme encephalopathy must be made on clinical grounds and should include, in addition to standard serology and intrathecal testing, MRI, SPECT, and neuropsychological assessment, as well as the ruling out of such conditions as syphilis, lupus, brucellosis, and HIV encephalopathy {as examples}.
Testing
The debate over Lyme disease testing remains a heated one, with concern over both false-positives and false-negatives (see Lyme disease#Diagnosis). Tests currently rely on indirect methods of detection (i.e. the body's immune system response), because it is very difficult to culture the bacteria directly from patients. Specific issues with regard to the testing controversy include the following:
★ Sensitivity of the CDC's testing protocol.
Critics argue that the CDC's 2-tiered testing protocol (ELISA test, followed by confirmatory Western blot test if positive or equivocal) misses many patients who are infected. This criticism is not without merit. Several studies have examined this question and found that as many as 50 percent of definite Lyme Disease as defined by the presence of Borrelial DNA or Borrelial culture were negative when tested against the CDC's recommendations. Such studies have included both early and late stage Lyme Disease patients. A study from the College of American Pathologists concluded that "these tests will not be useful as screening tests until their sensitivity is improved."[26]
★ Inadequate lab standardization.
Standardization of testing has been found to be inadequate, with a high degree of interlaboratory variability.[27]26[28]
★ No diagnostic gold standard to determine sensitivity of tests in late disease.
Without a diagnostic gold standard to identify those with chronic Lyme disease, circular reasoning becomes a problem in studies that evaluate the sensitivity of serologic tests for this population. Bias is unavoidable if subjects are selected by CDC criteria, since late-stage patients must have tested positive previously in order to qualify for a study. In a study cited by the CDC to defend the tests' validity, the authors acknowledge this risk of selection bias.[29]
False Negative Tests
False negative test results due to the following, particularly in late and chronic Lyme disease:
★ Immune system evasion by Borrelia burgdorferi.
Intracellular sequestration, antigen variation, immune suppression, the formation of immune complexes, and predominance of cystic forms have all been cited as reasons for seronegativity in late and chronic Lyme disease (see Lyme disease microbiology#Mechanisms of persistence).
★ Positive test criteria is based on early Lyme disease.
The CDC's criteria for a positive Western blot were developed based upon on a study of patients with ''early'' Lyme disease.[30] The serologic response of patients with late-stage Lyme disease was not analyzed and incorporated, despite that fact that such cases require a positive Western blot for diagnosis by CDC standards.
★ Specific markers for late-stage Lyme disease left out.
Several highly specific antibody bands for Lyme (31-kDa and 34-kDa, corresponding to outer surface proteins A and B) were not included in the CDC criteria for a positive Western blot because they only appear late in the disease. These bands which have not been included on the CDC Western Blot are so specific to Borrelia Burgdorferri that they are being used/studied for the development of a Lyme Disease vaccine.[31] As a result, the vast majority of laboratories do not report these bands, even if they are positive. This is one reason some clinicians use laboratories that specialize in tick-borne disease, as they usually report all antibody bands.
★ Tests based on only one strain.
Current tests at most laboratories are based on only one strain of ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' (the B31 strain is used in the U.S.) despite the fact that there are over three hundred strains worldwide and over one hundred in North America[32] (see Lyme disease microbiology). Several studies have found that this practice can lead to false-negatives[33][34] - another reason some clinicians use tick-borne disease specialty labs, which utilize multiple strains of ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' in the preparation of test kits.
False Positive Tests
Many physicians with a conservative view of Lyme disease believe it is over-diagnosed and over-treated. One of the most widely cited studies from critics of Lyme Disease was written by Allan Steere. His study, published in JAMA concluded that 57% of patients diagnosed with Chronic Lyme in an endemic area did not actually have the disease.[35] Critics have responded with the following arguments:[36][37]
★ 45% of those considered "misdiagnosed" in the study received positive results from another laboratory, and negative results from the authors' laboratory. However there was no independent evaluation, and no reason to assume that the authors' laboratory was superior. In a separate study funded by the NIH, the laboratory used by Allan Steere was sent definite Lyme Disease serology in a blinded fashion in an attempt to discover the reliability of testing at major academic centers. The study concluded that the rate of true positives for this laboratory was significantly less than 100 percent.
★ The authors failed to consider the phenomenon of seronegative Lyme disease (false-negatives).[38][39][40][41][42]
★ Rather than consider the possibility of persistent infection, the authors considered treatment failure to be evidence of misdiagnosis, i.e. patients could not possibly have Lyme if they were not cured by a standard course of antibiotics even though the authors had previously published that treatment failures were common. This assumption is supported by Borrelia burgdorferi not being resistant to the antibiotics used in its treatment. However, this assumption does not consider the possibility that symptoms may be due to abnormal host immunological response[43]. This type of response might be similar to the arthritides associated with gastrointestinal diseases.
★ The authors excluded patients from a diagnosis of Lyme disease if they had psychiatric symptoms, despite the fact that Lyme can cause such symptoms.24[44][45]
Testing positive after treatment
Because the tests measure antibodies to ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' and not the organism itself, it is theoretically possible to test positive even if the organism has been eradicated. All agree that no treatment is required in asymptomatic patients regardless of test results; however, controversy arises when a patient continues to have symptoms after a course of treatment. In this scenario, those who hold a conservative view believe the infection must have been eradicated by the treatment, and the positive test no longer indicates active infection but rather a persisting antibody response, regardless of the clinical picture. Those with a broader view of Lyme believe the evidence and clinical picture in this case most likely point to a persisting infection requiring further antibiotic treatment.
Long-term antibiotic therapy
There is little concrete evidence either for ''or'' against the use of antibiotics for chronic Lyme disease, because only three such double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials have been funded to date by the U.S. National Institutes of Health, with conflicting results. More randomized studies with long-term follow-up are warranted to determine the most successful regimens and adequate durations of antibiotic treatments for disseminated Lyme borreliosis.
Evidence from controlled studies
Klempner et al. (2001)
The study intervention was one month of intravenous ceftriaxone, followed by two months of oral doxycycline or an identical sequence of IV and oral placebo, given to chronic Lyme patients with one or more of the following symptoms: musculoskeletal pain, cognitive impairment, radicular pain, paresthesias or dysesthesias. Two separate analyses were performed, one for Lyme antibody seronegative patients (n=51) and one for Lyme antibody seropositive patients (n=78).[46]
★ No significant benefit was seen in either physical or mental health-related quality of life in either patient group, as assessed with a standardized clinical questionnaire.
★ Physicians writing for the ILADS5 as well as others[47][48] cited several perceived methodological flaws in the study, including concerns about patient selection criteria, randomization, drug dosing, treatment duration, method of symptom evaluation and analysis, and the accuracy of ancillary diagnostic testing, all of which were suggested to have affected the study's validity and generalizability to other patient populations and long-term antibiotic treatment strategies.
Krupp et al. (2003)
The study intervention was four weeks of intravenous ceftriaxone or placebo, given to previously antibiotic-treated Lyme disease patients with "persistent severe fatigue".[49]
★ Significant improvements were seen in symptoms of fatigue. The treatment effect remained even after adjusting for age, pain, history of psychiatric disorder and depressive symptoms.
★ No improvement was seen in cognitive symptoms. The authors caution, "although the patients with Lyme disease showed cognitive slowing compared to healthy controls, these deficits were relatively mild, which may have contributed to the lack of a treatment effect on cognition."
★ A 7% incidence of severe adverse events (requiring hospitalization) was seen between the two groups, with three episodes of IV sepsis (in the IV placebo group) and one episode of anaphylaxis (in the ceftriaxone group).
★ The authors concluded that this data suggests that "repeated courses of antibiotic treatment are not indicated for persistent symptoms following Lyme disease including those related to fatigue and cognitive dysfunction, particularly in light of the frequency of serious adverse events."
Fallon et al. (not yet published)
This trial involved ten weeks of intravenous ceftriaxone or placebo given to chronic Lyme patients with ongoing memory impairment. Advanced neuroimaging techniques were used to study the patients' response to treatment. Preliminary results were orally presented on October 22, 2004 at the Columbia University / Lyme Disease Association Conference in Rye, NY.[50] According to an LDA press release, the antibiotic group showed "significant improvement in neurocognitive function," as well as in "other symptoms".[51] Definitive results of this study have not yet been published in a peer-reviewed medical journal as of May 2007.
Evidence from uncontrolled studies
While the results of placebo-controlled studies are mixed, several uncontrolled studies suggest that longer durations of antibiotic treatment may be beneficial for chronic Lyme disease.[52][53][54][55][56]
Implications for treatment
The widely publicized results of the Klempner study have led some to proclaim that long-term antibiotics are unhelpful for patients with chronic Lyme disease, warning patients and clinicians that the evidence does not support their use. Others see this as an abuse of the concept of evidence-based medicine. They argue that treatment failure in one questionably designed clinical trial does not justify such warnings in light of other evidence, and that withholding antibiotic treatment is unethical in the face of patient suffering. More randomized studies are needed to elucidate proper use and duration of antibiotics in treatment protocol.
Chronic Lyme Disease and Post Lyme Syndrome
Much of the questioning behind continuing antibiotic therapy for patients with ongoing symptoms is whether chronically ill Lyme patients have an autoimmune reaction in the patient via immunologic mechanisms triggered by the initial borrelia infection, or have an ongoing (chronic) borrelia infection. There is viable evidence for both theories. The persistence of borrelia infection in the central nervous system following some treatment regiments has been discussed in the literature since the 1970's.[57]
The new IDSA guidelines reject the term "chronic Lyme disease" in favor of "post-Lyme syndrome" because they argue the infection does not persist after treatment, although the same authors have used the term "chronic Lyme disease" in previously published work.
Patients with "post-Lyme syndrome" may or may not have serologic evidence of continuing spirochete infection. Previous antibiotic treatment may reduce or completely clear the borrelia infection in these patients but the inflammatory response persists. Inadequate serology testing does not help define if infection has been cleared or not. A patient may continue with symptoms after antibiotic treatment but have a negative serology, or they may be asymptomatic but have a positive serology. Further antibiotic treatments are not ameliorating of symptoms in these patients.[58][59]
There is currently no consensus on whether ongoing symptoms result from the various hypotheses put forth by the IDSA in their discussion of "post-Lyme syndrome" including autoimmune hypersensitivity, or cell-mediated proinflammatory process,[60] or if they sometimes result from persistent infection. IDSA argues that there is no convincing evidence of persistent infection. ILADS and others argue that the IDSA ignored evidence that Lyme infection sometimes persists despite a standard course of antibiotics.
The distinction has treatment implications: the IDSA recommends no specific treatment for "post-Lyme syndrome," and never recommends long-term antibiotic therapy, while ILADS and others recommend longer courses of antibiotics for "chronic Lyme disease" if it is believed that the patient has an ongoing infection. The term "chronic Lyme disease" definitively suggests persistent infection by viable bacteria, when an autoimmune reaction to the initial infection may be the cause of continuing symptoms. This has yet to be unequivocally defined, and may be a case by case scenario.
Further investigation to the nature of borrelia burgdoferi senso latu is warranted, both in the laboratory and in the clinical setting, for optimal treatment in patients with continuing symptoms of borrelia infection who may be antibiotic refractory in the late course of disease. Since the optimal choice of antibiotic(s) and treatment duration is unknown and may vary by strain, additional research is needed before strict treatment recommendations can be issued.
Both ILADS and ISDA guidelines are meant to guide the physician and neither are the final word on treatment for Lyme disease. Ultimately physicians should make their choices based upon the available science and best interest of their patients taking into account benefits and risks of any treatment.
Recent Developments
Since October 2006, the Lyme controversy has become more polarized with the release of updated diagnosis and treatment guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). New Lyme Disease Guidelines Spark Showdown The new IDSA recommendations are even more restrictive than previous ISDA guidelines, requiring either an EM rash or positive laboratory tests for diagnosis. Seronegative Lyme disease is no longer acknowledged, except in early Lyme. The authors of the guidelines maintain that chronic Lyme disease does not result from persistent infection, and therefore treatment beyond 2-4 weeks is not recommended by the IDSA, even in late stage cases.
The 2006 IDSA guidelines[11] have come under fire from a variety of corners. The International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society (ILADS), a professional medical society, formally requested retraction of the IDSA guidelines, arguing that the authors ignored all published data that conflicted with their opinions, and refused input from physicians and patients with differing views. The all-volunteer Lyme Disease Association, which is the largest Lyme advocacy group in the U.S., expressed concerns that the guidelines do not allow for physicians' clinical discretion, and that with more cases going undiagnosed and untreated by the stricter guidelines, more patients than ever will develop disabling, late-stage Lyme disease.
Connecticut State Attorney General Richard Blumenthal initiated a formal investigation into the development of the IDSA guidelines in November 2006. The Attorney General's office is considering whether the IDSA violated antitrust laws through exclusionary conduct and monopolization in the development of the guidelines. "These guidelines were set by a panel that essentially locked out competing points of view," Blumenthal said. "Presumably, the IDSA is a non-profit making organization, but such organizations can still be used for anti-competitive purposes."[62]
See Also
★ Lyme disease microbiology
★ Allen Steere
★ Medical peer review
★ Spirochete
★ Borrelia
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61. The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America., Wormser G, Dattwyler R, Shapiro E, Halperin J, Steere A, Klempner M, Krause P, Bakken J, Strle F, Stanek G, Bockenstedt L, Fish D, Dumler J, Nadelman R, , , Clin Infect Dis, 2006
62. Lyme Disease Guidelines Focus of Antitrust Probe Elizabeth Hamilton
External links
★ The Clinical Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention of Lyme Disease, Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, and Babesiosis: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
★ CDC Lyme Disease
★ ILADS - International Lyme And Associated Diseases Society
★ Columbia University Lyme Disease Research Studies
★ Lyme Neuroborreliosis: Recognition, Treatment, and Retreatment of Relapse
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