LYNTON AND BARNSTAPLE RAILWAY

The 'Lynton & Barnstaple Railway' (L&B) opened as an independent railway in May 1898. It was a single track narrow gauge railway just over 19 miles (30 km) long running through the rugged and picturesque area bordering Exmoor in North Devon, England. Although opened after the 1896 Light Railways Act came into force, it was authorised and constructed prior to that act. Therefore, as with all other railways, it was authorised under its own Act of Parliament and built to higher (and more costly) standards than similar railways of the time. In the UK it was notable as being the only narrow gauge line required to use main-line standard signalling.
For a short period the line earned a modest return for shareholders, but for most of its life the L&B made a loss.^[1] In 1922 the L&B was taken over by the Southern Railway, and eventually closed in September 1935.
wrote an observer of the time.

Present

Seventy years later, much of the line is still in evidence. The most spectacular edifice is Bridge 22 - the brick-built Chelfham Viaduct. Fully restored in 2000, its eight 42 foot wide arches reach 70 feet above the Stoke Rivers valley — the largest narrow-gauge railway structure in England.^[2]
Lynton and Bratton Fleming stations are now private residences, Blackmoor Gate is a restaurant, Barnstaple Town a school. Chelfham and Woody Bay both serve the new L&B.²
Chelfham station is used for volunteer accommodation, while Woody Bay is the main centre of operations. A short section reopened to passengers in 2004. Bridge 67 was generously rebuilt as a gift by Edmund Nuttall Ltd. — a firm descended from James Nuttall of Manchester, the main contractors for the original construction — allowing an extension to Killington Lane in 2006. Work is progressing on the next section, towards Parracombe.²

History

Extract from an early contemporary map showing the route

Chelfham Viaduct; the largest narrow gauge railway structure in England

From 700 feet up on Exmoor, looking towards the hilltops, and beyond, the sea...

Following the opening of the Devon and Somerset Railway.^[3] to Barnstaple, there were calls for an extension to serve the twin villages of Lynton and Lynmouth, which were popular with holiday-makers.
Through the middle of the 19th century, several schemes were proposed, from established railway companies and independent developers. One scheme suggested electric power, while another proposed a line from South Molton.
None of these schemes offered sufficient prospects to encourage investment, and few got further than initial plans.
Due to the difficult terrain, one scheme suggested a gauge of , already in use on the Festiniog Railway and elsewhere, to ease construction. This scheme was supported by Sir George Newnes who became chairman of the company. The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Bill was passed on 27 June 1895, and the line opened on 11 May 1898 with public service commencing on 16 May.
The scheme did not meet with universal enthusiasm, and from the beginning, there were some who doubted the true intentions of the promoters. Although many of the sinuous curves and deviations were due to having to maintain a 1 in 50 gradient where there was no leeway (Most observers being oblivious to the fact that a straighter shorter line would have made the gradient even steeper), several were due to resistance by local landowners along the route. ³
A guide published whilst the line was being built stated:
The L&B seldom attracted sufficient passengers to remain viable. The journey of nearly twenty miles took on average an hour and a half. To satisfy several influential residents, the terminus at Lynton was some distance from the town itself, and from the cliff railway to Lynmouth.
Declining tourism during World War I, improved roads, increased car ownership further depleted the line's income until it was no longer economic.
A guidebook published in 1921 described the situation:
Despite numerous cost-saving measures and extra investment in the line, the Southern Railway was unable to reverse the trend, and closed the line.
The last train ran on 29 September 1935. The Southern removed everything they could use elsewhere, and by 8 November, had lifted the track from Lynton to Milepost 15⅓ - on the Barnstaple side of Woody Bay station. On 13 November an auction was held, although the railway failed to attract much interest. Most rolling stock, and all but one loco, was sold for scrap and broken up at Pilton. Some coaches were sectioned for use as garden sheds. Third class seats became garden furniture, and first class seats found their way into local snooker halls and Masonic Lodges. In December, Plymouth ship breaker Sidney Castle won the tender to dismantle the railway. The remaining track was lifted by June 1936, and in September, surviving loco ''Lew'' was shipped abroad. The stations and track bed were auctioned in 1938.
The L&B had an exemplary safety record, and no members of the public were killed or injured during its 37-year existence, although accidents at Braunton Road and Chumhill did claim the lives of three track workers.

Reawakening ²

Laying track, Woody Bay, 2003

Hand shunting, Woody Bay, 2003

Unlike the Welsh Highland Railway, the track bed was sold off piecemeal - often reverting to the original owners, paying much less than they had sold it for originally. Although there has been minor development on parts of the route, and Wistlandpound Reservoir has flooded the track bed close to its mid-point, much is still in open countryside, with many sections identifiable.
The 'Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Association' (now a charitable trust) was formed in 1979. Woody Bay Station was purchased by the Lynton and Barnstaple Railway Company in 1995 and, after much effort, a short section of railway reopened to passengers in 2004. This was extended to over a mile in 2006, with steam and diesel-hauled trains running between Woody Bay and the new, temporary terminus at Killington Lane.
In 1995, the Lynbarn Railway — at the ''Milky Way'', a theme park near Clovelly, was created and operated by L&B volunteers. Profits from this funded the purchase, restoration and reopening of Woody Bay. The ''Lynbarn'' was handed over to the park in 2005, once Woody Bay had become established, and continues to operate as part of the attraction.
Little original rolling stock survived, but one restored coach (Coach 7) and a brake van (Van 23) are on display at Woody Bay. Parts of two other coaches, and two goods vans are in storage and will form part of a "heritage train" to complement more modern stock.
Another original coach, used as a summer house, is on show (unrestored) at the National Railway Museum York, and a third, has been running on the Ffestiniog Railway in North Wales for longer than it did on the L&B. Due to the Ffestioiog's smaller loading gauge, the roof profile was altered so it can pass through Garnedd tunnel.
A 1915 Kerr Stuart "Joffre" class 0-6-0T loco was bought in 1983, and named ''Axe''. It is being restored for use at Woody Bay.
A new ''Lew'' class locomotive — ''Lyd'' — is being built at Boston Lodge for use on the Welsh Highland Railway. Although an independent project, it is planned for ''Lyd'' to visit Woody Bay. So that it can pass Gernedd tunnel, while looking authentic, ''Lyd''s cab will have adjustable side panels.
The Trust owns several ex-industrial diesel locomotives, restored and maintained at L&B engineering works in Bratton Fleming. Other visiting diesel and steam locomotives have also seen service since services restarted.

The route

The route of this diminutive railway and the scenery through which it passes, has been described many times, such as in a 1920s guide to the area:
(Note ''Wooda Bay'' station was actually renamed ''Woody Bay'' in 1901)
As well as several foot- and cycle-routes which can still be followed today, the hostelry in Parracombe mentioned in the article remains a popular venue (although the geese are now singular).

Gradient profile

The L&B rises and falls several times along its length. Starting at 150 feet above sea level, The first 3¾ miles, through Barnstaple, and along the Yeo Valley stays relatively level. ''Collard Bridge'' marks the start of an 8 mile climb, mainly at one in fifty, to Blackmoor Gate. A shallower down-gradient follows, of about 2 miles, towards Parracombe Bank, and the start of another climb, of about 2½ miles, to Woody Bay — at 1000 feet, the highest railway station in England. The line then falls, again mostly at one in fifty - to Lynton & Lynmouth station, still 700 feet above the sea, and hidden by the landscape from the town of Lynton.

Rolling stock

Ffestiniog coach no. 14 (ex-L&B no. 15) (centre) at Tanybwlch

''Yeo'' and train approaching Woody Bay in Southern Days

Coach 7 at Woody Bay, 2005

Van 23 in the loading bay, Woody Bay, 2005

One of the most distinctive aspects of the L&B was its Rolling Stock, with the locomotives appearing originally in a livery of plain lined green, and later on a black base, with chestnut under-frames, hauling passenger carriages coloured terracotta with off-white upper panels, and light grey goods wagons. The schemes were simplified as individual vehicles were repainted. With the arrval of Lew the livery was slowly changed to the Southern Maunsell version for locos and passenger stock, and umber for the goods wagons. The loco headlamps which had been black under the L&B were re-painted red.

Locomotives

At least three contractors' locomotives were used for construction. Unusually, some of the temporary track was wider than the final gauge - the section around Parracombe Bank for example, spanning the Heddon valley, was built to 3 ft gauge, with a locomotive known as ''Winnie''. A fifth locomotive - perhaps named ''Spondon'' - may also have been used, although little is known of either of these. In 1900, ''Kilmarnock'' was sold by the L&B. It is believed to have been left behind by James Nuttall, as a result of the financial difficulties and litigation between railway and contractor.
The L&B used only coal-fired steam motive power. In 1896, the Hunslet Engine Company submitted two designs (a 2-4-2T and a 4-4-0T), but eventually an order was placed for three 2-6-2Ts from Manning Wardle & Co of Leeds. The locos were named after local rivers: ''Yeo'', ''Exe'', and ''Taw''. These were supplemented by a 2-4-2T, ''Lyn'', built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works of Philadelphia, USA, as the Company realised that three locos would be insufficient. Baldwin was selected as they could deliver the loco — based largely on standard components — more quickly than domestic suppliers, who had a backlog of orders, caused by a national engineering dispute over the 8 hour working day resulting in a lock-out by employers from July 1897 and January 1898. The loco, delivered in knock-down form, was assembled at Pilton and first steamed in July 1898. The Manning Wardles were delivered ahead of the lock-out, and ''Yeo'' and ''Taw'' were used in the final stages of construction. ''Exe'' was stored locally in a stable, where she received the unwelcome attention of thieves who made away with brass fittings and fixtures.
In 1923 the L&B was absorbed into the Southern Railway, and began an upgrade programme. All stock was repainted in Southern Maunsell livery, and track and buildings were improved. A fifth locomotive, ''Lew'' was purchased in 1925, with improvements to the original Manning Wardle design.

The fate of ''Lew''

Although bought at the auction (it is believed by Barwicks of London) by December 1935, ''Lew'' was working for Sidney Castle, the dismantler of the railway. This work was completed by July 1936 and in September, ''Lew'' was moved by rail to Swansea and loaded onto the S.S. Sabor destined for the port of Pernambuco (since renamed Recife), Brazil. Most of the relevant shipping records were destroyed in World War II, so today there is no way of discovering its eventual destination. It is unlikely that Lew was destined for a coffee plantation as this crop was in decline in the 1930s. More likely it went to either a cotton or sugar cane plantation. It is possible, although unlikely, that ''Lew'' is still intact somewhere in Brazil, abandoned or perhaps still in use, but despite several attempts, no trace of the locomotive, or evidence of its fate, has so far been found.²

Passenger stock

Sixteen passenger carriages were delivered for the opening. Built by the Bristol Wagon & Carriage Works Co. Ltd., these comprised six different types, all the same size, being 39 ft 6 in long, 6 ft wide, (7 ft 4 in over steps) and 8 ft 7 in high — large by narrow gauge standards — and certainly superior to any previous British narrow gauge stock.
The coaching stock was extremely solidly constructed, and offered levels of accommodation far in advance of anything else at the time - certainly compared to any other narrow gauge railway. Almost 70 years later, the design was used as the basis for a new rake of carriages built by the Ffestiniog - testament to the excellence of the original design.
The body for coach 17 was built in 1911, by local firm Shapland and Petter, and mounted on a steel underframe constructed by the railway in its own workshops at Pilton.¹ Marginally longer than the earlier coaches, it contained both smoking and non-smoking accommodation for first and third class passengers, as well as the brake van space.

Goods stock

The Southern Railway introduced several new items of goods stock, and also purchased two ex-War Department travelling cranes for the line.
Goods-only trains were a rarity, and the usual practice was to attach goods wagons to any scheduled passenger services. Whilst the shunting of wagons at intermediate stations no doubt added to the interest of the tourist and occasional traveller, it also added marginally to the journey time.
The open goods wagons were originally delivered with a single top-hung side door on each side, but these proved innefficient, and all were eventually converted to side hung double doors. By 1907, most had been fitted with tarpaulin rails. The goods vans used the same underframe, and were fitted with double sliding doors on each side.
The bogie open doors were also originally top-hung, but converted by the railway at Pilton. ^[4]
Wagon No. 19 was originally used by the contractors. After the railway opened, it was modified and entered revenue service in 1900. At only 6 tons it was regularly used in preference to one of the 8 ton wagons as it reduced the overall weight of a train.
Van 23 - now restored and at Woody Bay - was built at Pilton by the L&B. Unlike all other L&B stock, its underframe was entirely made of wood.²
The travelling cranes were ex-WD stock, and fitted with outriggers, rated at 3 tons with a fifteen feet radius, 4½ tons at 11 ft 6 in. Intended as recovery cranes in the event of a derailment, neither saw much use. One crane, with its match truck, was kept in the long headshunt at Pilton, the other was put to use in Lynton goods yard.
The 1927 bogie goods vans were originally fitted with heavy diagonal wooden cross braces at each end, but these were later replaced with single diagonal angle-iron braces.

L&B Locomotives (1898 - 1935)
'Name'	'Works No'	'Type'	'Manuf.'^[5]
'Yeo'	1361	2-6-2T	MWL
'Exe'	1362	2-6-2T	MWL
'Taw'	1363	2-6-2T	MWL
'Lyn'	15965	2-4-2T	BLW
'Lew'	2042	2-6-2T	MWL
Contractors' Locomotives ( - 1898)
Excelsior	970	0-4-2WT	WGB
Slave	1430	0-4-0ST	WGB
Kilmarnock	703	0-4-0ST	ABA
Modern L&B Locomotives (1995 - )
''For a list of modern locomotives, go'' 'HERE'⁴

{| align="left" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 1em 0.5em 1em; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#abcdef; padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px; font-size: larger;"|L&B Goods Stock (1898-1935)
|-
| colspan="5" | ''(For a list of all goods stock, go'' 'HERE'
|-
|'L&B
No.'||'Southern
Number'||'Wagon Type'||'Manuf.'⁵||'Date'
|-
|1||28304||Open Goods||BWC||1897
|-
|2||28305||Open goods||BWC||1897
|-
|3||47036||Goods van||BWC||1897

|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#abcdef; padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px; font-size: larger;"|L&B Coaching Stock (1898-1935)
|-
| colspan="5" | ''For a list of all coaching stock, go'' 'HERE'
|-
|'L&B
No.'||'Southern
Number'||'Coach Type'||'Manuf.'⁵||'Date'
|-
|1||6991||Saloon brake end observation||BWC||1897
|-
|2||6992||Saloon brake end observation||BWC||1897
|-
|3||2473||Saloon end observation||BWC||1897
|-

{| align="left" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 1em 0.5em 1em; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#abcdef; padding: 3px 5px 3px 5px; font-size: larger;"|Modern L&B Rolling Stock (1995-)
|-
! colspan="5" |''For a list of modern stock, go'' 'HERE'⁴
|}

The future

Restoring passenger services from Woody Bay has been a major undertaking by the enthusiastic volunteers. Although much of the track bed survives intact, several obstacles — including Wistlandpound Reservoir — must be overcome if the greater part of the route is to be restored, fulfilling the hopes expressed in a card left at Barnstaple on the day after the line closed — ''Perchance it is not dead, but sleepeth''...

Notes

1. G A Brown, J D C A Prideaux, & H G Radcliffe: ''The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway'' published by David and Charles, First Edition 1964, ISBN 0-7153-4958-9
2. ''The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Magazine'' published by The L&BR Trust. Various editions
3. L T Catchpole: ''The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway 1895–1935'' published by The Oakwood Press. Eighth edition 2005. ISBN 0-85361-637-X.
4. G A Brown, J D C A Prideaux, & H G Radcliffe: ''The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway'' published by the Lynton and Barnstaple Railway Trust, Fourth edition, 2006 with additional material by G A Brown & P J M Rawstron. ISBN 0-9552181-0-1
5. Key to Rolling Stock Manufacturers:
★ ABA: Andrew Barclay
★ BLW: Baldwin Locomotive Works
★ BWC: Bristol Wagon & Carriage Works
★ CSC: Chambers, Scott & Co.
★ JFH: John F. Howard
★ LBR: Lynton & Barnstaple Railway
★ MWL: Manning Wardle
★ SAP: Shapland and Petter
★ SRY: Southern Railway
★ WGB: W. G. Bagnall

External links

★ Lynton & Barnstaple Railway

★ Lynton & Barnstaple Railway Signalling

★ L&B modelling website

★ L&B Railway Web Ring

★ The Lyd Project - Building a new Manning Wardle locomotive

★ More about Axe

★ The Mystery of Lew

★ Exmoor Associates - Safeguarding sections of the L&B track bed

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LYNTON AND BARNSTAPLE RAILWAY

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