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(Redirected from MS SQL Server)
'Microsoft SQL Server' is a relational database management system (RDBMS) produced by Microsoft. Its primary query language is Transact-SQL, an implementation of the ANSI/ISO standard Structured Query Language (SQL) used by both Microsoft and Sybase.
The code base for MS SQL Server (prior to version 7.0) originated in Sybase SQL Server, and was Microsoft's entry to the enterprise-level database market, competing against Oracle, IBM, and, later, Sybase itself. Microsoft, Sybase and Ashton-Tate originally teamed up to create and market the first version named SQL Server 1.0 for OS/2 (about 1989) which was essentially the same as Sybase SQL Server 3.0 on Unix, VMS, etc. Microsoft SQL Server 4.2 was shipped around 1992 (available bundled with Microsoft OS/2 version 1.3). Later Microsoft SQL Server 4.21 for Windows NT was released at the same time as Windows NT 3.1. Microsoft SQL Server v6.0 was the first version of SQL Server that was architected for NT and did not include any direction from Sybase.
About the time Windows NT was released, Sybase and Microsoft parted ways and pursued their own design and marketing schemes. Microsoft negotiated exclusive rights to all versions of SQL Server written for Microsoft operating systems. Later, Sybase changed the name of its product to Adaptive Server Enterprise to avoid confusion with Microsoft SQL Server. Until 1994 Microsoft's SQL Server carried three Sybase copyright notices as an indication of its origin.
Since parting ways, several revisions have been done independently. SQL Server 7.0 was the first true GUI based database server and was a rewrite away from the legacy Sybase code. A variant of SQL Server 2000 was the first commercial database for the Intel IA64 architecture. During this time there was a rivalry between Microsoft and Oracle for winning over the enterprise market.
The current version, Microsoft SQL Server 2005, was released in November of 2005. The launch took place alongside Visual Studio 2005. The SQL Server 2005 Express Edition is currently available for free download.[1]
In the six years since release of Microsoft's previous SQL Server product (SQL Server 2000), advancements have been made in performance, the client IDE tools, and several complementary systems that are packaged with SQL Server 2005. These include: an ETL tool (SQL Server Integration Services or SSIS), a Reporting Server, an OLAP and data mining server (Analysis Services), and several messaging technologies, specifically Service Broker and Notification Services.
Microsoft SQL Server uses a variant of SQL called T-SQL, or ''Transact-SQL'', an implementation of SQL-92 (the ISO standard for SQL, certified in 1992) with many extensions. T-SQL mainly adds additional syntax for use in stored procedures, and affects the syntax of transaction support. (Note that SQL standards require Atomic, Consistent, Isolated, Durable or "ACID" transactions.) Microsoft SQL Server and Sybase/ASE both communicate over networks using an application-level protocol called Tabular Data Stream (TDS). The TDS protocol has also been implemented by the FreeTDS project[2] in order to allow more kinds of client applications to communicate with Microsoft SQL Server and Sybase databases. Microsoft SQL Server also supports Open Database Connectivity (ODBC). The latest release SQL Server 2005 also supports the ability to deliver client connectivity via the Web Services SOAP[3] protocol. This allows non-Windows Clients to communicate cross platform with SQL Server. Microsoft has also released a certified JDBC[4] driver to let Java Applications like BEA and IBM WebSphere communicate with Microsoft SQL Server 2000 and 2005.
SQL Server includes support for database mirroring and clustering. A SQL server cluster is a collection of identically configured servers, which help distribute the workload among multiple servers. All the servers share an identical virtual server name, and it is resolved into the IP address of any of the identically configured machines by the clustering runtime.[5] Automatic failover clustering is also available, in which the workload of a server is transferred to another system in the event of a system failure.[6] SQL server also supports data partitioning for distributed databases. Database mirroring, introduced in SQL Server 2005, allows creation of mirrors (or replicas) of database contents, along with transaction logs, on another instance of SQL Server, based on certain predefined triggers.[7] SQL Server 2005 also allows creation of ''snapshots'', which are like backup images that can be reverted back to when needed.
SQL Server supports data replication, spanning three different scenarios:
#'Snapshot replication:' SQL Server Replication Snapshots of a database are pushed out to all replication subscribers of a server.
#'Transaction replication:' Changes to the database are continually published out to clients.
#'Merge replication:'Synchronizing the database with other servers participating in the replication. Changes to all databases happen independently and during replication, the changes are synchronized among all databases. Merge replication includes in-built support for conflict resolution.
SQL Server 2005 introduced support for .NET Framework. With this, stored procedures could be written in any .NET language, using the entire set of libraries available to the .NET Framework, as well the Common Type System. However, unlike other processes, .NET Framework hosted in SQL Server 2005 utilizes memory and thread management capabilities provided by SQL Server, rather than using built in capabilities of Windows. This enhances performance as resource management algorithms are tuned for the usage pattern of SQL Server, as compared to the generic algorithms in Windows.
Microsoft and other vendors provide a number of software development tools designed to allow business applications to be developed using the data stored by Microsoft SQL Server. Microsoft SQL Server 2005 now includes the common language runtime (CLR) component for Microsoft .NET. Applications developed with .NET languages such as C# can implement stored procedures and other functions. Older versions of Microsoft development tools typically use APIs to access Microsoft SQL Server functionality.
Main articles: SQL Server Express
Formerly known as MSDE, 'Microsoft SQL Server Express' is Microsoft's freely-downloadable and distributable version of its database engine; it has some technical restrictions that make it unsuited for large-scale deployments. It is primarily used for desktop applications, prototyping, or self study.
Main articles: SQL slammer (computer worm)
The SQL Slammer computer worm exploited a previously patched security vulnerability in MS SQL Server 2000. It caused a large Internet slowdown on 25 January 2003. A patch had been available from Microsoft for six months prior to the worm's launch, but many installations had not been patched -- including some at Microsoft.
★ 1993 - SQL Server 4.21 for Windows NT
★ 1995 - SQL Server 6.0, codenamed SQL95
★ 1996 - SQL Server 6.5, codenamed Hydra
★ 1999 - SQL Server 7.0, codenamed Sphinx
★ 1999 - SQL Server 7.0 OLAP, codenamed Plato
★ 2000 - SQL Server 2000 32-bit, codenamed Shiloh (version 8.0)
★ 2003 - SQL Server 2000 64-bit, codenamed Liberty
★ 2005 - SQL Server 2005, codenamed Yukon (version 9.0)
★ Next release - SQL Server 2008, codenamed Katmai (version 10.0)
The next planned version of SQL Server is 'SQL Server 2008',[8] code-named "Katmai", ChannelWeb: Next SQL Server stop: Katmai slated to release on February 27, 2008.[9] The most recent was made available in July of 2007. SQL Server 2008 aims[10] to make data management self-tuning, self organizing, and self maintaining with the development of ''SQL Server Always On'' technologies, to provide near-zero downtime. Microsoft also aims to intrinsically support many digital data formats, including pictures, audio, video and other multimedia data. In current versions, such multimedia data can be stored as BLOBs (binary large objects), but they are generic bitstreams. Intrinsic awareness of multimedia data will allow specialized functions to be performed on them. Other new data types include specialized date and time types and a ''Spatial'' data type for location-dependent data.[11] Better support for unstructured and semi-structured data is planned as well. For unstructured data as well, specialized data types, including the ''File'' type will be added. According to Paul Flessner, senior Vice President, Server Applications, Microsoft Corp., the next release of SQL Server can be a data storage backend for ''different varieties of data: XML, email, time/calendar, file, document, spatial, etc'' as well as perform ''search, query, analysis, sharing, and synchronization'' across all data types.
On the management side, SQL Server 2008 will include the ''Declarative Management Framework'' which allows configuring policies and constraints, on the entire database or certain tables, declaratively. For data warehousing needs, SQL Server includes better compression features, which also helps in improving scalability. It also includes ''Resource Governor'' that allows reserving resources for certain users or workflows. SQL Server ''Katmai'' will support the ADO.NET Entity Framework and the reporting tools, replication, and data definition will be build around the Entity Data Model.[12] SQL Server Reporting Services will gain charting capabilities from the integration of the data visualization products from Dundas Data Visualization Inc., which was acquired by Microsoft.[13]
Spatial data will be stored in two types. A "Flat Earth" (GEOMETRY or planar) data type represents geospatial data which has been projected from its native, spherical, coordinate system into a plane A "Round Earth" data type (GEOGRAPHY) uses an ellipsoidal model in which the Earth is defined as a single continuous entity which does not suffer from the singularities such as the international dateline, poles, or map projection zone "edges". Approximately 70 methods will be available when SQL Server "Katmai" ships to represent spatial operations for the Open Geospatial Consortium Simple Features for SQL, Version 1.1[14].
★ SQL Server Integration Services
★ SQL Server Analysis Services
★ SQL Server Reporting Services
★ SQL Server Notification Services
★ SQL Server Management Studio
★ Microsoft Visual Studio
★ Windows Server System
★ Comparison of relational database management systems
1. Microsoft SQL Server Express Edition download site
2. FreeTDS Project
3. http://www.w3.org/TR/soap/
4. http://msdn.microsoft.com/data/ref/jdbc/
5. Microsoft SQL Server Cluster Versus a Standby Server
6. SQL Server 2000 Failover Clustering
7. SQL Server 2005 Database Mirroring primer
8. Microsoft SQL Server 2008
9. New Windows Server, Visual Studio, SQL Server to Launch in February Nate Mook
10. SQL Server 2005 Update from Paul Flessner
11. Microsoft Gives Peek At Next Version Of SQL Server
12. SQL Server "Katmai" to Deliver Entity Data Platform and Support LINQ
13. Microsoft Details Dynamic IT Strategy at Tech-Ed 2007
14. Microsoft Shares Details on SQL Server 2008 Spatial Support by Directions Staff
★ Delaney, Kalen (2006). ''Inside Microsoft SQL Server 2005: The Storage Engine''. ''Microsoft Press''. ISBN 0735621055.
★ Delaney, Kalen, et al (2007). ''Inside SQL Server 2005: Query Tuning and Optimization''. ''Microsoft Press''. ISBN 0735621969.
★ Ben-Gan, Itzik, et al (2006). ''Inside Microsoft SQL Server 2005: T-SQL Programming''. ''Microsoft Press''. ISBN 0735621977.
★ Delaney, Kalen (2001). ''Inside SQL Server 2000''. ''Microsoft Press''. ISBN 0735609985.
★ SQL Server Official Site
★ Longer version of the history from a dev team member
★ WinFS Team Blog about WinFS rollup into Katmai and other various products
'Microsoft SQL Server' is a relational database management system (RDBMS) produced by Microsoft. Its primary query language is Transact-SQL, an implementation of the ANSI/ISO standard Structured Query Language (SQL) used by both Microsoft and Sybase.
| Contents |
| History |
| Features |
| Application development |
| SQL Server Express Edition |
| The slammer worm |
| Releases |
| SQL Server 2008 |
| Versions and editions |
| Companion products |
| See also |
| References |
| Further reading |
| External links |
History
A giant mobile advertisement for MS SQL Server in Shanghai
The code base for MS SQL Server (prior to version 7.0) originated in Sybase SQL Server, and was Microsoft's entry to the enterprise-level database market, competing against Oracle, IBM, and, later, Sybase itself. Microsoft, Sybase and Ashton-Tate originally teamed up to create and market the first version named SQL Server 1.0 for OS/2 (about 1989) which was essentially the same as Sybase SQL Server 3.0 on Unix, VMS, etc. Microsoft SQL Server 4.2 was shipped around 1992 (available bundled with Microsoft OS/2 version 1.3). Later Microsoft SQL Server 4.21 for Windows NT was released at the same time as Windows NT 3.1. Microsoft SQL Server v6.0 was the first version of SQL Server that was architected for NT and did not include any direction from Sybase.
About the time Windows NT was released, Sybase and Microsoft parted ways and pursued their own design and marketing schemes. Microsoft negotiated exclusive rights to all versions of SQL Server written for Microsoft operating systems. Later, Sybase changed the name of its product to Adaptive Server Enterprise to avoid confusion with Microsoft SQL Server. Until 1994 Microsoft's SQL Server carried three Sybase copyright notices as an indication of its origin.
Since parting ways, several revisions have been done independently. SQL Server 7.0 was the first true GUI based database server and was a rewrite away from the legacy Sybase code. A variant of SQL Server 2000 was the first commercial database for the Intel IA64 architecture. During this time there was a rivalry between Microsoft and Oracle for winning over the enterprise market.
The current version, Microsoft SQL Server 2005, was released in November of 2005. The launch took place alongside Visual Studio 2005. The SQL Server 2005 Express Edition is currently available for free download.[1]
In the six years since release of Microsoft's previous SQL Server product (SQL Server 2000), advancements have been made in performance, the client IDE tools, and several complementary systems that are packaged with SQL Server 2005. These include: an ETL tool (SQL Server Integration Services or SSIS), a Reporting Server, an OLAP and data mining server (Analysis Services), and several messaging technologies, specifically Service Broker and Notification Services.
Features
Microsoft SQL Server uses a variant of SQL called T-SQL, or ''Transact-SQL'', an implementation of SQL-92 (the ISO standard for SQL, certified in 1992) with many extensions. T-SQL mainly adds additional syntax for use in stored procedures, and affects the syntax of transaction support. (Note that SQL standards require Atomic, Consistent, Isolated, Durable or "ACID" transactions.) Microsoft SQL Server and Sybase/ASE both communicate over networks using an application-level protocol called Tabular Data Stream (TDS). The TDS protocol has also been implemented by the FreeTDS project[2] in order to allow more kinds of client applications to communicate with Microsoft SQL Server and Sybase databases. Microsoft SQL Server also supports Open Database Connectivity (ODBC). The latest release SQL Server 2005 also supports the ability to deliver client connectivity via the Web Services SOAP[3] protocol. This allows non-Windows Clients to communicate cross platform with SQL Server. Microsoft has also released a certified JDBC[4] driver to let Java Applications like BEA and IBM WebSphere communicate with Microsoft SQL Server 2000 and 2005.
SQL Server includes support for database mirroring and clustering. A SQL server cluster is a collection of identically configured servers, which help distribute the workload among multiple servers. All the servers share an identical virtual server name, and it is resolved into the IP address of any of the identically configured machines by the clustering runtime.[5] Automatic failover clustering is also available, in which the workload of a server is transferred to another system in the event of a system failure.[6] SQL server also supports data partitioning for distributed databases. Database mirroring, introduced in SQL Server 2005, allows creation of mirrors (or replicas) of database contents, along with transaction logs, on another instance of SQL Server, based on certain predefined triggers.[7] SQL Server 2005 also allows creation of ''snapshots'', which are like backup images that can be reverted back to when needed.
SQL Server supports data replication, spanning three different scenarios:
#'Snapshot replication:' SQL Server Replication Snapshots of a database are pushed out to all replication subscribers of a server.
#'Transaction replication:' Changes to the database are continually published out to clients.
#'Merge replication:'Synchronizing the database with other servers participating in the replication. Changes to all databases happen independently and during replication, the changes are synchronized among all databases. Merge replication includes in-built support for conflict resolution.
SQL Server 2005 introduced support for .NET Framework. With this, stored procedures could be written in any .NET language, using the entire set of libraries available to the .NET Framework, as well the Common Type System. However, unlike other processes, .NET Framework hosted in SQL Server 2005 utilizes memory and thread management capabilities provided by SQL Server, rather than using built in capabilities of Windows. This enhances performance as resource management algorithms are tuned for the usage pattern of SQL Server, as compared to the generic algorithms in Windows.
Application development
Microsoft and other vendors provide a number of software development tools designed to allow business applications to be developed using the data stored by Microsoft SQL Server. Microsoft SQL Server 2005 now includes the common language runtime (CLR) component for Microsoft .NET. Applications developed with .NET languages such as C# can implement stored procedures and other functions. Older versions of Microsoft development tools typically use APIs to access Microsoft SQL Server functionality.
SQL Server Express Edition
Main articles: SQL Server Express
Formerly known as MSDE, 'Microsoft SQL Server Express' is Microsoft's freely-downloadable and distributable version of its database engine; it has some technical restrictions that make it unsuited for large-scale deployments. It is primarily used for desktop applications, prototyping, or self study.
The slammer worm
Main articles: SQL slammer (computer worm)
The SQL Slammer computer worm exploited a previously patched security vulnerability in MS SQL Server 2000. It caused a large Internet slowdown on 25 January 2003. A patch had been available from Microsoft for six months prior to the worm's launch, but many installations had not been patched -- including some at Microsoft.
Releases
★ 1993 - SQL Server 4.21 for Windows NT
★ 1995 - SQL Server 6.0, codenamed SQL95
★ 1996 - SQL Server 6.5, codenamed Hydra
★ 1999 - SQL Server 7.0, codenamed Sphinx
★ 1999 - SQL Server 7.0 OLAP, codenamed Plato
★ 2000 - SQL Server 2000 32-bit, codenamed Shiloh (version 8.0)
★ 2003 - SQL Server 2000 64-bit, codenamed Liberty
★ 2005 - SQL Server 2005, codenamed Yukon (version 9.0)
★ Next release - SQL Server 2008, codenamed Katmai (version 10.0)
SQL Server 2008
The next planned version of SQL Server is 'SQL Server 2008',[8] code-named "Katmai", ChannelWeb: Next SQL Server stop: Katmai slated to release on February 27, 2008.[9] The most recent was made available in July of 2007. SQL Server 2008 aims[10] to make data management self-tuning, self organizing, and self maintaining with the development of ''SQL Server Always On'' technologies, to provide near-zero downtime. Microsoft also aims to intrinsically support many digital data formats, including pictures, audio, video and other multimedia data. In current versions, such multimedia data can be stored as BLOBs (binary large objects), but they are generic bitstreams. Intrinsic awareness of multimedia data will allow specialized functions to be performed on them. Other new data types include specialized date and time types and a ''Spatial'' data type for location-dependent data.[11] Better support for unstructured and semi-structured data is planned as well. For unstructured data as well, specialized data types, including the ''File'' type will be added. According to Paul Flessner, senior Vice President, Server Applications, Microsoft Corp., the next release of SQL Server can be a data storage backend for ''different varieties of data: XML, email, time/calendar, file, document, spatial, etc'' as well as perform ''search, query, analysis, sharing, and synchronization'' across all data types.
On the management side, SQL Server 2008 will include the ''Declarative Management Framework'' which allows configuring policies and constraints, on the entire database or certain tables, declaratively. For data warehousing needs, SQL Server includes better compression features, which also helps in improving scalability. It also includes ''Resource Governor'' that allows reserving resources for certain users or workflows. SQL Server ''Katmai'' will support the ADO.NET Entity Framework and the reporting tools, replication, and data definition will be build around the Entity Data Model.[12] SQL Server Reporting Services will gain charting capabilities from the integration of the data visualization products from Dundas Data Visualization Inc., which was acquired by Microsoft.[13]
Spatial data will be stored in two types. A "Flat Earth" (GEOMETRY or planar) data type represents geospatial data which has been projected from its native, spherical, coordinate system into a plane A "Round Earth" data type (GEOGRAPHY) uses an ellipsoidal model in which the Earth is defined as a single continuous entity which does not suffer from the singularities such as the international dateline, poles, or map projection zone "edges". Approximately 70 methods will be available when SQL Server "Katmai" ships to represent spatial operations for the Open Geospatial Consortium Simple Features for SQL, Version 1.1[14].
Versions and editions
;SQL Server 7.0 ★ Enterprise Edition ★ Developer Edition ★ Standard Edition ;SQL Server 2000 ★ Enterprise Edition ★ Developer Edition ★ Standard Edition ★ Workgroup Edition ★ Personal Edition ★ Desktop Engine (MSDE 2000) ★ Server CE | ;SQL Server 2005 (compare features) ★ Enterprise Edition (x86, x64, and IA64) ★ Developer Edition (x86, x64, and IA64) ★ Standard Edition (x86, x64, and IA64) ★ Workgroup Edition (x86 only) ★ Express Edition (x86 and x64) ★ Mobile Edition ★ Compact Edition ;SQL Server 2008 ★ SQL Server 2008 |
Companion products
★ SQL Server Integration Services
★ SQL Server Analysis Services
★ SQL Server Reporting Services
★ SQL Server Notification Services
★ SQL Server Management Studio
See also
★ Microsoft Visual Studio
★ Windows Server System
★ Comparison of relational database management systems
References
1. Microsoft SQL Server Express Edition download site
2. FreeTDS Project
3. http://www.w3.org/TR/soap/
4. http://msdn.microsoft.com/data/ref/jdbc/
5. Microsoft SQL Server Cluster Versus a Standby Server
6. SQL Server 2000 Failover Clustering
7. SQL Server 2005 Database Mirroring primer
8. Microsoft SQL Server 2008
9. New Windows Server, Visual Studio, SQL Server to Launch in February Nate Mook
10. SQL Server 2005 Update from Paul Flessner
11. Microsoft Gives Peek At Next Version Of SQL Server
12. SQL Server "Katmai" to Deliver Entity Data Platform and Support LINQ
13. Microsoft Details Dynamic IT Strategy at Tech-Ed 2007
14. Microsoft Shares Details on SQL Server 2008 Spatial Support by Directions Staff
Further reading
★ Delaney, Kalen (2006). ''Inside Microsoft SQL Server 2005: The Storage Engine''. ''Microsoft Press''. ISBN 0735621055.
★ Delaney, Kalen, et al (2007). ''Inside SQL Server 2005: Query Tuning and Optimization''. ''Microsoft Press''. ISBN 0735621969.
★ Ben-Gan, Itzik, et al (2006). ''Inside Microsoft SQL Server 2005: T-SQL Programming''. ''Microsoft Press''. ISBN 0735621977.
★ Delaney, Kalen (2001). ''Inside SQL Server 2000''. ''Microsoft Press''. ISBN 0735609985.
External links
★ SQL Server Official Site
★ Longer version of the history from a dev team member
★ WinFS Team Blog about WinFS rollup into Katmai and other various products
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