'Majorca' (
Spanish and
Catalan: ''Mallorca'') is the largest island of
Spain. It is located in the
Mediterranean Sea and part of the
Balearic Islands archipelago (
Catalan: ''Illes Balears'', Spanish: ''Islas Baleares''). Like the other Balearic Islands,
Ibiza (Catalan: ''Eivissa''),
Formentera, and
Minorca (Catalan/Spanish: ''Menorca''), the island is a popular tourist destination. In
Germany and the
United Kingdom, where
package tourism to the island started in May 1952, Majorca has remained a popular destination. Since the 1960s, it has also become a
synonym for
mass tourism. The name derives from
Latin ''insula maior'', "larger island"; later ''Maiorica''.
The capital of the island,
Palma, is also the capital of the
autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. The
Cabrera archipelago is administratively grouped with Majorca (in the municipality of Palma). The
national anthem of Majorca is ''
La Balanguera''.
History
Founding of Majorca
Majorca has been inhabited since antiquity. Burial chambers and traces of habitation from the
Paleolithic period (
6000–
4000 BC) have been discovered. The island was occupied by the
Romans in
123 BC under
Quintus Caecilius Metellus. It flourished under Roman rule, during which time the towns of Pollentia (
Alcúdia), and Palmaria (
Palma) were founded. The local economy was largely driven by
Olive cultivation,
viniculture, and
salt mining. Majorcan soldiers were valued within the Roman legions for their skill with the
sling.
In 426, the
Vandals sacked the island, and annexed it to their kingdom in 465. In 534, Majorca was conquered by the
Byzantine Empire, and administered as part of the province of
Sardinia. Under Byzantine rule, Christianity flourished and numerous churches were built. But from 707, the island was increasingly attacked by
Muslim raiders from
North Africa.
In 902, the
Caliphate of Cordoba conquered Majorca, ushering in a new period of prosperity for the island. With the Caliphate at its height, the
Moors improved agriculture with
irrigation, developed local industries and the island benefited from the overall prosperous times. After the Caliphate dismembered in 1015, a new, more decadent, era started. Majorca came under rule by the
Taifa of
Denia, and from 1087–1114 was an independent taifa. However, in 1114, an expedition of
Pisans and
Catalans overran the island, laying siege to Palma for 8 months. After the city fell, the invaders retreated, and were replaced by the
Almoravides from North Africa, who ruled till 1203. The Almoravides were replaced by the
Almohad dynasty until 1229. In the ensuing confusion and unrest, King
James I of Aragon launched an invasion with 15,000 men and 1,500 horses, annexing the island to his
Crown of Aragon after a 3 month campaign.
After the death of James I in 1276, his kingdom was divided between his sons.
James II became king of the new
Kingdom of Mallorca. In 1344, King
Peter IV of Aragon invaded, and re-incorporated the island into the Crown.
From 1479, the Crown of Aragon was in dynastic union with that of
Castile. In the early 18th century, the
War of the Spanish Succession resulted in the replacement of that dynastic union with a unified Spanish monarchy. In 1716 the
Decretos de Nueva Planta made Majorca part of the
Spanish province of ''Baleares'', roughly equivalent to present-day
Illes Balears province and autonomous community.
Palma
Portals Vells bay at the municipality of
Calvià, the caves are known to be from where the stones to build the cathedral were taken
The capital of Majorca,
Palma, was founded as a
Roman camp called Palmaria upon the remains of a
Talaiotic settlement. The turbulent history of the city saw it subject to several
Vandal sackings during the
fall of the Roman Empire. It was later reconquered by the
Byzantine, colonised by the
Moors (who called it '''Medina Mayurqa'''), and finally established by
James I of Aragon. In 1983, Palma was adopted as the capital of the
autonomous region of the
Balearic Islands.
20th century and today
.PNG)
Demographics of Palma de Majorca (1900–2005)
Since the 1950s, the advent of mass
tourism radically changed the physiognomy of both the city and the island, transforming it into a centre of attraction for foreign visitors and attracting workers from mainland
Spain. This contributed to a huge change in the traditions, the sociolinguistic map, urbanisation and acquisitive power.
The boom in tourism caused Palma to grow significantly, with repercussions on immigration. In 1960 Majorca received 500,000 visitors, while in
1997 it received 6,739,700. In 2001, more than 19,200,000 people passed through ''
Son Sant Joan Airport'' in Palma, with an additional 1.5 million arriving by sea.
In the 21st century, urban redevelopment, by the so-called ''Pla Mirall'' (English "Mirror Plan"), attracted important groups of immigrant workers from outside the
European Union, especially from
Africa and
South America.
On
November 14 2005, the local newspaper ''Diario de Mallorca'' reported allegations that the CIA used an airport on the island for a program of covert transfers of
terror suspects.
Geography
Satellite image
Majorca has two mountainous regions each about 70 km in length. These occupy the north-western (''Serra de Tramuntana'' or Tramuntana range) and eastern thirds of the island. The highest peak on Majorca is ''Puig Major'' (1,445 m) in the Serra de Tramuntana. As this is a military zone, the neighbouring peak at ''Puig de Massanella'' is considered the highest accessible peak (1,364 m). The northeast coast comprises two sweeping bays: the Badia de Pollença and the larger Badia d'Alcúdia. The northern coast is generally rugged and has many cliffs. The central zone extending from Palma is generally flat fertile plain known as ''Es Pla''.
The climate is
Mediterranean, with markedly higher precipitation in the Serra de Tramuntana. Summers are hot in the plains and winters mild to cool, getting colder in the Tramuntana range; in this part of the island brief episodes of snow during the winter are not unusual.
The island is surrounded by two uninhabited small islands:
Cabrera (southeast of Palma) and
Dragonera (west of Palma).
★
Alfabia Mountains
★
Es Cornadors
★
Cap de Formentor
Administration
The island is administratively divided into these municipalities:
Municipalities of Mallorca
Attractions
★
Bellver Castle
★
Santueri Castle
★
Palma Cathedral
★
Cuber Lake
People
Famous Majorcans include writer and philosopher,
Ramon Llull, and
Junípero Serra, the
Franciscan friar who founded the mission chain in
Alta California. From the 19th century, the military commander,
Joaquin Jovellar y Soler, and two time Spanish Prime Minister,
Antonio Maura Montaner. More recently, sportsmen from the island include top tennis players
Rafael Nadal and
Carlos Moyà. Rafael Nadal's uncle is the former Spanish international footballer,
Miguel Ángel Nadal. In 2006, Majorca's
Jorge Lorenzo won the world 250cc motor cycling title.
Many famous people have lived on the island.
Frédéric Chopin and
George Sand, romantically involved, rented space from a monastery for a short time.
Robert Graves, after the experiences in his
autobiography, ''
Good Bye to All That'', moved to Majorca and stayed for the rest of his life.
Joan Miró died in Son Abrines, Palma de Majorca on
December 25 1983, after spending his later years on the Island. In 1992 the Fundació Pilar i Joan Miró was established in Majorca.
Of the modern celebrities,
Catherine Zeta-Jones and
Michael Douglas have maintained a residence since the late 1990s on the north shore of the island, spending as much as half the year there. Also,
Michael Schumacher,
Claudia Schiffer,
Annie Lennox,
Julian Lennon,
Cynthia Charles (former wife of
John Lennon), tennis player
Boris Becker, former Spanish leader
Felipe González, former England footballer
Steve McManaman, and nightclub entrepreneur
Peter Stringfellow maintain residences on the island.
The members of the Spanish Royal Family traditionally spend their summer holidays in Majorca, where they have a palace.
Language
The official languages of Majorca are
Catalan and
Spanish. The local
dialect of Catalan is known as ''Mallorquí'' by indigenous population, also sometimes referred to as ''Balear'' or
Balearic, even though the dialects are different in each island and in each village. Typically, young Majorcans are
bilingual in Catalan and Spanish, with some knowledge of English or German as a
foreign language, especially due to the large number of tourists and foreign residents on the island.
Politics
Typical scenery of Majorca
The Balearic Islands, of which Majorca forms part, are currently governed by the Partido Popular (
People's Party) under Jaume Matas. Despite some popular opposition, Matas's government is currently pursuing a development plan that, critics say, threatens to ruin Majorca's landscape and render the island environmentally unsustainable. This development plan was widely detailed in Matas's program for election in 2003, which he won with absolute majority.
There is a specific government for the island which is called
Consell Insular de Mallorca (Majorca Insular Council) with competences in culture, roads and municipal administration. The insular councillors are the same which are elected for the
Balearic Parliament representing the island. As of 2007, the president of the institution is
Maria Antònia Munar (
UM), who controls the island alone with the
People's Party parliamentary support.
In 2007 win the elections Jaume Matas, but a coalition of the other partys, PSOE, UM and BLOC will govern in the Majorca Insular Council and in the Balearic Islands.
Cuisine
Ensaïmades
In 2005, there were over 2,400 restaurants on the island of Mallorca according to the Mallorcan Tourist Board. They ranged from small bars to full scale restaurants. Despite Mallorca’s location in the Mediterranean, seafood is often imported. Olives and almonds are typical of the Mallorcan diet. The island now has over 4 million almond and olive trees. Among the food items that can be truly stated as being Mallorquin are ''
sobrassada'', ''arros brut'' a version of
paella which is generally saffron rice cooked with chicken, pork and vegetables and, for the sweet lover, ''
ensaïmada''.
In addition, the diversity of the population is reflected by the increasing variety of restaurants.
See also
★
Gymnesian islands
★
RCD Mallorca – local football team
★
ensaïmada,
sobrassada – local cuisine
External links
★
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