MANES

In Roman mythology, the 'Manes' were the souls of deceased loved ones. As minor spirits, they were similar to the Lares, Genii and Di Penates. They were honored during the Parentalia and Feralia in February.
The Manes were also called the 'Di Manes' (''Di'' meaning "Gods"), and Roman tombstones often included the letters D.M., which stood for ''dis manibus'', or "dedicated to the Manes-gods". The word was also used as a metaphor to refer to the underworld.
Manes is derived from "an archaic adjective manus-'good'- which was the opposite of immanis".^[1].
The Manes were offered blood sacrifices. The gladiatorial games, originally held at funerals, may have been instituted in the honor of the Manes.^[2].
According to Cicero, the ''Manes'' could be called forth from the caves near Lake Avernus.^[2].

Contents

Lapis manalis & Lapis manilis

Lapis manilis

Lapis manalis, "The Fowing Stone", "The Rain Stone"

Sources

References

Lapis manalis & Lapis manilis

Due to their similar name these two stones are often conflated in commentaries on the Greco-Roman Tradition:

The "flowing stone"..must not be confused with the stone of the same name which, according to Festus, was the gateway to the underworld.^[4]

Lapis manilis

When a new town was founded, a round hole would be dug and a stone called a ''lapis manilis'' would be placed in the foundations, representing a gate to the underworld.^[2].

Lapis manalis, "The Fowing Stone", "The Rain Stone"

Bailey (1907) states:

There is, for instance, what anthropology describes as 'sympathetic magic'—the attempt to influence the powers of nature by an imitation of the process which it is desired that they should perform. Of this we have a characteristic example in the ceremony of the ''aquaelicium'', designed to produce rain after a long drought. In classical times the ceremony consisted in a procession headed by the pontifices, which bore the sacred rain-stone from its resting-place by the Porta Capena to the Capitol, where offerings were made to the sky-deity, Iuppiter, but from the analogy of other primitive cults and the sacred title of the stone (''lapis manalis''), it is practically certain that the original ritual was the purely imitative process of pouring water over the stone.^[6]

Sources

1. Aldington, Richard; Ames, Delano (1968) New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology. Yugoslavia: The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited, 213.
2. Aldington, Richard; Ames, Delano (1968). New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology. Yugoslavia: The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited, 213.
3. Aldington, Richard; Ames, Delano (1968). New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology. Yugoslavia: The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited, 213.
4. Chapter 4: Source: http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/tms/tms06.htm#fr_365 (accessed: August 21, 2007)
5. Aldington, Richard; Ames, Delano (1968). New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology. Yugoslavia: The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited, 213.
6. Chapter Two: Source: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18564/18564-h/18564-h.htm (accessed: August 21, 2007)

References

★ Bailey, Cyril (1907). ''The Religion of Ancient Rome''. London, UK: Archibald Constable & Co. Ltd. Source: [1] (Accessed: August 21, 2007)

★ Burriss, Eli Edward (1931). ''Taboo, Magic, Spirits: A Study of Primitive Elements in Roman Religion''. New York, USA: Macmillan Company. Source: [2] (Accessed: August 21, 2007)