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EspañolMARK SYKES
'Sir Mark Sykes, 6th Baronet' (born Tatton Benvenuto Mark Sykes) (16 March 1879 – 16 February 1919) was an English traveller, Conservative Party politician and diplomatic advisor, particularly about matters respecting the Middle East at the time of World War I. He will always be associated with the Sykes-Picot Agreement, drawn up while the war was in progress, regarding the apportionment of postwar spheres of interest in the Ottoman Empire to Britain, France and Russia.
Mark Sykes was the only child of Sir Tatton Sykes, who when a 48 year old wealthy bachelor, married his mother, Christina Anne Jessica Cavendish-Bentinck, 30 years his junior. Several accounts suggest that his future mother-in-law essentially trapped Tatton Sykes into marrying Christina. They were reportedly an unhappy couple. After spending large amounts of money paying off his wife's debts, Tatton Sykes published a notice in the papers disavowing her future debts and legally separating from her.
Lady Sykes lived in London, and Mark divided his time between her home and the East Riding of Yorkshire estates, 30,000 acres (120 km²), of his father. Their seat was Sledmere House. Lady Sykes converted to Roman Catholicism and Mark was brought into that faith at the age of three. For all practical purposes he was a "cradle Catholic".
Mark Sykes was left much to his own devices and developed an imagination, without the corresponding self discipline to make him a good scholar. He travelled most winters with his father to the Middle East, especially the Ottoman Empire. He also visited the Mediterranean, Egypt, India, the Caribbean, Mexico, the United States and Canada. But all things Turkish appealed to him most.
Mark Sykes attended Cambridge University and by the age of 25
he had published at least four books; ''D'Ordel's Pantechnicon'' (1904), a parody of the magazines of the period (illustrated by Edmund Sandars); ''D'Ordel's Tactics and Military Training'' (date unknown), a parody of the ''Infantry Drill Book'' of 1896 (also with Sandars); and two travel books, ''Dar-Ul-Islam'' (''The Home of Islam'', 1904) and ''Through Five Turkish Provinces'' (1900).
Heir to the vast Yorkshire estates and a baronetcy, the Roman Catholic Sykes was not content to await his inheritance. He served in the Second Boer War for two years where he was engaged mostly in guard duty, but saw action on several occasions. He travelled extensively, especially in the Middle East.
From 1904 to 1905 he was Parliamentary Secretary to the Chief Secretary for Ireland, George Wyndham. Later he served as honorary attaché to the British Embassy in Constantinople.
Sykes was very much a Yorkshire grandee, with his country seat at Sledmere House, breeding race horses, sitting on the bench, raising and commanding a militia unit and fulfilling his social obligations. He married Edith Gorst, also a Roman Catholic. It was a happy union and they had six children who were raised as Catholics. Sykes succeeded to the baronetcy and the estates in 1913.
In 1912, Sykes was elected as Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Hull Central, after two close but unsuccessful tries in another constituency. He became close to Lord Hugh Cecil, another MP. and was a contemporary of the volatile F.E. Smith, later Lord Birkenhead, and the reactionary Catholic, Hilaire Belloc, a naturalized British citizen from France.
Sykes was also a friend of Aubrey Herbert, another Englishman influential in Middle Eastern affairs, and was acquainted with Gertrude Bell, the pro-Arab Foreign Office advisor and Middle Eastern traveller. Sykes was never as single minded an advocate of the Arab cause as Bell, and her friends T.E. Lawrence and Sir Percy Cox. His sympathies and interests later extended to Armenians, Arabs and Jews as well as Turks. This is reflected in the Turkish Room he had installed in Sledmere House, using a noted Armenian artist as designer.
When World War I broke out, Lieutenant Colonel Sykes was commanding officer of a reserve unit, the 5th Battalion of the Green Howards. But, he did not lead them into battle as his particular talents were needed in the War Office working for Lord Kitchener, the Secretary of State for War. Kitchener placed him on the de Bunsen Committee advising the Cabinet on Middle Eastern affairs. Although Sykes never got to know Kitchener well, they shared a similar outlook and Sykes had his confidence. He was soon the dominant person on the Committee, and so gained great influence on British Middle Eastern policy. Upon Sykes's instigation but not completely according to his wishes, the Arab Bureau was created.
It was Sykes and his fellows in this group who revived ancient Greek and Roman names for Middle Eastern regions. Such terms in common use today include "Syria", "Palestine", "Iraq" and "Mesopotamia".
Sykes in 1904 wrote describing the Arabs:
''Eigen's Political & Historical Quotations''. This quotation is often cited by those who believe that nothing has really changed regarding the Arabs and non-Islamic Westerners in the last century.
Sykes had long agreed with the traditional policy of British Conservatives in propping up the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) as a buffer against Russian expansion into the Mediterranean. Britain feared that Russia had designs on India, its most important colonial possession. A Russian fleet in the Mediterranean might cut British sea routes to India. British statesmen of the Conservative Party, such as Palmerston, Disraeli and Salisbury had held this view. The 19th century Liberal Party leader, William Ewart Gladstone, was much more critical of the Ottoman government, deploring its misgovernment and periodic slaughter of minorities, especially Christian ones. A Liberal successor, David Lloyd George, shared these views.
Since Britain was now at war with Turkey, a major rethinking of policy was needed. Sykes, through his connexion with Kitchener, was at the centre of this. Two conflicting positions were soon apparent. Some favoured the Arab cause in postwar settlements at the expense of Turkey, seeing the value of friendly client states in the coastal areas along the sea route to India and in the Persian Gulf which was assuming a new importance now that the Royal Navy had converted its ships to oil from coal. Others saw the need to retain a strong Turkey lest Russia enter the vacuum and seize Constantinople and the Straits.
Compounding this was the desire of France to secure lands in the Middle East, especially in Syria, where there was a significant Christian minority. Another ally, Italy, advanced claims to Aegean Islands and protection of Christian minorities in Asia Minor. Then Russian claims had to be considered, particularly with respect to the Christian population of Turkish Armenia and the Black Sea Coast.
Another problem was the desire of Greece to regain historic territories in Asia Minor, and Thrace, claims that conflicted with those of Russia and Italy, as well as Turkey. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1916-1922), David Lloyd George, favoured the Greek cause.
Complicating all this was the desire of Jewish Zionists to have a homeland in Palestine.
In summary form; the conflicting interests of the Great Powers and aspiring nations during World War I were:
'Russia vs Turkey vs Greece' over Constantinople, the Straits and Thrace
'France vs the Arabs vs Turkey' over Syria
'Britain vs France vs the Arabs vs the Zionists' over Palestine
'Greece vs Turkey vs Italy' over Smyrna and southwest Asia Minor
'Britain vs France vs the Arabs vs Turkey' over Kurdish northern Iraq
'France vs Turkey' over southeastern Asia Minor and Alexandretta
'Russia vs Turkey' over Armenia and The southeast Black Sea coast
It was the special role of Sykes to hammer out an agreement with Britain's most important ally, France, which was shouldering a disproportionate part of the effort against Germany in the war. His French counterpart was François Georges-Picot and it is generally felt that Picot got a better deal than expected. Sykes came to feel this as well and it bothered him. Particulars may be found in the article Sykes-Picot Agreement.
Evidence suggests that Sykes had a hand in promoting the Balfour Declaration issued on 2 November 1917. It stated that: "His Majesty"s Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object..."
Sykes felt by 1916 that American entry into the war was the key to victory and gradually came to support Zionism.
Sir Mark Sykes was in Paris in connection with peace negotiations in 1919. At the conference, a junior diplomat present, Harold Nicolson, described his role: "It was due to his endless push and perservance, to his enthusiasm and faith, that Arab nationalism and Zionism became two of the most successful of our war causes." He died there in his hotel room on 16 February 1919, aged 39, a victim of the Spanish flu pandemic. His remains were transported back to his family home at Sledmere House (in East Riding of Yorkshire) for burial. Although he had been a Roman Catholic, he was buried in the graveyard of the local Anglican St. Mary's church in Sledmere.
Nahum Sokolow, a Russian Zionist colleague of Chaim Weizmann in Paris at this time, wrote that Sykes "... fell as a hero at our side."
He was succeeded by his son, Sir Richard Sykes, 7th Baronet (1905–1978). Another son, Christopher Sykes (1907–1986), was a distinguished author and official biographer of Evelyn Waugh.
Sledmere House is still in the possession of the family, Sir Tatton Sykes, 8th Baronet, being the current occupant. Among Mark Sykes' great-grandchildren are the New York-based fashion writer and novelist Plum Sykes and her sister, Lucy Sykes (Mrs. Euan Rellie).
Sykes was, among others like D.G. Hogarth and Henry McMahon, one of the inspirations for the character of Mr. Dryden in the film ''Lawrence of Arabia'' (1962).
In 2007, nearly 90 years after Sir Mark Sykes died, permission was given by his grandchildren to exhume his body for scientific investigation. His remains were of interest because he had been buried in a lead-lined coffin, and this was thought likely to have preserved Spanish Flu viral particles intact. Any samples taken are to be used for research in the quest to develop defences against the next flu pandemic, which many scientists believe is guaranteed to flare up at some stage in the future as a mutation of the bird flu virus named H5N1. The Spanish Flu itself became a human infection by a mutation of an aviary virus nowadays called H1N1. There are only five other extant samples of the Spanish Flu and none of the other remains from which they come are as well preserved as Sir Mark's body is expected to be.[1]
1. Michael Hanlon Could digging up a general in a lead-lined coffin save the world? ''Daily Mail'' 11 April 2007
★ ''Desert Queen'', Janet Wallach, Anchor Books, New York, 1999
★ ''A Peace To End All Peace'', David Fromkin, Avon Books, New York, 1990
★ ''Righteous Victims'', Benny Morris, Vintage Books, New York, 2001
★ ''Mark Sykes: Portrait of an Amateur'', Jonathan Cape, London, 1975
★ ''The Big House: The Story of a Country House and Its Family'', Christopher Simon Sykes, Harper Perennial, London, 2005
★ Villages of the Yorkshire Wolds:Sledmere
★ D'Ordel's Pantechnicon
★ BBC News Website: Dead aristocrat's hidden flu clue
| Contents |
| Early life |
| The Boer War, travels and Parliament |
| Protégé of Kitchener |
| Britain's strategic conundrum |
| The Balfour Declaration |
| Premature death |
| Exhumation for biological research |
| References |
| External links |
Early life
Mark Sykes was the only child of Sir Tatton Sykes, who when a 48 year old wealthy bachelor, married his mother, Christina Anne Jessica Cavendish-Bentinck, 30 years his junior. Several accounts suggest that his future mother-in-law essentially trapped Tatton Sykes into marrying Christina. They were reportedly an unhappy couple. After spending large amounts of money paying off his wife's debts, Tatton Sykes published a notice in the papers disavowing her future debts and legally separating from her.
Lady Sykes lived in London, and Mark divided his time between her home and the East Riding of Yorkshire estates, 30,000 acres (120 km²), of his father. Their seat was Sledmere House. Lady Sykes converted to Roman Catholicism and Mark was brought into that faith at the age of three. For all practical purposes he was a "cradle Catholic".
Mark Sykes was left much to his own devices and developed an imagination, without the corresponding self discipline to make him a good scholar. He travelled most winters with his father to the Middle East, especially the Ottoman Empire. He also visited the Mediterranean, Egypt, India, the Caribbean, Mexico, the United States and Canada. But all things Turkish appealed to him most.
Mark Sykes attended Cambridge University and by the age of 25
he had published at least four books; ''D'Ordel's Pantechnicon'' (1904), a parody of the magazines of the period (illustrated by Edmund Sandars); ''D'Ordel's Tactics and Military Training'' (date unknown), a parody of the ''Infantry Drill Book'' of 1896 (also with Sandars); and two travel books, ''Dar-Ul-Islam'' (''The Home of Islam'', 1904) and ''Through Five Turkish Provinces'' (1900).
The Boer War, travels and Parliament
Heir to the vast Yorkshire estates and a baronetcy, the Roman Catholic Sykes was not content to await his inheritance. He served in the Second Boer War for two years where he was engaged mostly in guard duty, but saw action on several occasions. He travelled extensively, especially in the Middle East.
From 1904 to 1905 he was Parliamentary Secretary to the Chief Secretary for Ireland, George Wyndham. Later he served as honorary attaché to the British Embassy in Constantinople.
Sykes was very much a Yorkshire grandee, with his country seat at Sledmere House, breeding race horses, sitting on the bench, raising and commanding a militia unit and fulfilling his social obligations. He married Edith Gorst, also a Roman Catholic. It was a happy union and they had six children who were raised as Catholics. Sykes succeeded to the baronetcy and the estates in 1913.
In 1912, Sykes was elected as Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Hull Central, after two close but unsuccessful tries in another constituency. He became close to Lord Hugh Cecil, another MP. and was a contemporary of the volatile F.E. Smith, later Lord Birkenhead, and the reactionary Catholic, Hilaire Belloc, a naturalized British citizen from France.
Sykes was also a friend of Aubrey Herbert, another Englishman influential in Middle Eastern affairs, and was acquainted with Gertrude Bell, the pro-Arab Foreign Office advisor and Middle Eastern traveller. Sykes was never as single minded an advocate of the Arab cause as Bell, and her friends T.E. Lawrence and Sir Percy Cox. His sympathies and interests later extended to Armenians, Arabs and Jews as well as Turks. This is reflected in the Turkish Room he had installed in Sledmere House, using a noted Armenian artist as designer.
Protégé of Kitchener
When World War I broke out, Lieutenant Colonel Sykes was commanding officer of a reserve unit, the 5th Battalion of the Green Howards. But, he did not lead them into battle as his particular talents were needed in the War Office working for Lord Kitchener, the Secretary of State for War. Kitchener placed him on the de Bunsen Committee advising the Cabinet on Middle Eastern affairs. Although Sykes never got to know Kitchener well, they shared a similar outlook and Sykes had his confidence. He was soon the dominant person on the Committee, and so gained great influence on British Middle Eastern policy. Upon Sykes's instigation but not completely according to his wishes, the Arab Bureau was created.
It was Sykes and his fellows in this group who revived ancient Greek and Roman names for Middle Eastern regions. Such terms in common use today include "Syria", "Palestine", "Iraq" and "Mesopotamia".
Sykes in 1904 wrote describing the Arabs:
''Eigen's Political & Historical Quotations''. This quotation is often cited by those who believe that nothing has really changed regarding the Arabs and non-Islamic Westerners in the last century.
Britain's strategic conundrum
Sykes had long agreed with the traditional policy of British Conservatives in propping up the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) as a buffer against Russian expansion into the Mediterranean. Britain feared that Russia had designs on India, its most important colonial possession. A Russian fleet in the Mediterranean might cut British sea routes to India. British statesmen of the Conservative Party, such as Palmerston, Disraeli and Salisbury had held this view. The 19th century Liberal Party leader, William Ewart Gladstone, was much more critical of the Ottoman government, deploring its misgovernment and periodic slaughter of minorities, especially Christian ones. A Liberal successor, David Lloyd George, shared these views.
Since Britain was now at war with Turkey, a major rethinking of policy was needed. Sykes, through his connexion with Kitchener, was at the centre of this. Two conflicting positions were soon apparent. Some favoured the Arab cause in postwar settlements at the expense of Turkey, seeing the value of friendly client states in the coastal areas along the sea route to India and in the Persian Gulf which was assuming a new importance now that the Royal Navy had converted its ships to oil from coal. Others saw the need to retain a strong Turkey lest Russia enter the vacuum and seize Constantinople and the Straits.
Compounding this was the desire of France to secure lands in the Middle East, especially in Syria, where there was a significant Christian minority. Another ally, Italy, advanced claims to Aegean Islands and protection of Christian minorities in Asia Minor. Then Russian claims had to be considered, particularly with respect to the Christian population of Turkish Armenia and the Black Sea Coast.
Another problem was the desire of Greece to regain historic territories in Asia Minor, and Thrace, claims that conflicted with those of Russia and Italy, as well as Turkey. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1916-1922), David Lloyd George, favoured the Greek cause.
Complicating all this was the desire of Jewish Zionists to have a homeland in Palestine.
In summary form; the conflicting interests of the Great Powers and aspiring nations during World War I were:
'Russia vs Turkey vs Greece' over Constantinople, the Straits and Thrace
'France vs the Arabs vs Turkey' over Syria
'Britain vs France vs the Arabs vs the Zionists' over Palestine
'Greece vs Turkey vs Italy' over Smyrna and southwest Asia Minor
'Britain vs France vs the Arabs vs Turkey' over Kurdish northern Iraq
'France vs Turkey' over southeastern Asia Minor and Alexandretta
'Russia vs Turkey' over Armenia and The southeast Black Sea coast
It was the special role of Sykes to hammer out an agreement with Britain's most important ally, France, which was shouldering a disproportionate part of the effort against Germany in the war. His French counterpart was François Georges-Picot and it is generally felt that Picot got a better deal than expected. Sykes came to feel this as well and it bothered him. Particulars may be found in the article Sykes-Picot Agreement.
The Balfour Declaration
Evidence suggests that Sykes had a hand in promoting the Balfour Declaration issued on 2 November 1917. It stated that: "His Majesty"s Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object..."
Sykes felt by 1916 that American entry into the war was the key to victory and gradually came to support Zionism.
Premature death
Sir Mark Sykes was in Paris in connection with peace negotiations in 1919. At the conference, a junior diplomat present, Harold Nicolson, described his role: "It was due to his endless push and perservance, to his enthusiasm and faith, that Arab nationalism and Zionism became two of the most successful of our war causes." He died there in his hotel room on 16 February 1919, aged 39, a victim of the Spanish flu pandemic. His remains were transported back to his family home at Sledmere House (in East Riding of Yorkshire) for burial. Although he had been a Roman Catholic, he was buried in the graveyard of the local Anglican St. Mary's church in Sledmere.
Nahum Sokolow, a Russian Zionist colleague of Chaim Weizmann in Paris at this time, wrote that Sykes "... fell as a hero at our side."
He was succeeded by his son, Sir Richard Sykes, 7th Baronet (1905–1978). Another son, Christopher Sykes (1907–1986), was a distinguished author and official biographer of Evelyn Waugh.
Sledmere House is still in the possession of the family, Sir Tatton Sykes, 8th Baronet, being the current occupant. Among Mark Sykes' great-grandchildren are the New York-based fashion writer and novelist Plum Sykes and her sister, Lucy Sykes (Mrs. Euan Rellie).
Sykes was, among others like D.G. Hogarth and Henry McMahon, one of the inspirations for the character of Mr. Dryden in the film ''Lawrence of Arabia'' (1962).
Exhumation for biological research
In 2007, nearly 90 years after Sir Mark Sykes died, permission was given by his grandchildren to exhume his body for scientific investigation. His remains were of interest because he had been buried in a lead-lined coffin, and this was thought likely to have preserved Spanish Flu viral particles intact. Any samples taken are to be used for research in the quest to develop defences against the next flu pandemic, which many scientists believe is guaranteed to flare up at some stage in the future as a mutation of the bird flu virus named H5N1. The Spanish Flu itself became a human infection by a mutation of an aviary virus nowadays called H1N1. There are only five other extant samples of the Spanish Flu and none of the other remains from which they come are as well preserved as Sir Mark's body is expected to be.[1]
References
1. Michael Hanlon Could digging up a general in a lead-lined coffin save the world? ''Daily Mail'' 11 April 2007
★ ''Desert Queen'', Janet Wallach, Anchor Books, New York, 1999
★ ''A Peace To End All Peace'', David Fromkin, Avon Books, New York, 1990
★ ''Righteous Victims'', Benny Morris, Vintage Books, New York, 2001
★ ''Mark Sykes: Portrait of an Amateur'', Jonathan Cape, London, 1975
★ ''The Big House: The Story of a Country House and Its Family'', Christopher Simon Sykes, Harper Perennial, London, 2005
External links
★ Villages of the Yorkshire Wolds:Sledmere
★ D'Ordel's Pantechnicon
★ BBC News Website: Dead aristocrat's hidden flu clue
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