MARVIN MINSKY

'Marvin Lee Minsky' (born August 9, 1927) is an American cognitive scientist in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), co-founder of MIT's AI laboratory, and author of several texts on AI and philosophy.

Contents

Biography

Affiliations

Trivia

Selected works

References

See also

External links

Biography

Marvin Minsky was born in New York City, where he attended The Fieldston School and the Bronx High School of Science. He later attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. He served in the US Navy from 1944 to 1945. He holds a BA in Mathematics from Harvard (1950) and a PhD in the same field from Princeton (1954). He has been on the MIT faculty since 1958. He is currently Toshiba Professor of Media Arts and Sciences, and Professor of electrical engineering and computer science.
Minsky won the Turing Award in 1969, the Japan Prize in 1990, the IJCAI Award for Research Excellence in 1991, and the Benjamin Franklin Medal from the Franklin Institute in 2001.
Minsky is listed on Google Directory as one of the all time top four people in the field of artificial intelligence.^[1]
Minsky's patents include the first head-mounted graphical display (1963) and the confocal scanning microscope (1961, a predecessor to today's widely used confocal laser scanning microscope). He developed with Seymour Papert the first Logo "turtle". Minsky also built, in 1951, the first randomly wired neural network learning machine, SNARC.
Minsky wrote the book ''Perceptrons'' (with Seymour A. Papert), which became the foundational work in the analysis of artificial neural networks. It contains strong criticisms of unrigorous research in the field at the time. Its proof that perceptrons can not solve even some simple problems such as XOR caused the virtual disappearance of artificial neural networks from academic research during the 1970s, until researchers could prove that more complex networks are capable of solving these and all functions.^[2]
Minsky was an adviser^[3] on the movie and is referred to in the movie and book.
In the early 1970s at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab, Minsky and Seymour Papert started developing what came to be called The Society of Mind theory. The theory attempts to explain how what we call intelligence could be a product of the interaction of non-intelligent parts. Minsky says that the biggest source of ideas about the theory came from his work in trying to create a machine that uses a robotic arm, a video camera, and a computer to build with children's blocks. In 1986 Minsky published a comprehensive book on the theory which, unlike most of his previously published work, was written for a general audience.
In November 2006, Minsky published The Emotion Machine, a book that critiques many popular theories of how human minds work and suggests alternative theories, often replacing simple ideas with more complex ones. Recent drafts of the book are freely available from his webpage^[4].

Affiliations

Marvin Minsky is affiliated with the following organizations:

★ United States National Academy of Engineering

★ United States National Academy of Sciences

★ Extropy Institute's Council of Advisors^[5]

★ Alcor Life Extension Foundation's Scientific Advisory Board^[6]
Minsky is a critic of the Loebner Prize.^{[7] [8]}

Trivia

★ Minsky is a childhood friend of the Yale University critic Harold Bloom, who has referred to him as "the sinister Marvin Minsky."

★ Isaac Asimov has described Minsky as one of two people he has ever met who were flat out smarter than himself, the other being Carl Sagan. Patrick Winston has also described Minsky as the smartest person he has ever met.

★ Ray Kurzweil, the polymath who has written extensively on the future technological singularity has referred to Minsky as his mentor.

★ Minsky is an actor in an artificial intelligence koan (attributed to his student, Danny Hillis) from the Jargon file:
::In the days when Sussman was a novice, Minsky once came to him as he sat hacking at the PDP-6.
::"What are you doing?" asked Minsky.
::"I am training a randomly wired neural net to play Tic-tac-toe," Sussman replied.
::"Why is the net wired randomly?", asked Minsky.
::"I do not want it to have any preconceptions of how to play," Sussman said.
::Minsky then shut his eyes.
::"Why do you close your eyes?" Sussman asked his teacher.
::"So that the room will be empty."
::At that moment, Sussman was enlightened.

What I actually said was, "If you wire it randomly, it will still have preconceptions of how to play. But you just won't know what those preconceptions are." -- Marvin Minsky

Selected works

★ ''Neural Nets and the Brain Model Problem'', Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 1954. The first publication of theories and theorems about learning in neural networks, secondary reinforcement, circulating dynamic storage and synaptic modifications.

★ ''Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines'', Prentice-Hall, 1967. A standard text in computer science. Out of print now, but soon to reappear.

★ ''Semantic Information Processing'', MIT Press, 1968. This collection had a strong influence on modern computational linguistics.

★ ''Perceptrons'', with Seymour Papert, MIT Press, 1969 (Enlarged edition, 1988).

★ ''Artificial Intelligence'', with Seymour Papert, Univ. of Oregon Press, 1972. Out of print.

★ Communication with Alien Intelligence, 1985

★ ''Robotics'', Doubleday, 1986. Edited collection of essays about robotics, with Introduction and Postscript by Minsky.

★ ''The Society of Mind'', Simon and Schuster, 1987. The first comprehensive description of the Society of Mind theory of intellectual structure and development. See also ''The Society of Mind (CD-ROM version)'', Voyager, 1996.

★ ''The Turing Option'', with Harry Harrison, Warner Books, New York, 1992. Science fiction thriller about the construction of a superintelligent robot in the year 2023.

★ ''The Emotion Machine''^[9] Simon and Schuster, November 2006. ISBN 0-7432-7663-9 (book available online on his MIT home page; see below)

References

★ http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/
1. http://www.google.com/Top/Computers/Artificial_Intelligence/People/
2. Hassoun, Mohamad H., Fundamentals of Artificial Neural Networks, The MIT Press, 1995. pp. 35-56.
3. For more, see this interview, http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-books/Hal/chap2/two3.html
4. http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky
5. http://www.extropy.org/directors.htm
6. http://www.alcor.org/AboutAlcor/meetsciadvboard.html
7. http://loebner.net/Prizef/minsky.html
8. http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2003/02/26/loebner_part_one/index4.html
9. http://www.simonsays.com/content/book.cfm?pid=510225

See also

★ Carl Hewitt

★ Gerry Sussman

★ John McCarthy

★ Terry Winograd

★ Richard Stallman

★ Transhumanism

External links

★ Marvin Minsky's home page

★ Scientist on the Set: An Interview with Marvin Minsky

★ Consciousness Is A Big Suitcase: A talk with Marvin Minsky

★ Video of Minsky speaking at the International Conference on Complex Systems, hosted by the New England Complex Systems Institute (NECSI)

★ "The Emotion Universe": Video with Marvin Minsky

★ Marvin Minsky at the Mathematics Genealogy Project

★ Radio interview on Philosophy Talk

★ Marvin Minsky's thoughts on the Fermi Paradox at the Transvisions 2007 conference