Discover

'' For the nonprofit that combats human trafficking and other human rights abuses, see .''
'Mata Hari' was the stage name of 'Margaretha Geertruida (Grietje) Zelle' (7 August, 1876, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands – 15 September, 1917, Vincennes, France), a Dutch exotic dancer and courtesan who was executed by firing squad for espionage during World War I. Mata Hari

Contents

Life

Background

Double agent

Disappearance and rumours

Legend and popular culture

Movies and television

Books and plays

Music

Video games

Miscellaneous

Bibliography

References

External links

Life

Background

Margaretha Zelle was born in Leeuwarden, Friesland in the Netherlands, to Adam Zelle, owner of a hat store, and Antje van der Meulen, both born and raised in Friesland ^[1]. When she was 6, the family moved to Leiden. In 1891 her mother died and her father went bankrupt. At 18 Margaretha married a Dutch naval officer named Rudolf MacLeod in Amsterdam. They moved to Java and had two children. Their son died in 1899 of syphilis, contracted from his father to his mother to him.[Normans death is generally attributed to poison administed by a staff member] After moving back to the Netherlands, the couple divorced in 1903, with Rudolf retaining custody of his daughter, who died at the young age of 21.
That year, Margaretha moved to Paris, where she performed as a circus horse rider and went by the name Lady MacLeod. Struggling to earn a living, she also worked as an artist's model.
In 1905, she began to win fame as an exotic Oriental-style dancer. It was then that she adopted the stage name ''Mata Hari'', the Indonesian word for 'sun' (literally "Eye of the Day").
Promiscuous, flirtatious, and openly flaunting her body with a mystique that captivated both her audiences and the public, Mata Hari was an overnight success from the debut of her act at the Musée Guimet on March 13, 1905.^[2] (She was so successful that she became the long-time mistress of the millionaire Lyon industrialist Emile Etienne Guimet who founded the Museum.) She posed as a princess from Java of priestly Indian birth, pretending to have been initiated into the art of sacred Indian dance since childhood. In those days it was quite easy for someone possessing a flamboyant personality to invent a character, and present it as fact with a good chance of success due to the limits on telecommunications available at the time. She was photographed numerous times during this point in her career in either scant clothing, or nude. She brought this carefree provocative style to the stage in her act, which led to wide acclaim.
Although the explanations and claims made by her about her origins were total fiction, the act was spectacularly successful because it elevated exotic dance to a more respectable status, and so broke new ground in a style of entertainment for which Paris was later to become world famous. Her style and her free-willed attitude made her a very popular woman, as did her willingness to wear or perform in exotic and sexually explicit clothing. She posed for provocative photos, and mingled in wealthy circles.
Mata Hari was also a successful courtesan, and had relationships with many high-ranking military officers, politicians and others in influential positions in many countries, including France, Russia and Germany. She was not known for being remarkably beautiful, but her spirit was overflowing with eroticism.
In happier times prior to World War I, she had been generally viewed as an artist, a free-spirited bohemian, but as the times grew more grim she began to be seen by some as a wanton and promiscuous woman, and perhaps a dangerous seductress. Her relationships and liaisons with powerful men took her across international borders frequently, which eventually would lead to her downfall.

Double agent

During World War I, the Netherlands remained neutral. As a Dutch subject, Margaretha Zelle was thus able to cross national borders freely. To avoid the battlefields, she travelled between France and the Netherlands via Spain and Britain, and her movements inevitably attracted attention. She was courtesan to many high-ranking allied military officers during this time. On one occasion, when interviewed by British intelligence officers, she admitted to work as an agent for French military intelligence, although the latter would not confirm her story. It is unclear if she lied on this occasion, believing the story made her sound more intriguing, or if French authorities were using her in such a way, but would not acknowledge her due to the embarrassment and international backlash it could cause.

In January 1917, the German military attaché in Madrid transmitted radio messages to Berlin describing the helpful activities of a German spy, code-named H-21. French intelligence agents intercepted the messages and, from the information they contained, were able to identify H-21 as Mata Hari. Remarkably, the messages were in a code that German intelligence knew had already been broken by the French, leaving historians to suspect that the messages were contrived so that, if she was in fact working for the French, they would be able to unmask her as a double agent and effectively neutralize her.
On 13 February, 1917, Mata Hari was arrested in her Paris hotel room. Mata Hari was put on trial, accused of spying for Germany and consequently causing the deaths of tens of thousands of soldiers.She was found guilty and was executed by firing squad on 15 September, 1917, at the age of 41.

Disappearance and rumours

Mata Hari's body was not claimed by any family members and was accordingly used for medical study. Her head was embalmed and kept in the Museum of Anatomy in Paris, but in 2000, archivists discovered that the head had disappeared, possibly as early as 1954, when the museum had been relocated. Records dated from 1918 show that the museum also received the rest of the body but none of the remains could later be accounted for.
The fact that a former exotic dancer had been executed as a spy immediately provoked many rumours. One is that she blew a kiss to her executioners, although it is more likely that she blew a kiss to her lawyer, who was a witness to the execution and a former lover of hers. Her dying words were purported to be "Merci, monsieur". Another rumour claims that, in an attempt to distract her executioners, she flung open her coat and exposed her naked body. "Harlot, yes, but traitor, never," she is reported to have said. A 1934 ''New Yorker'' article, however, reported that at her execution she actually wore "a neat Amazonian tailored suit, specially made for the occasion, and a pair of new white gloves."^[3] Yet another rumour had it that Mata Hari was unusually composed at the execution, refusing to be tied or blindfolded — and that this is because the firing squad was to be bribed to use blanks for a fake execution, but the plan failed.

Legend and popular culture

Popular imagination was fired by the idea of an exotic dancer working as a lethal double agent, using her powers of seduction to extract military secrets from her many lovers. This image has made Mata Hari an enduring archetype of the femme fatale.
Much of the enduring popularity is owed to the film entitled ''Mata Hari'' (1931) and starring Greta Garbo in the leading role. While based on real events in the life of Margaretha Zelle, the plot was largely fictional, appealing to the public appetite for fantasy at the expense of historical fact. Immensely successful as a form of entertainment, the exciting and romantic character in this film inspired subsequent generations of storytellers. Eventually, Mata Hari featured in more films, television series, and in video games — but increasingly, it is only the use of Margaretha Zelle's famous stage name that bears any resemblance to the real character. Many books have been written about Mata Hari, some of them serious historical and biographical accounts, but many of them highly speculative.

Movies and television

★ Phil Silvers as Sgt. Bilko, in an episode containing a skit about a female spy in the Spanish American War, refers to her as Mata Lopez.

★ Doris Day portrays Mata Hari in the film ''The Glass Bottom Boat'' (1966) during a daydream sequence.

★ In the 1967 James Bond spoof ''Casino Royale'', the fictional character Mata Bond was the daughter of Mata Hari and James Bond.

★ In the 1968 Spanish comedy ''Operación Mata-Hari'', Mata Hari (Carmen de Lirio) settles and leaves her dangerous life. Her Spanish maid (Gracita Morales) is then mistaken as her.

★ In the OVA adaptation of the novel and manga series R.O.D, the character Nancy Maruhaki is said to be a clone of Mata Hari.

★ ''Lancelot Link, Secret Chimp'' (1970-72) was an ABC television series sendup of espionage drama. The cast of characters (played by chimpanzees with human voice-overs) included a female spy named Mata Hairi.

★ A 1985 movie starring Sylvia Kristel, researched and directed by Curtis Harrington. [1]

★ ''The Sex Life of Mata Hari'' (1989), an adult version or parody of the 1985 movie. [2]

★ In ''The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles'' episode "Demons of Deception" (1993), the 22 year old Indiana Jones meets and falls in love with Mata Hari in Paris during military leave from the front, and loses his virginity to her.

★ A first-season episode of the Nickelodeon game show ''Legends of the Hidden Temple'' was entitled "The Codebook of Mata Hari." In the legend told about Mata Hari in the episode, it was said that on the day of her execution, Mata Hari refused the blindfold and instead blew kisses to her firing squad.

★ ''Mata Hari, Mythe et Réalité d'une Espionne'', a 1998 documentary film by Françoise Levie will Jill Brett and Julie Wheelwright, 56 minutes, Belgium (poster).

★ Mata Hari has also been mentioned on the television series ''Charmed''. In the episode Used Karma the character Phoebe becomes possessed by Mata Hari's spirit.

★ As well Mata Hari is mentioned in the Stephen Frears -movie Mrs. Henderson Presents, where snobbish Lady Conway tells to Mrs. Henderson inflitrate to the Windmill Theatre like a ''delicious, but overripe Mata Hari'' when Mrs. Henderson has problems with the manager of theatre.

★ She was portrayed by Zsa Zsa Gabor in the 1972 Frankie Howerd comedy, Up The Front.

★ In the 1995 film "Father of the Bride 2", Steve Martin's character, George Banks, calls his wife Nina a, "two-timing Mata Hari" when he learns she is pregnant, claiming that they had not been intimate in six weeks.

★ In the 1946 film "Notorious" by Alfred Hitchcok, Ingrid Bergman mentions Mata Hari in relation to the position she has been put in by Cary Grant.

Books and plays

★ Lene Lovich co-wrote and performed ''Mata Hari'', a play/musical at the Lyric Hammersmith, London, UK, Oct-Nov 1982.

★ In the Indiana Jones series of novels, Indiana lost his virginity to Mata Hari when he was a teenager.

★ Author Kurt Vonnegut's character Howard W. Campbell, Jr. dedicates his "memoirs" to Mata Hari in the novel, ''Mother Night''.

★ The pianist Mischa Jones series of novels

★ In the manga Read or Die, 'Miss Deep' is revealed to be a clone of Mata Hari.

★ In the tenth book in the Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket, Sunny Baudelaire says "'Matahari'...which means something like, 'If I stay here, I can spy on them and find out'".

★ The Red Dancer (A Life of Mata Hari)by Richard Skinner 2001

★ Diane Samuels' play,'The True Life Fiction of Mata Hari'(2001) deals with Mata Hari's interrogation and execution by the French military. It was first performed at the Palace theatre in Watford in March 2002.

★ In Stephen Schwartz's musical, ''Working'', the character of Delores says she feels like Mata Hari.

★ Pat Shipman wrote biography of Mata Hari, "Femme Fatale" (2007)

★ Major Thomas Coulson OBE ( Officer of the British Empire ) wrote a Book titled "Mata Hari Courtesan and Spy" (1930).

★ Mata Hari appears as a student-Goddess in the novel The Breath of Gods by French writer Bernard Werber.

Music

★ One of Ofra Haza's songs is entitled Mata Hari.

★ Mata Hari is mentioned in "Like It or Not", a song from Madonna's ''Confessions On A Dance Floor'' album. ("Cleopatra had her way, Mata Hari too. Whether they were good or bad, is strictly up to you. [...] You can't have the femme without the fatale. Please don't take offense.").

★ She is mentioned in the song "Shake Your Bon-Bon", a song by Latin singer Ricky Martin.

★ Another mention in music comes in the Mary Prankster song "Mata Hari", discussing the reaction of society to openly sexual women.

★ The song "As You Turn To Go" by The 6ths contains the lines "I know I'm not supposed to say I'm sorry, I know you've had more loves than Mata Hari."

★ The Canadian ska band, The Kingpins, paid tribute to the spy in a song titled "Mata Hari" on their first full length album ''Watch Your Back''.

★ Mata Hari is mentioned in the song "Genius" by the late Warren Zevon, on his 2000 album ''My Ride's Here'', "Mata Hari had a house in France, where she worked on all her secret plans; Men were falling for her sight unseen, she was a genius".

★ The song "BYOS" by Regina Spektor mentions Mata Hari ("I met Mata Hari, She was in no hurry, The firing squad had their guns in the air.").

★ The song "From One Jesus to Another" by The Mission mentions Mata Hari with the line "And anyway, if it came to a choice, I'd take Mata Hari for my bride."

★ The musical Little Mary Sunshine has a number entitled "Mata Hari".

★ Loved by a very small group of admirers, Norway represented in 1976 by Anna-Karina Ström, the song "Mata Hari" came 17th during the Eurovision Song Contest in the Hague. It contains the fabulous lyrics "You walked away laughing and left them alone with their shame".

★ One of The Atomic Fireballs songs is entitled Mata Hari.

Video games

★ There was a video game ''Mata Hari'' by Loriciels, for Amstrad CPC (1988) and Atari ST (1989).

★ Mata Hari appears as a spy in the first two games of the ''Shadow Hearts'' video game series, under her true name, though Anglicised to Margarete Gertrude Zelle. In the first game, she also joins the party early on.

★ In the videogame '' the character EVA is called a "regular mata hari" by the main character, Snake.

★ dtp entertainment will publish Mata Hari worldwide under the ANACONDA label, with a Q1 2008 release date set for Germany, Switzerland and Austria.

★ Mata Hari appears as a Great Spy unit in the ''Civilization IV'' expansion ''Beyond the Sword''.

Miscellaneous

★ Bally made a "Mata Hari" pinball machine.^[4]

★ In the radio series The Goon Show episode "Ned's atomic dustbin" the character Bluebottle is referred to fleetingly by the Russians as Mata hari.

★ ''Matahari'' is the Indonesian word for 'sun'.

★ Moura Budberg was known as "the Russian Mata Hari" for her famous affairs with Maxim Gorky and H. G. Wells.

Bibliography

★ Shipman, Pat ''Femme Fatale: A Biography of Mata Hari'' Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007, ISBN 0-297850-74-1 ISBN-13 978-0297850748 (USA edition: ''Femme Fatale: Love, Lies, and the Unknown Life of Mata Hari'' William Morrow, 2007, ISBN 0-060817-28-3 ISBN-13 9780060817282)

References

1. www.praamsma.org - Mata Hari
2. www.crimelibrary.com - Mata Hari is born
3. Paris was Yesterday: 1925-1939, , Janet, Flanner, Penguin, 1979, ISBN 0-14-005068-X
4. http://www.geocities.com/kirbseepe2/Mata_Hari_pinball.html

External links

★ Mata Hari Photo Gallery

★

★ Biography at Court TV's Crime Library

★ Details of the disappearance of the corpse

★ "The Execution of Mata Hari, 1917," EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2005)