Discover

(Redirected from Metrics of time in Hinduism)
The astronomical 'time cycles' mentioned in ancient 'Hindu' astronomical and Puranic texts are remarkably similar to each other. Old Indian measures are still in use today, primarily for religious purposes in Hinduism and Jainism. They also are employed in the teachings of Surat Shabda Yoga.
The Hindu cosmological time cycles are described in verses 11–23 of Chapter 1, Surya Siddhanta ^[1]:
"(Verse 11). That which begins with respirations (prāna) is called real; that which begins with atoms(truti) is unreal. Six respirations make a vinādi, sixty of these a nādi. (12). And sixty nādis make a sidereal day and night. Of thirty of these sidereal days is composed a month; a civil (sāvana) month consists of as many sunrises. (13). A lunar month, of as many lunar days (tithi); a solar (sāura) month is determined by the entrance of the sun into a sign of the zodiac; twelve months make a year. This is called a day of the gods. (14). The day and night of the gods and of the demons are mutually opposed to one another. Six times sixty of them are a year of the gods, and likewise of the demons. (15). Twelve thousand of these divine years are denominated a Quadruple Age(caturyuga); of ten thousand times four hundred and thirty-two solar years (16) is composed that Quadruple Age(caturyuga), with its dawn and twilight. The difference of the Golden (krtayuga) and the other Ages (yugas), as measured by the difference in the number of the feet of Virtue in each, is as follows : (17). The tenth part of a (Quadruple) Age (caturyuga), multiplied successively by four, three, two, and one, gives the length of the Golden (krta) and the other yugas: the sixth part of each belongs to its dawn and twilight. (18). One and seventy caturyugas make a Patriarchate (manvantara or Patriarchal Age of one manu); at its end is a twilight which has the number of years of a Golden Age (krtayuga), and which is a deluge (pralaya). (19). In an Aeon (kalpa) are reckoned fourteen such Patriarchs (manus) with their respective twilights; at the commencement of the Aeon (kalpa) is a fifteenth dawn, having the length of a Golden Age (krtayuga).(20). The kalpa, thus composed of a thousand caturyugas, and which brings about the destruction of all that exist (bhoo), is a day of Brahma; his night is of the same length. (21). His extreme age is a hundred, according to this valuation of a day and a night. The half of his life is past; of the remainder, this is the first kalpa. (22). And of this kalpa, six Patriarchs (manus) are past, with their respective twilights; and of the Patriarch Manu ''son of Vivasvant'', twenty-seven Ages (caturyugas) are past; (23). Of the present, the twenty-eighth, Age (caturyuga), this Golden Age (krtayuga) is past; from this point,reckoning up the time, one should compute together the whole number."

Contents

Time

Sidereal metrics

Small units of time used in the Vedas

Lunar metrics

Tropical metrics

Reckoning of time among other entities

Our current date

Notes

References

See also

External links

Time

The Hindu metrics of time (''Kāla Vyavahara'') can be summarized as below.

Sidereal metrics

★ a 'paramanu' (परमाणु) is the normal interval of blinking in humans, or approximately 4 seconds

★ a 'vighati' (विघटि) is 6 paramaanus, or approximately 24 seconds

★ a 'ghadiya' (घटि) is 60 vighatis, or approximately 24 minutes

★ a 'muhurta' is equal to 2 ghadiyas, or approximately 48 minutes

★ a 'nakshatra ahoratram' (नक्षत्र अहोरत्रम्) or sidereal day is ''exactly'' equal to 30 muhurtas (Note: A day is considered to begin and end at sunrise, not midnight.)
An alternate system described in the Vishnu Purana Time measurement section of the Vishnu Purana Book I Chapter III is as follows:

★ 15 twinklings of the eye = 1 Kásht́há

★ 30 Kásht́hás = 1 Kalá

★ 30 Kalás = 1 Muhúrtta

★ 30 Muhúrttas = 1 day (24 hours)

★ 30 days = 1 month

★ 6 months = 1 Ayana

★ 2 Ayanas = 1 year or one day (day + night) of the gods

Small units of time used in the Vedas

★ a 'trasarenu' is the combination of 6 celestial ''atoms''.

★ a 'truti' is the time needed to integrate 3 ''trasarenus'', or 1/1687.5th of a second.

★ a 'vedha' is 100 ''trutis''.

★ a 'lava' is 3 ''vedhas''.[1]

★ a 'nimesha' is 3 ''lavas'', or a blink.

★ a 'kshanas' is 3 ''nimeshas''.

★ a 'kashthas' is 5 ''kshanas'', or about 8 seconds.

★ a 'laghu' is 15 ''kashthas'', or about 2 minutes.[2]

★ 15 'laghus' make one ''nadika'', which is also called a ''danda''. This equals the time before water overflows in a six-pala-weight [fourteen ounce] pot of copper, in which a hole is bored with a gold probe weighing four masha and measuring four fingers long. The pot is then placed on water for calculation.

★ 2 'dandas' make one ''muhurta''.

★ 6 or 7 'dandas' make one ''yamah'', or 1/4th of a day or night.[3]

★ 4 'praharas' or 4 'yamas' are in each ''day'' or each ''night''.[4]

Lunar metrics

★ a ''tithi'' (also spelled ''thithi'' ) or lunar day is defined as the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the moon and the sun to increase by 12°. Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in duration from approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours.

★ a ''paksa'' (also paksha) or lunar fortnight consists of 15 'tithi's

★ a ''masa'' or lunar month (approximately 29.5 days) is divided into 2 'pakshas': the one between new moon and full moon is called ''gaura'' (bright) or ''shukla paksha''; the one between full moon and new moon ''krishna'' (dark) ''paksha'' [5]

★ a ''ritu'' is 2 'masa'

★ an ''ayanam'' is 3 'rituh's

★ a ''year'' is 2 'Aayana's [6]

Tropical metrics

★ a 'yaama' (याम) is 7½ ''Ghati''s (घटि)

★ 8 ''yaama''s 1 half of the day(either day or night)

★ an 'ahoratram' is a tropical day (Note: A day is considered to begin and end at sunrise, not midnight.)

Reckoning of time among other entities

;Reckoning of time amongst the ''pitr''s.

★ 1 human year = 1 day of the pitrs

★ 30 days of the pitrs = 1 month of the pitrs

★ 12 months of the pitrs = 1 year of the pitrs

★ The lifespan of the pitrs is 100 years of the pitrs (= 36,000 human years)
;Reckoning of time amongst the Devas.

★ 1 human year = 1 day of the Devas.

★ 30 days of the Devas = 1 month of the Devas.

★ 12 months of the Devas = 1 year of the Devas = 1 divine year.

★ The lifespan of the Devas is 100 years of the Devas (= 36,000 human years)
The Vishnu Purana Time measurement section of the Vishnu Purana Book I Chapter III explains the above as follows:

★ 2 Ayanas (six month periods, see above) = 1 human year or 1 day of the devas

★ 4,000 + 400 + 400 = 4,800 divine years = 1 Krita Yuga

★ 3,000 + 300 + 300 = 3,600 divine years = 1 Tretá Yuga

★ 2,000 + 200 + 200 = 2,400 divine years = 1 Dwápara Yuga

★ 1,000 + 100 + 100 = 1,200 divine years = 1 Kali Yuga

★ 12,000 divine year = 4 Yugas = 1 Mahayuga(also called divine yuga)
;Reckoning of time for Brahma.

★ 1000 Mahayugas = 1 kalpa = 1 day (day only) of Brahma (4320,000,000 human years).
(Two ''kalpa''s constitute a day and night of Brahma)

★ 30 days of Brahma = 1 month of Brahma (259,200,000,000 human years)

★ 12 months of Brahma = 1 year of Brahma (3,110,400,000,000 human years)

★ 50 years of Brahma = 1 Pararddha

★ 2 parardhas = 100 years of Brahma = 1 Para = 1 Mahakalpa
(the lifespan of Brahma)(311,040,000,000,000 human years)
One day of Brahma is divided into 10000 parts called charanas. The charanas are divided as follows:

'The Four Yugas'

4 charanas (1,728,000 solar years)	Satya Yuga
3 charanas(1,296,000 solar years)	Treta Yuga
2 charanas(864,000 solar years)	Dwapar Yuga
1 charanas(432,000 solar years)	Kali Yuga

[7]
The cycle repeats itself so altogether there are 1000 cycles of mahayugas in one day of Brahma.
:
★ One cycle of the above four 'yuga's is one 'mahayuga' (4.32 million solar years)
:
★ as is confirmed by the Gita statement "sahasra-yuga paryantam ahar-yad brahmano viduH", meaning, a day of brahma is of 1000 mahayugas. Thus a day of Brahma, kalpa, is of duration: 4.32 billion solar years. Two ''kalpa''s constitute a day and night of Brahma
:
★ A 'manvantara' consists of 71 mahayugas (306,720,000 solar years). Each Manvantara is ruled by a Manu.
:
★ After each manvantara follows one 'Sandhi Kala' of the same duration as a ''Krita Yuga'' (1,728,000 = 4 Charana). (It is said that during a Sandhi Kala, the entire earth is submerged in water.)
:
★ A 'kalpa' consists of a period of 1,728,000 solar years called ''Adi Sandhi'', followed by 14 manvantaras and Sandhi Kalas.
:
★ A day of Brahma equals
::(14 times 71 mahayugas) + (15 x 4 Charanas)
::= 994 mahayugas + (60 Charanas)
::= 994 mahayugas + (6 x 10) Charanas
::= 994 mahayugas + 6 mahayugas
::= 1000 mahayugas

Our current date

We are currently in the 28th kaliyuga of the first day of the 1st year of the shvetavaraha kalpa of the second parardha of Brahma in the reign of the 7th Manu, Manu Vaivasvata. This is the 51st year of the present Brahma and so about 155 trillion years have elapsed since he took over as Brahma.
The current Kali Yuga (Iron Age) began at midnight 17 February / 18 February in 3102 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.

Notes

1. cf. Burgess.

References

★ Ebenezer Burgess. "Translation of the Surya-Siddhanta, a text-book of Hindu Astronomy", ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' '6' (1860): 141–498.

★ Victor J. Katz. ''A History of Mathematics: An Introduction'', 1998.

★ Dwight William Johnson. ''Exegesis of Hindu Cosmological Time Cycles'', 2003.

★ Alaska Mark. ''Surya Siddhanta, Chapter I with Commentary and Illustrations'', 2005.

See also

★ Surya Siddhanta

★ Indian science and technology

★ Indian mathematics

★ Hindu astronomy

★ Vedanga Jyotisha

★ Hindu calendar

★ Jyotish

★ Vedas

External links

★ http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp037.htm Time measurement section of the Vishnu Purana Book I Chapter III

★ http://www.geocities.com/profvk/gohitvip/41.html One Cosmic Day of Creator Brahma

★ http://vinaymangal.googlepages.com/VedicTimeTravel.pdf Vedic Time Travel, Elaborate depiction by Vinay Mangal